軟件工程學(xué)習(xí)課件

Chapter1

WhySoftwareEngineering?Inthischapter,welookat:HowSEhaschangedsincethe1970sWhatwemeanbysoftwareEngineering?SoftwareEngineering’strackrecordWhatwemeanby“goodsoftware”Whyasystemapproachisimportant?2023/7/291OrganizationContentsSection1Section8Section2InformationSystemsExampleReal-TimeExampleLearnerDevelopmentTeamResearcherTermProjectKeyReferencesExercise2023/7/292LectureContentContents1.11.31.4;1.71.61.9InformationSystemsExample2023/7/293LectureContentforChapterOneInformationaboutthecourse課程信息.pptConceptofSoftwareSoftwareIndustry(BriefIntroduction)ConceptofSoftwareEngineering(1.1)Whatwemeanbygoodsoftware?(1.3)SoftwareEngineeringTeam(1.4,1.7)SystemApproach(1.5)EngineeringApproach(1.6)InformationSystemExample(1.9)2023/7/294Section1:SoftwareIndustry,China2004軟件產(chǎn)品：40.0%,軟件出口9.4%;服務(wù)與集成：50.6%CompositionFrom:AnnualReportofChinaSoftwareIndustryScale2300億，其中出口26億美元占全國(guó)電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模及出口的8.7%,1.3%,.占GDP比重的1.69％MarketSystemSoftware:82.8億；9.0%SupportSoftware:154.6億；16.8%ApplicationSoftware:682.6億；74.2%2023/7/295Section1:SoftwareIndustry,China200411家IndustryBaseFrom:AnnualReportofChinaSoftwareIndustryEnterprise認(rèn)定企業(yè)：10607家，2004年認(rèn)定2129家KeyEnterprise175家23076件CMM5orCMM5I7;CMM412;CMM373ExportBase6家ProductRegistrationCertificate2023/7/296Section1:SoftwareIndustry,China2004Master:38250;PhD:5345Software:Master:19741;PhD:3839PostGraduatesFrom:AnnualReportofChinaSoftwareIndustryUniversity1731所，軟件專(zhuān)業(yè)：389所；相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)：550所B:51327;Majors：55732InCampus:31683B.16740(53%);M.14943(47%)BachelorSoftwareSchool(35)2023/7/297Section2:ConceptofSoftwareInstructions

(computerprograms)thatwhenexecutedprovidedesiredfunctionandperformanceDatastructuresthatenabletheprogramstoadequatelymanipulateinformationDocumentsthatdescribetheoperationanduseoftheprogramsDefinitionSoftwareProgramsData(stru)Documents2023/7/298Section2:ConceptofSoftwareCharacteristics(main)Softwareisdevelopedorengineered,itisnotmanufacturedintheclassicalsense.Softwaredoesn’t“wearout”,butitdoesdeteriorate.2023/7/299Section2:ConceptofSoftwareFailurecurveforhardwareFailureRateWearOutInfantMortalityTime2023/7/2910Section2:ConceptofSoftwareFailurecurveforsoftware(idealized)FailureRateContinuesatsamerateuntilobsolescenceTime2023/7/2911Section2:ConceptofSoftwareFailurecurveforsoftware)FailureRateActualcurveTimeIncreasedfailurerateduetosideeffectsChange(修改)Mostsoftwareiscustom-built,ratherthanbeingassembledfromexistingcomponent2023/7/2912Section3:SoftwareCrisis1）對(duì)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)的成本和進(jìn)度估計(jì)不準(zhǔn)確；2）用戶(hù)對(duì)“以完成的”軟件系統(tǒng)不滿(mǎn)意的現(xiàn)象經(jīng)常發(fā)生；3）軟件產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量不可靠4）軟件常常是不可維護(hù)的；5）軟件通常沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)奈臋n資料6）軟件成本在計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)總成本中所占比例逐年上升7）軟件開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)率低。Symptom

SoftwareCrisis指在軟件開(kāi)發(fā)和維護(hù)過(guò)程中遇到的各種問(wèn)題。Dealwith?SoftwareEngineering2023/7/2913Section4:SoftwareEngineeringRegardlessoftheentitythatistobeengineered,thefollowingquestionsmustbeaskedandanswered:1)Whatistheproblemtobesolved?2)Whatarethecharacteristicsoftheentitythatisusedtosolvedtheproblem?3)Howwilltheentity(andthesolution)berealized?4)Howwilltheentitybeconstructed?5)Whatapproachwillbeusedtouncovererrorsthatweremadeinthedesignandconstructionoftheentity?6)Howwilltheentitybesupportedoverthelongterm,whencorrections,adaptations,andenhancementsarerequestedbyusersoftheentity?Throughoutthisbook,wefocusonasingleentity-computersoftware.ProblemsEngineeringEngineeringistheanalysis,design,construction,verification,andmanagementoftechnical(orsocial)entities.2023/7/2914Section4:SoftwareEngineeringSoftwareEngineering(1968)（1）Theapplicationofasystematic,disciplined,Measureableapproachtothedevelopment,operation,andmaintenanceofsoftware.Thatis,theapplicationofengineeringtosoftware.(2)Thestudyofapproachesasin(1)將系統(tǒng)化的、規(guī)范的、可度量的方法應(yīng)用于軟件開(kāi)發(fā)、運(yùn)行可維護(hù)的過(guò)程，即將工程化應(yīng)用于軟件中。以及（1）所述方法的研究。2023/7/2915ProblemSubProblem1SubProblem4AnalyzingRelationship(Clue)Step

1:AnalyzingSolvingProblemStepsSection4:SoftwareEngineering2023/7/2916Section4SOFTWAREENGINERRING

AnalyzingSolution1TotalSolutionSolution4

Example:WritingANovelStep

2:SynthesisConclude:Anyproblem-solvingtechniquemusthavetwoparts.2023/7/2917Section4SOFTWAREENGINERRINGProcedureToolsMethods(Techniques)ParadigmsStep

3:SolveMethodChefFormalprocedureforproducesomeproduct.113322Aninstrumentorautomatedsystemforaccomplishingsomethinginbetterway.TypewriterAcombinationoftoolsandtechniques.Testplan44Aparticularapproachorphilosophy.Cookstyle2023/7/2918Section4SOFTWAREENGINERRING

ChemistryInWhat:ComputerScienceWordTheoriesComputerScienceCustomerSoftwareEngineeringComputerFunctionProblemSolutionFitin2023/7/2919Section5WhatisgoodSoftware

CorrectnessReusabilityReliabilityInteroperability111TraceabilityCompletenessConsistencyDatacommonality123TheQualityoftheProduct-McCall’sQualityModel2023/7/2920Section5WhatisgoodSoftware?Howcanwefindfaultsearlierinthedevelopmentprocess?Howcanwebuildinfaulttolerancesothatweminimizethelikelihoodthatafaultwillbecomeafailure?AretherealternativeactivitiesthatcanmakeourprocessmoreeffectiveorEfficientatassuringquality?Whereandwhenarewelikelytofindparticularkindoffault?1234CMM(CapabilityMaturityMode),ISO9000.1990sTheQualityofProcess2023/7/2921Section5WhatisgoodSoftware?TrainingReturnonInvestmentRisk1EffortScheduleQualityProductivityCustomerProcessCostsBusiness9ReturnonInvestmentQualityintheContextoftheBusinessEnvironment2023/7/2922Section6DevelopmentTeam

Communication、System

NeedsCustomerUserSponsorssystemdevelopmentDeveloperBuildsSystem$$$

needsContractualObligationSoftwaresystem

UsessystemPeoplesinvolvedinSoftwareDevelopment2023/7/2923Section6DevelopmentTeam(Member)19AnalystDesignerProgrammerTesterTrainerProgramDesignProgramImplementationUnitTestingSystemTestingIntegratingTestingSystemDesignRequirementsAnalysisandDefinitionSystemDeliveryMaintenanceLibrarians2023/7/2924Section8AnengineeringApproachDeterminingandanalyzingtherequirementsProducinganddocumentingtheoveralldesignthehouseProducingdetailedspecificationsofthehouseIdentifyinganddesigningthecomponentsBuildingeachcomponentofthehouseTestingeachcomponentofthehouseIntegratingthecomponentsmakingfinalmodificationsaftertheresidentshavemovedinContinuingmaintenancebytheresidentsofthehouseBuildingaHouse2023/7/2925Section8AnengineeringApproachRequirementsanalysisanddefinitionSystemdesignProgramdesignWritingtheprogram(programimplementation)UnittestingIntegrationTestingSystemTestingSystemdeliveryMaintenanceSoftwareProjectsprocessinawaysimilartothehouse-buildingprocessSoftwareDevelopmentProcessBuildingaSystem2023/7/29261.9InformationSystemExampleAdvertisingTimeSellingSystemAdvertisingAgenciesProductionCompaniesChangingProgramSuppliersPiccadillyManagementBroadcastingBoardPiccadillyTelevisionAirtimeSales752023/7/2927Appendix1WhatThisChapterMeansforYouConcepts,andProcessGivenaproblemtosolve-breakingitintoitscomponent,relationship,synthesizeUnderstandingrequirementandbuildingsolutionQualifyfromseveraldifferentperspectivesAbstractionKeepinmindthesystemboundary2023/7/2928Appendix2WhatThisChapterMeansforYourDevelopmentTeamADevelopmentprocessthatisappropriatetoyourteamsize,risklevel,andapplicationdomainToolsthatarewell-integratedandsupportthetypeofcommunicationyourprojectdemandsMeasurementsandsupportingtoolstogiveyouasmuchvisibilityandunderstandingaspossible2023/7/2929Appendix3WhatThisChapterMeansforResearchersTherightlevelsofabstractiontomaketheproblemeasytosolveTherightmeasurementstomaketheessentialnatureoftheproblemandsolutionvisibleandhelpfulAnappropriateproblemdecomposition,whereeachsubproblemissolvableAcommonframeworkornotationtoalloweasyandeffectivetoolintegration,andtomaximizecommunicationamongprojectparticipants.2023/7/2930Appendix4TermProjectItisimpossibletolearnsoftwareengineeringwithoutparticipatingindevelopmentasoftwareprojectwithyourcolleagues.LoanArrangerSystem2023/7/2931Appendix5KeyReferencesSoftwareFaultsandFailureSoftwareEngineeringNotesAriane-5ProjectLevesonandTurner1993WebSite:http://www.esrin.esa.it/htdocs/esa/arianeSoftwareDesignandTestingSoftwareQualityIEEESoftware,January,1996PiccadillyTelevision2023/7/2932Appendix6ExercisesAirlinesCrashErrors、Faults、FailuresSub-problemcomponentsinterconnectionsCountoffaultsmisleadingTechniquequalityandproductquality1523467CommercialsoftwareCOSTLegalandethicalImplicationsPiccadillyTelevisionSoftware-BasedIncidents89VV2023/7/2933Inthischapter,welookat:Chapter2ModelingtheProcessandLifeCycleWhatwemeanbyprocess?SoftwaredevelopmentprocessProcessesandresourcesSeveralmodelsofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocessToolsandtechniquesforprocessmodeling2023/7/2934OrganizationContentsSection2.1Section2.3Section2.22023/7/29352.1TheMeaningofProcessASequenceOfSteps.IntroductionConceptionIntheSameOrderEachTime.2023/7/29362.1TheMeaningofProcessASeriesofstepsinvolvingactivities,constraints,andresources

thatproduceanintendedoutputofsomekind.ProcessDefinitionAprocessinvolvesasetoftoolsandtechniques.2023/7/29372.1TheMeaningofProcessTheprocessusestheresources,subjecttoasetofconstraints,andproducesintermediateandfinalproducts.Theprocessmaybecomposedofsub-processesthatthatlinkedinsomeway.Eachprocessactivityhasentryandexitcriteria,sothatweknowwhentheactivitybeginsandends.Theactivitiesareorganizedinasequence,sothatitisclearwhenoneactivityisperformedrelativetotheotheractivity.Everyprocesshasasetofguidingprinciplesthatexplainthegoalsofeachactivity.Constraintsorcontrolsmayapplytoanactivity,resource,orproduct.Theprocessdescribesallthemajorprocessactivities.

The

CharacteristicsProcess2023/7/29382.1TheMeaningofProcessImposeconsistencyandstructureonasetofactivitiesTheImportanceofProcessGuideustounderstand,control,examine,andimprovetheactivitiesEnableustocaptureourexperiencesandpassthemalong2023/7/29392.2TheMeaningofProcessWhentheprocessinvolvesthebuildingofsomePORDUCT;Wesometimerefertotheprocessasa

LifeCycle.LifeCycleSoftwareProductConceptionImplementationDeliveryUseMaintenance2023/7/29402.2TheMeaningofProcessProcessDescriptionTechniques-Text,PictureorcombinationModelingSoftwareEngineeringResearchersModelContainKeyProcessFeaturesNamed:RequirementAnalysis……DefinedSequence

2023/7/29412.2TheMeaningofProcessToformacommonunderstandingReasonsforModelingaProcessTofindinconsistencies,redundancies,omissionsTofindandevaluateappropriateactivitiesforreachingprocessgoalsTotailorageneralprocessforaparticularsituationinwhichitwillbeused2023/7/29422.2SoftwareProcessModelingRequirementsAnalysisSystemDesignProgramDesignAcceptanceTestingSystemTestingOperation&MaintenanceCodingUnit&IntegrationTestingWaterfallModel(Royce1970)WaterfalllikeSequence123768458Steps

Product

2023/7/29432.2TheMeaningofProcessOneofthefirstprocessdevelopmentmodelsproposedCharacteristicsofWaterfallModelWorksforwellunderstoodproblemswithminimalornochangesintherequirementsItpresentsaveryhigh-levelviewofthedevelopmentprocesssequenceofprocessactivitiesEachmajorphaseismarkedbymilestonesanddeliverables(artifacts制品)2023/7/29442.2SoftwareProcessModelingProvidesnoguidancehowtohandlechangestoproductsandactivitiesduringdevelopment(assumesrequirementscanbefrozen)ViewssoftwaredevelopmentasmanufacturingprocessratherthanascreativeprocessThereisnoiterativeactivitiesthatleadtocreatingafinalProductLongwaitbeforeafinalproductDrawbacksofTheWaterfallModel2023/7/29452.2SoftwareProcessModelingWaterfallModelWithPrototype2023/7/29462.2SoftwareProcessModelingAprototypeisapartiallydevelopedproductPrototypinghelpsdevelopersassessalternativedesignstrategies(designprototype)usersunderstandwhatthesystemwillbelike(userinterfaceprototype)PrototypingisusefulforverificationandvalidationCharacteristicsofWaterfallModelWithPrototype2023/7/29472.2SoftwareProcessModelingVModel(GermanMinistryofDefense1992)2023/7/29482.2SoftwareProcessModelingAvariationofthewaterfallmodelUsesunittestingtoverifyproceduraldesignUsesintegrationtestingtoverifyarchitectural(system)designUsesacceptancetestingtovalidatetherequirementsIfproblemsarefoundduringverificationandvalidation,theleftsideoftheVcanbere-executedbeforetestingontherightsideisre-enactedCharacteristicsofVModel2023/7/29492.2SoftwareProcessModelingPrototypingModel2023/7/29502.2SoftwareProcessModelingAllowsrepeatedinvestigationoftherequirementsordesignReducesriskanduncertaintyinthedevelopmentCharacteristicsofPrototypeModel2023/7/29512.2SoftwareProcessModelingSpiralModel(Boehm1988)2023/7/29522.2SoftwareProcessModelingCombinesdevelopmentactivitieswithriskmanagementtominimizeandcontrolrisksThemodelispresentedasaspiralinwhicheachiterationisrepresentedbyacircuitaroundfourmajoractivities

PlanDeterminegoals,alternatives,andconstraintsEvaluatealternativesandrisksDevelopandtestCharacteristicsofSpiralModel2023/7/29532.3ToolsandTechniquesforProcessModelingSoftwareDevelopmentChoiceModelPresentationsTextual–ExpressProcessasFunctions

Graphical–DepictsProcesshierarchiesofboxesandarrows

OrCombinations

ToolsandTechniquesLaterChapters2023/7/2954WhatThisChapterMeansforYou

SoftwareDevelopmentProcessinvolvesactivities.Resources,andproducts.Aprocessmodelisusefulforguidingyoubehaviorwhenyouareworkingwithagroup.Detailedprocessmodelstellyouhowtocoordinateandcollaboratewithyoucolleaguesasyoudesignandbuildasystem.2023/7/2955WhatthischapterMeansforYourDevelopmentTeamAgoodmodelshowseachteammemberwhichactivitiesoccurwhen,andbywhom,sothatthedivisionofdutiesisclear.Inaddition,theprojectmanagercanuseprocesstoolstoenacttheprocess,simulatingactivitiesandtrackingresourcestodeterminethebestmixofpeopleandactivitiesinordertomeettheproject’sbudgetandschedule.2023/7/2956WhatThisChapterMeansforResearchProcessNotations:Howtowritedowntheprocessinawaythatisunderstandablebythosewhomustcarryitout.ProcessModels:Howtodepicttheprocess,usinganappropriatesetofactivities,resources,productsandtools.ProcessModelingSupporttools:Howtoenactorsimulateaprocessmodel,soresourcesavailability,usage,andperformancecanbeassessed.2023/7/2957ExerciseWaterFallModelP48-P50ForReadingandTranslatingForDoingExerciseNo.2P.762023/7/2958Chapter3

PlanningandManagingtheProjectInthischapter,welookat:

UsingprocessmodelingwithprojectplanningTrackingProjectprogressProjectPersonnelandorganizationEffortandscheduleestimation

RiskManagement2023/7/2959LectureContentContentsSection1Section5Section2InformationSystemsExample2023/7/29603.1TrackingProgress項(xiàng)目概念Reeser1973牽涉各種技術(shù)為達(dá)成任務(wù)所必要的努力，需要限定時(shí)間完成者。美國(guó)項(xiàng)目管理協(xié)會(huì)（PMI)為完成某一獨(dú)特產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)所作的一次性努力。2023/7/29613.1TrackingProgress

項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)

項(xiàng)目有一個(gè)獨(dú)立明確界定的目標(biāo)

項(xiàng)目是一次性的，有明確的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束

項(xiàng)目有一個(gè)發(fā)起人或客戶(hù)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理、客戶(hù)

項(xiàng)目含有不確定性。原因：目標(biāo)、進(jìn)度、成本。2023/7/29623.1TrackingProgress

軟件項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)智力密集單價(jià)生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)密集使用方法繁瑣軟件開(kāi)發(fā)工作滲透人的因素2023/7/29633.1TrackingProgress

軟件項(xiàng)目管理功能制定計(jì)劃建立組織配備人員指導(dǎo)2023/7/29643.1TrackingProgressCustomer’sConcerns:Howlongwillittakeyoutodevelopsuchasystem?ScheduleCanyoudesignasystemthatwillsolvemayproblemorsatisfymyneed?DesignDoyouunderstandmyproblemandmyneed?RequirementHowmuchwillitcosttohaveyoudevelopsuchasystem?Effort2023/7/29653.1TrackingProgressProjectDeliverablesActivityMilestoneDemonstrationofsubsystemsDemonstrationofaccuracyDemonstrationoffunctionDocumentDemonstrationofreliability,security,orperformance跟蹤方法的兩個(gè)重要概念2023/7/29663.1TrackingProgressProjectPhase1Phase2PhasenStep1Step2Step1Step2Activity1.2Activity1.1Activity1.32023/7/29673.1TrackingProgressHouseBuildingLandscapingBuildingClearingSeedingPlantingProjectPhasesStepsRemoveStumpsRemoveTreesActivities2023/7/29683.1TrackingProgressMilestonesinBuildingaHouseinPhase21.1Surveycomplete1.2Permitsissued1.3Excavationcomplete1.4Materialsonhand2.1Foundationlaid2.2Outsidewallscomplete2.3Exteriorplumbingcomplete2.4Exteriorelectricalworkcomplete2.5Exteriorsidingcomplete2.6Exteriorpaintingcomplete2.7Doorsandfixturesmounted2.8Roofcomplete3.1Interiorplumbingcomplete3.2Interiorelectricalworkcomplete3.3Wallboardinplace3.4Interiorpaintingcomplete3.5Floorcoveringlaid3.6Doorsandfixturesmounted2023/7/29693.1TrackingProgressWorkBreakdownandactivityGraphsFourConcepts(Parameters)fordescribeanactivity1Precursor:Aneventorsetofeventsthatmustoccurbeforetheactivitybegins

2Duration:Lengthoftimeneededtocompletetheactivity3DueDate:Datebywhichtheactivitymustbecompleted4Endpoint:MilestonesordeliverablesActivityGraph2023/7/29703.1TrackingProgressStart1.2Requestpermits1.1Surveying1.3Excavation2.33.1Finish1.4BuyMaterials2.2Buildoutsidewall2.1LayFoundationConcurrencyInterdependence2023/7/29713.1TrackingProgressEstimatingCompletionActivityTimeEstimate(InDays)Step1:PreparethesiteAct1.1:Surveytheland3Act1.2:RequestPermits15Act1.3:Excavateforthefoundation10Act1.4:BuyMaterials102023/7/29723.1TrackingProgressStart1.2151.131.3102.33.1Finish1.4102.2202.115CriticalPathMethod2023/7/29733.1TrackingProgressCriticalPathMethodCriticalPathMethodRealTime(ActualTime)AvailableTimeDifferentFloat(SlackTime)CriticalPathMethod2023/7/2974Section3TrackingProcessFloatTimeFreeFloatTotalFloatCriticalPath

2.NoFloat1.MaxLengthConditions2023/7/2975Section3TrackingProcessExample1A:100DaysStartF:5DaysD:5DaysB:10DaysC:10DaysE:10DaysFinishLag=3Lead=5IfA,B,C,Dperformparallel,wecancalculate:TotalProjectFinishTimeis100days.A:ES=0,LS=0,LF=100,EF=100,NoFloat&MaxCMPB:ES=0,LS=90,LF=100,EF=10,Float=902023/7/29763.1TrackingProgressCMPBarChart***************EarlyLateJanJanJanDescriptionDateDate1815Testofphase11Jan985Feb98DefineTestCase1Jan988Jan98*******:Durationofeachactivity;criticalpath-:NotoncriticalpathF:Floatorslacktime2023/7/29773.1TrackingProgressToolsToTrackGANTTCHARTActivityNumberDescriptionJanFebMarAprMayWBS1.0SystemPlanning1.1ReviewSpec.1.2ReviewBud.SpecificationapprovedToday2023/7/29783.2ProjectPersonnel

團(tuán)隊(duì)構(gòu)成（項(xiàng)目角色Role)RoleDescription角色描述ProjectManager項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理DevelopmentManager開(kāi)發(fā)經(jīng)理Architect體系結(jié)構(gòu)師SoftwareEngineer軟件工程師SoftwareEng.TeamL.軟件工程師/小組負(fù)責(zé)ProductConsultant產(chǎn)品顧問(wèn)ConfigurationEng.配置工程師Conf.Eng.TeamLead配置工程師/小組負(fù)責(zé)ProjectLeader項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人Developer開(kāi)發(fā)人員QA/Tester質(zhì)量保證/測(cè)試人員ToolSmith工具制作者RiskOfficer風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理人員From:ProjectManagement2023/7/29793.2ProjectPersonnelKeyProjectActivitiesNoActivities1RequirementAnalysis2SystemDesign3ProgramDesign4ProgramImplementation5Testing6Training7Maintenance8QualityAssuranceFrom:TextBookWho?2023/7/29803.2ProjectPersonnel

FactorsNoFactorsorAbilities1Abilitytoperformthework2Interestinthework3Experiencewithsimilarapplication4Experiencewithsimilartoolsorlanguages5Experiencewithsimilartechniques6ExperiencewithsimilardevelopmentEnv.7Training8Abilitytocommunicatewithother9Abilitytoshareresponsibilitywithothers10ManagementskillsHowOrganize?2023/7/2981

ChiefProgrammerTeamOrganizationChiefProgrammerAssistantChiefProgrammerTestTeamSeniorProgrammerLibrarianadministrationJuniorProgrammer2023/7/29823.2ProjectPersonnel

ResponsibilityChiefProgrammer

Totallyresponsibilitytosystemdesignanddevelopment.AssistantChiefProgrammer

Substitutingforthechiefprogrammerwhennecessary.

CompliesandLinksthecode,andperformpreliminarytest.Librarian2023/7/2983

國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)項(xiàng)目組織內(nèi)容項(xiàng)目型項(xiàng)目協(xié)調(diào)總經(jīng)理項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理職員職員2023/7/2984

國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)項(xiàng)目組織內(nèi)容矩陣型項(xiàng)目協(xié)調(diào)總經(jīng)理部門(mén)經(jīng)理部門(mén)經(jīng)理部門(mén)經(jīng)理職員職員2023/7/2985

實(shí)際項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)目組織結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)站項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)目組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖商務(wù)模型專(zhuān)家高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)合同管理者項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理質(zhì)量保證組管理流領(lǐng)域?qū)＜蚁到y(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)組內(nèi)容管理組項(xiàng)目支持組信息流方框：組織機(jī)構(gòu)2023/7/2986TheEnd！Thanks！

2023/7/2987強(qiáng)化節(jié)能減排實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色發(fā)展內(nèi)容覽要節(jié)能減排，世界正在行動(dòng)為什么要節(jié)能減排什么是節(jié)能減排節(jié)能減排，我們正在行動(dòng)0502010403目錄CONTENTS一、什么是節(jié)能減排

在《中華人民共和國(guó)節(jié)約能源法》中定義的節(jié)能減排，是指加強(qiáng)用能管理，采取技術(shù)上可行、經(jīng)濟(jì)上合理以及環(huán)境和社會(huì)可以承受的措施，從能源生產(chǎn)到消費(fèi)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，降低消耗、減少損失和污染物排放、制止浪費(fèi)，有效、合理地利用能源。從具體意義上說(shuō)，節(jié)能，就是降低各種類(lèi)型的能源品消耗；減排，就是減少各種污染物和溫室氣體的排放，以最大限度地避免污染我們賴(lài)以生存的環(huán)境。二、為什么要節(jié)能減排1、節(jié)能減排是緩解能源危機(jī)的有效手段

當(dāng)下，能源危機(jī)迫在眉睫，國(guó)外有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示：2010年中國(guó)的能源消耗超過(guò)美國(guó)，成為全球第一。2011年2月底，中國(guó)能源研究會(huì)公布最新統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2010年我國(guó)一次能源消費(fèi)量為32.5億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，同比增長(zhǎng)6%，超過(guò)美國(guó)成為全球第一能源消費(fèi)大國(guó)。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)稱(chēng)，2010年中國(guó)一次能源消費(fèi)量為24.32億噸油當(dāng)量，同比增長(zhǎng)11.2%，占世界能源消費(fèi)總量的20.3%。美國(guó)一次能源消費(fèi)量為22.86億噸油當(dāng)量，同比增長(zhǎng)3.7%，占世界能源消費(fèi)總量的19.0%。

根據(jù)全球已探明傳統(tǒng)能源儲(chǔ)量測(cè)算，按照當(dāng)前能源消耗增長(zhǎng)速度，傳統(tǒng)的石化燃料（煤、石油、天然氣）已經(jīng)不夠人類(lèi)再使用一百年。目前新能源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用方興未艾，2010年全球有23%的能源需求來(lái)自再生能源，其中13%為傳統(tǒng)的生物能，多半用于熱能（例如燒柴），5.2%是來(lái)自水力，來(lái)自新的可再生能源（小于20MW的水力，現(xiàn)代的生物質(zhì)能，風(fēng)能，太陽(yáng)，地?zé)岬龋﹦t只有4.7%。在再生能源發(fā)電方面，全球來(lái)自水力的占16%，來(lái)自新的再生能源者占5%。如果我們不對(duì)現(xiàn)有能源和資源節(jié)約使用，按照目前情況持續(xù)下去，有可能百年之后，人類(lèi)將會(huì)部分進(jìn)入一個(gè)“新石器時(shí)代”。2節(jié)能減排是保護(hù)自然生態(tài)環(huán)境的強(qiáng)力武器

這就是我們美麗的太陽(yáng)系概念圖從太空中拍攝到的蔚藍(lán)色的精靈——地球如詩(shī)如畫(huà)的鄉(xiāng)間美景，逸趣橫生的勞動(dòng)生活！

這幾乎就是我們每個(gè)人為之向往的家園！

然而我們目前不得不面對(duì)的卻是自然生態(tài)環(huán)境的日益惡化！

“溫室氣體大量排放，發(fā)生溫室效應(yīng)，造成全球變暖，這已是不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí)！”目前，在各種溫室氣體中，二氧化碳對(duì)溫室效應(yīng)的影響約占50%，而大氣中的二氧化碳有70%是燃燒石化燃料排放的。我們可以了解到冰川融化、海平面上升、干旱蔓延、農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)力下降、動(dòng)植物行為發(fā)生變異等氣候變化帶來(lái)的影響。我國(guó)最近兩年干旱頻發(fā)，有相當(dāng)部分原因是受到全球氣候變化問(wèn)題的影響，而這也是我們目前面臨的最復(fù)雜、最嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)之一。長(zhǎng)江江西九江段裸露出來(lái)的江灘湘江長(zhǎng)沙橘子洲以西河床（2009年）江西贛江南昌段裸露的橋墩（2009年）溫室效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致氣候變化，打破降雨平衡，旱澇頻發(fā)洪水泛濫——當(dāng)大自然露出鋒利的爪牙，

我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己原來(lái)是如此脆弱，不堪一擊！溫室效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致冰川融化

北極熊等極地生命形態(tài)遭遇嚴(yán)重的生存危機(jī)受世界氣候變化影響，曼谷遭遇洪水

溫室效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的冰川融化還將造成海平面升高的后果，它將直接威脅到沿海國(guó)家以及30多個(gè)海島國(guó)家的生存和發(fā)展。美國(guó)環(huán)保專(zhuān)家的預(yù)測(cè)更令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)，再過(guò)50年～70年，巴基斯坦國(guó)土的1/5、尼羅河三角洲的1/3以及印度洋上的整個(gè)馬爾代夫共和國(guó)，都將因海平面升高而被淹沒(méi)；東京、曼谷、上海、威尼斯、彼得堡和阿姆斯特丹等許多沿海城市也將完全或局部被淹沒(méi)。

目前，在溫室氣體排放方面，我們國(guó)家正保持領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢(shì)并有繼續(xù)將其擴(kuò)大的趨勢(shì)?。?！

馬爾代夫倒計(jì)時(shí)：預(yù)計(jì)將于90年內(nèi)被海水淹沒(méi)。原因：全球變暖導(dǎo)致海平面上升.

馬爾代夫是一個(gè)群島國(guó)家，80%是珊瑚礁島，全國(guó)最高的兩座島嶼距離海平面只有2.4米。因此，它也是受到全球變暖影響最嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家.在過(guò)去一個(gè)世紀(jì)里，該國(guó)家海平面上升了約20厘米，根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)政府間氣候變化問(wèn)題研究小組的報(bào)告，2100年全球海平面有可能升高0.18米至0.59米。屆時(shí)，馬爾代夫?qū)⒚媾R滅頂之災(zāi)。太平洋上的一顆美麗的翡翠——馬爾代夫澄澈的碧藍(lán)海水上徜徉著白云——這就是人間天堂婆娑的椰樹(shù)，潔白的沙灘，舒適的躺椅

圖瓦盧倒計(jì)時(shí)：預(yù)計(jì)將于未來(lái)50至100年消失。原因：氣候變暖導(dǎo)致海平面上升.

這個(gè)由9座環(huán)形珊瑚島群組成、平均海拔1.5米的小國(guó)家每逢二三月大潮期間，就會(huì)有30%的國(guó)土被海水淹沒(méi)。近20年來(lái)，這些由珊瑚礁形成的海島已被海水侵蝕得千瘡百孔，土壤加速鹽堿化，糧食和蔬菜已很難正常生長(zhǎng)。事實(shí)上，圖瓦盧人從2001年就已開(kāi)始陸陸續(xù)續(xù)地告別自己的國(guó)家，遷往美國(guó)、新西蘭等國(guó)。澳大利亞大堡礁倒計(jì)時(shí)：20年消失原因：全球變暖和人為破壞大堡礁1981年被列入自然類(lèi)世界遺產(chǎn)，支撐著規(guī)模巨大的旅游業(yè)。然而，自上世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)，由于全球變暖導(dǎo)致海洋酸性增加以及人為破壞，珊瑚漸漸在人們的視線(xiàn)中消失。海洋學(xué)家查利·沃隆今年7月公布的一份報(bào)告指出，全球氣候變暖將在短短20年時(shí)間內(nèi)讓大堡礁蕩然無(wú)存。

美麗的澳大利亞大堡礁大堡礁色彩繽紛的美麗珊瑚礁和魚(yú)群大堡礁的明星——與海葵共生的小丑魚(yú)

南北極倒計(jì)時(shí)：50年消失原因：全球變暖導(dǎo)致冰帽融化溫室效應(yīng)造成全球氣溫升高已經(jīng)使得兩極冰帽開(kāi)始融化，冰帽融化不僅直接沖擊當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境，使現(xiàn)存的南北極生物面臨滅絕，南北極也漸漸消亡。全球海平面上升，許多低洼地區(qū)的國(guó)家甚至?xí)虼硕谎蜎](méi)。以上幾個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)中正在慢慢被證實(shí)的例子，已經(jīng)為我們敲響了最刺耳的警鐘，如果我們?cè)俨患皶r(shí)采取強(qiáng)有力的措施，那么，后果將不堪設(shè)想。我們，需要盡可能為子孫后代留下一個(gè)相對(duì)較好的生存環(huán)境，這是我們每個(gè)人義不容辭的責(zé)任！【開(kāi)普勒-22b】科學(xué)家用開(kāi)普勒望遠(yuǎn)鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)首顆適合居住星球美國(guó)航空航天局（NASA）12月5日宣布，該局通過(guò)開(kāi)普勒太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡項(xiàng)目證實(shí)了太陽(yáng)系外第一顆類(lèi)似地球的、可適合居住的行星。報(bào)道稱(chēng)，NASA表示，科學(xué)家們利用開(kāi)普勒太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡在距地球約600光年的一個(gè)恒星系統(tǒng)中新發(fā)現(xiàn)了一顆宜居行星。該行星被命名為“開(kāi)普勒-22b”，半徑約為地球半徑的2.4倍，這是目前被證實(shí)的最接近地球形態(tài)的行星。目前，該行星的主要成分尚不清楚，繞恒星運(yùn)行的周期約為290個(gè)地球日。這顆行星圍繞運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的母恒星比太陽(yáng)略小、略冷，但和太陽(yáng)一樣屬于比較穩(wěn)定、壽命比較長(zhǎng)的恒星。因此，這也是首次在與太陽(yáng)系類(lèi)似的恒星系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)宜居行星。最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的行星“不冷不熱”，溫度大約為22.2℃，正好適合人類(lèi)居住。此外，這顆行星上還可能有液態(tài)水，而液態(tài)水被科學(xué)家視為生命存在的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。據(jù)悉，相關(guān)研究成果將發(fā)表在美國(guó)《天體物理學(xué)》雜志上。各種水體污染繼續(xù)加劇，“清流”變“濁流”超標(biāo)排放造成河流的污染，導(dǎo)致大量魚(yú)類(lèi)死去，仍存活的魚(yú)類(lèi)體內(nèi)也富集了數(shù)量不一的各類(lèi)有害物質(zhì)酸性氣體超標(biāo)排放導(dǎo)致酸雨形成酸雨頻降導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重污染

以下是全國(guó)酸雨分布示意圖我國(guó)三大酸雨區(qū)包括(我國(guó)酸雨主要是：硫酸型）1.西南酸雨區(qū)：是僅次于華中酸雨區(qū)的降水污染嚴(yán)重區(qū)域。2.華中酸雨區(qū)：目前它已成為全國(guó)酸雨污染范圍最大，中心強(qiáng)度最高的酸雨污染區(qū)。3.華東沿海酸雨區(qū)：它的污染強(qiáng)度低于華中、西南酸雨區(qū)。我國(guó)酸雨主要分布地區(qū)是長(zhǎng)江以南的四川盆地、貴州、湖南、湖北、江西，以及沿海的福建、廣東等省。在華北，很少觀測(cè)到酸雨沉降，其原因可能是北方的降水量少，空氣濕度低，土壤酸度低。然而值得注意的是北方如侯馬、京津、丹東、圖們等地區(qū)現(xiàn)在也出現(xiàn)了酸性降水。酸雨危害是多方面的，包括對(duì)人體健康、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和建筑設(shè)施都有直接和潛在的危害。酸雨還可使農(nóng)作物大幅度減產(chǎn)，特別是小麥，在酸雨影響下，可減產(chǎn)13%至34%。大豆、蔬菜也容易受酸雨危害，導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)含量和產(chǎn)量下降。酸雨對(duì)森林和其他植物危害也較大，常使森林和其他植物葉子枯黃、病蟲(chóng)害加重，最終造成大面積死亡?？諝庵械亩趸蛳扰c空氣中的氧氣反應(yīng)生成三氧化硫，再與氫離子結(jié)合生成濃硫酸，濃硫酸再與水反應(yīng)生成酸雨。酸雨具有腐蝕性，人體遇到酸雨很容易得皮膚癌。被酸雨毀壞的叢林，其危害超乎想象受到酸雨腐蝕影響的樂(lè)山大佛

長(zhǎng)明燈、長(zhǎng)流水等現(xiàn)象屢見(jiàn)不鮮，這些瑣碎的細(xì)節(jié)造成了當(dāng)今社會(huì)能源、資源的大量浪費(fèi)。3節(jié)能減排是改善日常能源和各種資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重的有力措施長(zhǎng)流水現(xiàn)象隨處可見(jiàn)

在此，我想向各位在此通報(bào)我們各類(lèi)資源占有率：我國(guó)水資源總量占世界水資源總量的7%，居第6位。但人均占有量?jī)H有2400m3，為世界人均水量的1/4，居世界第119位，是全球13個(gè)貧水國(guó)之一;我國(guó)森林面積為15894．1萬(wàn)公頃，全國(guó)森林覆蓋率達(dá)到16．55％，居世界首位，但人均森林蓄積量只有世界人均蓄積量的1／8;當(dāng)前，我國(guó)天然氣產(chǎn)量?jī)H居世界第19位，占世界總產(chǎn)量的1%，消費(fèi)量排名在世界第20位以后；消費(fèi)量是世界總量的0.9%。節(jié)能減排對(duì)大至國(guó)家、小至個(gè)人都是很有意義的一件事情！

首先，國(guó)家在節(jié)能減排政策方面不斷出臺(tái)各種強(qiáng)制性政策，不斷提高對(duì)各類(lèi)企業(yè)節(jié)能減排組織機(jī)構(gòu)與能力建設(shè)的要求；其次，中央和地方政府大幅度增加節(jié)能減排方面的財(cái)政預(yù)算,在稅收、價(jià)格等方面有各種激勵(lì)機(jī)制，激發(fā)企業(yè)節(jié)能減排的熱情；再次，自主節(jié)能減排可以企業(yè)降低生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本，具有非常直觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益；最后，節(jié)能減排是衡量一個(gè)企業(yè)是不是一個(gè)有強(qiáng)烈社會(huì)責(zé)任意識(shí)的優(yōu)秀企業(yè)的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（即你所在的企業(yè)是否受人尊重）。4節(jié)能減排與企業(yè)的發(fā)展休戚相關(guān)

總之，種種事實(shí)向我們說(shuō)明了