Introduction-英語專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作教程課件

IntroductionLecture859-1IntroductionLecture859-11Contents

8.1TasksforCriticalThinkingandDiscussion8.2OrderofCitations8.3VerbTenseinCitation8.4VerbTenseinOtherPartsofIntroduction8.5LanguagePractice8.6WritingupYourResearch8.7LanguageSupport59-2Contents59-22Informationelements(IE)of

anintroduction1.Researchbackground2.Literaturereview

(Whathavebeendone?Whathaven’tbeendone?)3.Investigationneeded4.Researchpurpose

(WhatamIgoingtodo?)5.Researchvalue/findings/paperstructure59-3Informationelements(IE)of

3Universe(ageneralareaofstudy)GalaxyStarasub-areaaspecifictopic59-4UniverseGalaxyStarasub-areaa459-58.1TasksforCriticalThinkingandDiscussion1.

CompletethefollowingtablebyindicatingtheIEseachtext(readthehandout)contains.59-58.1TasksforCriticalT559-6S(s)5,8S(s)2-4S(s)/S(s)1S(s)6-7S(s)/S(s)9-12S(s)9S(s)8S(s)4-7S(s)1-3S(s)8S(s)7S(s)6S(s)1-5TextIE1IE2IE3IE4IE512359-6S(s)5,8S(s)2-4S(s)/S(659-72.Whichinformationelementisthelongest?Isthereanyreasonforthis?

Thepartofliteraturereviewisoftenthelongestsinceitincludesspecificinformationaboutdifferentstudies.59-72.Whichinformationele759-83.ReadthefollowingexampleofIE1andindicatewhetherasentencemakesastatementaboutthegeneralarea,thesub-area,ortheauthor’stopic.e.g.1Oneoftheimportantresearchfieldsformobilerobotsistheirsmoothmovementtodestination.2Amobilerobotmustpossessamapandmustbeabletomovebyevadingobstaclesnotdescribedinthemapsuchasaperson,anothermobilerobotormerelyanobject.3Toevadeanobstacle,amobilerobothastobeabletoidentifyitsposition,detecttheobstacleusingavisualsystem,andoperateacollisionavoidancealgorithm.IE1:Establishingacontext

Generalarea:____________Sub-area:____________Author’stopic:____________sentence1sentence3sentence259-83.Readthefollowingex859-94.IdentifythepartofIE1inText1,andindicatethesentenceswhichcorrespondtothegeneralarea,asub-areaandtheauthor’stopic.

Generalarea:sentences1-2;

Sub-area:sentences3-4;

Author’stopic:sentence559-94.IdentifythepartofI959-105.IntheliteraturereviewpartofText2,theauthorcitesthewritersintwodifferentways.Whatarethey?Whatdeterminesawriter’sdecisiononthesetwoforms?a.Author’snamesatbeginningofsentenceinsubjectposition,followedbyreferenceanddateinbrackets.

b.Author’snamesandreferenceattheendofthecitationsentenceinbrackets.

(2)

Importancegiventothecitedauthors.Iftheyaremoreimportantandrelevanttothewriter’swork,thecitedauthorsarefronted.IE2:Reviewingpreviousresearch59-105.Intheliteraturere1059-116.FollowingispartofaliteraturereviewtakenfromtheintroductiontoapaperinthefieldofEnglishlearning.Thesentencesaregivenhereinscrambleorder.Arrangethesentencesintheorderyoufeeltheyshouldappearintheoriginaltext.ThereviewbeginswithsentenceB.59-116.Followingispartof1159-12

StylisticVariationsinScienceLectures _____A.PangandWright(2005)broadenedthelinguisticfocustoincludesomepedagogicalandsociolinguisticaspectsoflecturing,suchassetting,levelofformality,participantroles,andlecturetopics.

_____B.Mostresearchonthelecturemethodhasbeenconductedinanative-speakercontext. _____C.Theroleofvocabularyinmediatinginstructionhasrecentlyattractedtheattentionofappliedlinguists. _____D.Anumberofstudieshavesofarexaminedthewaysinformationispresentedinlectures;andrecommendationsforimprovingthestudyskillsofnativespeakershavebeenproposed(e.g.,Northetal.,2000;Murphy,2002;Hall,2005). ____E.Lee(2006)hasexaminedfunctionofdefinitionsinsciencelectures. ____F.OnlyafewresearchershaveconsideredthespecialproblemsforeignstudentsmayhavewithlecturesgiveninEnglish(Ding,1999;Young&Wilson,2003;Richards&Flower,2007). ____G.YoungandWilson(2003)concentratedonthelinguisticaspect:eitheronhowmessageswereencoded,orontheaspectsthatmightcausedecodingproblemsfornativespeakers.59-12StylisticVariationsin1259-13

StylisticVariationsinScienceLecturesB.Mostresearchonthelecturemethodhasbeenconductedinanative-speakercontext.D.Anumberofstudieshavesofarexaminedthewaysinformationispresentedinlectures;andrecommendationsforimprovingthestudyskillsofnativespeakershavebeenproposed(e.g.,Northetal.,2000;Murphy,2002;Hall,2005).F.OnlyafewresearchershaveconsideredthespecialproblemsforeignstudentsmayhavewithlecturesgiveninEnglish(Ding,1999;Young&Wilson,2003;Richards&Flower,2007).G.YoungandWilson(2003)concentratedonthelinguisticaspect:eitheronhowmessageswereencoded,orontheaspectsthatmightcausedecodingproblemsfornativespeakers.A.PangandWright(2005)broadenedthelinguisticfocustoincludesomepedagogicalandsociolinguisticaspectsoflecturing,suchassetting,levelofformality,participantroles,andlecturetopics.C.Theroleofvocabularyinmediatinginstructionhasrecentlyattractedtheattentionofappliedlinguists.E.Lee(2006)hasexaminedfunctionofdefinitionsinsciencelectures.59-13StylisticVariatio1359-147.InText1,whatisthefunctionofsentence7?Whatconnectionexistsbetweensentence7andsentence8?Whatisthewritertryingtosuggestabouttheresearchinsentence12?

Itindicatesaneedformoreinvestigationintoconsumers’buyingbehavioron-lineandatstores,servingasajustificationforthestudybeingreported.Sentence7servesasthejustificationforSentence8.InSentence12,thewriteristryingtosuggestthevalueofthestudy.IE3,IE4,IE5:Advancingtopresentresearch59-147.InText1,whatist1459-158.InText3,howdidtheauthorsmanagetocommunicateaneedforresearchinthisarea?Areviewofpreviousresearch,i.e.IE2,isabsent.Whatisthepossiblereasonforthat?Theauthorsimpliedaneedforresearchinthispart.Apossiblereasonmightbe:theresearchtopicwasnewandrelevantresearchwasscarce.59-158.InText3,howdidth1559-16(1)

Whatisthecomparabilityofcomputerizedandpaper-and-penciltestsfromacognitiveperspective?9.Followingaresomeresearchquestions.Converteachquestiontoastatementofresearchpurpose.

Thisstudyexaminedtheissuesofthecomparabilityofcomputerizedandpaper-and-penciltestsfromacognitiveperspective.59-16(1)

Whatisthecompara1659-17(2)

Isthereanalternativeanalyticalapproachtomachineryselectionproblems?

Thispaperisanattempttodevelopanalternativeanalyticalapproachtomachineryselectionproblems.(3)

Isthesmile—ahighlyvaluedsocialbehavior,attributedmorefrequentlytoin-grouportoout-groupmembers?

Thegoalofthepresentstudywastoexaminewhetherahighlyvaluedsocialbehavior—thesmile—isattributedmorefrequentlytoin-groupthantoout-groupmembers.59-17(2)Isthereanalternat1759-18(4)

HowlongdoesTVcommercialsaffectthesalesofsoftdrinks?

ThispaperreportsontheresultsofastudyconductedtodeterminethelengthoftimeTVcommercialsaffectthesalesofsoftdrinks.(5)

Howismetaphorusedinmajorcharacters’namesintheChineseclassic“ADreamofRedMansions”?

Thepurposeofthisthesisistoexaminethewaysmetaphorisusedinmajorcharacters’namesintheChineseclassic“ADreamofRedMansions”.59-18(4)HowlongdoesTVcom188.2OrderofCitations1)Chronological:

earliest→latest2)Generaltospecific:

remotelyrelated→closelyrelated3)Differentapproaches:

oneapproach+another+stillanotherapproach59-198.2OrderofCitations1)Chron1959-208.3VerbTenseinCitation

VerbTenseinCitation

Authorprominent

Informationprominent文獻(xiàn)綜述中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法與作者所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的信息有關(guān)。通常，信息優(yōu)先用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；作者優(yōu)先強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一項(xiàng)具體研究，用一般過去時(shí)。59-208.3VerbTenseinCitati2059-21Informationprominent:Present

1.TheInternetProtocol(IP),however,isbasedonbesteffortandlackstheabilitytoprovidesomelevelofQualityofService(QoS)guarantees[1].2.Whenstudentsperceivethattheircoursegrades,courseprocedures,orinstructors’communicationareunfair,theyreportagreaterlikelihoodofindirectaggressionagainsttheirinstructors(Chory,2002;Thompson,2005a;2005b),resistingtheirinstructors’requests(Houser&Lee,2006),andgivingtheirinstructorslowerteachingevaluations(Tata,1999).59-21Informationprominent:P2159-22Authorprominent:Past1.Aleamoni(1981)notedthatopinionsaboutstudentevaluationsvary,fromreliable,validandusefultounreliable,invalid,anduseless.

2.Schaller(1992)observedthatteacherswhoengagedinmoreverbalsensitivity(relationalcompetence),immediacy,andnegativehumor,allofwhichconstitutearelationalteachingapproach,experiencedmoresatisfactionwiththeirstudentsandwork.59-22Authorprominent:Past2259-23Authorprominent:presentperfect(1)當(dāng)論文作者強(qiáng)調(diào)幾位作者的研究成果或研究概況時(shí)，常常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。1.ResearcherssuchasBraskamp,BrandenburgandOry(1984),Aleamoni(1987)andSeldin(1999)havedevelopedguidelinestohelpconductteachingevaluationsmoresuccessfully.59-23Authorprominent:presen2359-24Authorprominent:presentperfect(2)

2.Althoughrecentresearchhasprovidedinsightsintothecomposingprocessesofsecondlanguagewriters(Raimes,1985;Zamel,1983,1985;seeKrapels,1990,forasurveyofL2processstudies)andintothediscoursestructuresofL2texts(Connor&Kaplan,1987),questionsstillremainregardingtheextenttowhichlanguageproficiencyinteractswithandinfluenceswritingskill.3.Slemenda,etal.(1997)haveshownthataweakquadricepsmuscleisassociatedwithahigherriskforkneeosteoarthritis,suggestingindirectevidencethatinactivitymaybeharmfultothejoint.59-24Authorprominent:presen2459-25Authorprominent:Attitudeandtense(1)Note:論文作者對(duì)所引用的前人研究成果的態(tài)度也影響動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的選擇。如果過去的成果非常重要，或者與作者正在從事的研究工作直接相關(guān)，論文作者就會(huì)選擇動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)，否則，就用過去時(shí)。

1.Schmidt(1998)identifiedthreetypesofmicrocomputeruseinclassrooms:theobjectofacourse,asupporttool,andameansofprovidinginstruction.FosterandKleene(1998)citefourusesofmicrocomputersinvocationalagriculture:drillandpractice,tutorial,simulationandproblemsolving.59-25Authorprominent:Note:2559-26Authorprominent:Attitudeandtense(2)2.Similarly,asurveyofL2studentstakinguniversitycoursesfoundthattheyidentifiedvocabularyasamajorfactorthatheldthembackinacademicwritingtasks(Leki&Carson,1994).Laufer(1986)arguesthatiffluencyisunderstoodas“theabilitytoconveyamessagewitheaseandcomprehensibility”(p.72),thenvocabularyadequacyandaccuracymattermorethangrammaticalcorrectness.59-26Authorprominent:2.S2659-27

Researchorientation8.4VerbTenseinOtherPartsofIntroduction

ResearchPurpose

Value

ReportorientationModalauxiliaries

介紹研究目的時(shí)，作者可以將著眼點(diǎn)放在研究工作本身（ResearchOrientation)并將其作為主語；作者也可以將著眼點(diǎn)放在論文本身（PaperOrientation）并將其作為主語。通常，前者用一般過去時(shí)；后者用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)。59-27Researchorientation8.2759-28ResearchPurposeResearchorientation:Past1.Thepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminetheextenttowhichmeasuresoflexicalrichness,aswellasmeasuresoflexicalerror,arerelatedtothequalityofwrittencompositionsofL2learnersfrommixedlanguagebackgroundsatfourlevelsofanintensiveEnglishprogram.59-28ResearchPurpose1.Thep2859-29ResearchPurposeReportorientation:Present;Future1.ThispaperpresentstheresultsofasurveyconductedinZhejiangprovince,China,todeterminetheperceivedimpactofChina’saccessiontotheWTOonbusinessprofessionals.2.Inthispaper,weproposeanalternativedistributedapproach,wherethelocaladmissiondecisionsaremadeindependentlyattheedgeroutersofeachdomain.3.ThispaperwilldiscusssomedemographicfactorswhichmightbeimportantforqueenrearinginAfricanhoneybeecolonies.59-29ResearchPurpose1.Thi2959-308.5LanguagePractice

1.

Readthepaperentitled“Internet-BusinessorJustBusiness?Impactof‘Internet-Specific’StrategiesonVenturePerformance”,anintroductionpartofaresearchpaperinthefieldofmanagementstudies,onthehandout.Theparagraphsofthepaperareinscrambledorder.Rearrangetheparagraphsinanorderastheauthororiginallywrotethem.C-B-E-A-D59-308.5LanguagePractice13059-312.Thefollowingsentencesaretakenfromtheintroductiontoaresearchpaperonbusinessemailcommunication.Theintroductionhasthreeparagraphs.Thesentencesineachparagrapharenotpresentedintheirproperorder.Numberthesentencesintheorderyouthinktheyappearedintheoriginalintroduction.B–C–A–D–F–E–H–G

59-312.Thefollowingsente3159-323.Readthefollowingparagraphswhichcontainliteraturereviewparts.Indicateiftheorderofcitationusedinthereviewis(1)Generaltospecific,(2)Chronologicalor(3)Differentapproaches.

(A)Generaltospecific

(B)Differentapproaches

(C)Chronological59-323.Readthefollowing3259-334.EachofthefollowingIEIVstatements(researchpurpose/objectivesofthewriter’sstudy)istakenfromadifferentresearchpaper.Determinewhetheritisanexampleofresearchorreportorientation.Thenrewriteeachstatement,changingtheorientationfromresearchtoreport,orviceversa.Makechangesifnecessary.e.g.

(1)ThepurposeofthisresearchwastofurtherinvestigateandcharacterizetheSanitaryEngineeringResearchLaboratoryreactorsystem.

(2)Thepurposeofthispaper(report)istofurtherexamine(describe)andcharacterizetheSanitaryreportorientationresearchorientation59-334.Eachofthefollowin3359-34(1)

Inthecurrentstudyweattemptedtoaddresstheperceivedshortcomingsintheliteraturehighlightedabove.________________

Thepresentpaperattemptstoaddresstheperceivedshortcomingsintheliteraturehighlightedabove.

researchorientation59-34(1)

Inthecurrentstu3459-35(2)

Inthispaper,weproposeanalternativedistributedapproach,wherethelocaladmissiondecisionsaremadeindependentlyattheedgeroutersofeachdomain.__________________

Thisstudyproposedanalternativedistributedapproach,wherethelocaladmissiondecisionsaremadeindependentlyattheedgeroutersofeachdomain.(Or)Thepurposeofthisstudywastopropose….

reportorientation59-35(2)

Inthispaper,we3559-36(3)

Thepresentstudy,intakinganewapproachtothestudyofacademicwritingtasks,attemptstoprovidesomepreliminaryanswerstothesequestionsinthehopethatotherresearcherswillbuildonthispreliminarywork._____________

Thestudy,intakinganewapproachtothestudyofacademicwritingtasks,wasanattempttoprovidesomepreliminaryanswerstothesequestionsinthehopethatotherresearcherswillbuildonthisbeginning.

reportorientation59-36(3)

Thepresentstudy,3659-37(4)

Thispaperpresentstheactiveresourcemanagement(ARM)approachthatactivelymanagestheresourcesinaDSdomainbydynamicallyreallocatingresourcesattheBBbasedonthecurrentrequirementsofapplicationsandthestateofthenetwork.________________

Thepurposeofthisstudywastopresenttheactiveresourcemanagement(ARM)approachthatactivelymanagestheresourcesinaDSdomainbydynamicallyreallocatingresourcesattheBBbasedonthecurrentrequirementsofapplicationsandthestateofthenetwork.

reportorientation59-37(4)

Thispaperpresent3759-38(5)

Theexperimenttobedescribedbelowwasanattempttoprovidesomefurtherdataontheroleandpositionofasummaryinaresearchreport,usingnaturalmaterials.________________

Thisreportisanattempttoprovidesomefurtherdataontheroleandpositionofasummaryinaresearchreport,usingnaturalmaterials.

researchorientation59-38(5)

Theexperimentto3859-39(6)

Basedontheassumptionthatlearners’attitudestowardalanguagemightaffecttheirlearningofthatlanguage,thispaperreportsonastudywhichexaminedChinesestudents’attitudestowardSingaporeanEnglish.___________________

Basedontheassumptionthatlearners’attitudestowardalanguagemightaffecttheirlearningofthatlanguage,thisstudyexaminedChinesestudents’attitudestowardSingaporeanEnglish.

reportorientation59-39(6)

Basedontheassum3959-40(7)

Inthispaper,wewilldiscusstheextenttowhichthevideohasachievedtheaimofstimulatingreflectionwithinoneparticularEnglishcommunicationskillscourse,andthedepthofreflectionthathastakenplace.._____________

Thestudyexamined/investigatedtheextenttowhichthevideohasachievedtheaimofstimulatingreflectionwithinoneparticularEnglishcommunicationskillscourse,andthedepthofreflectionthathastakenplace.(Or)Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexamine/investigate…

reportorientation59-40(7)

Inthispaper,we4059-41(8)

Thegoalofthepresentresearchwastoassesswhetherthereisevidenceforin-groupfavoritismintheattributionofsmiles._________________

Themainpurposeofthispaperistoassesswhetherthereisevidenceforin-groupfavoritismintheattributionofsmiles.

researchorientation59-41(8)

Thegoalofthepr4159-428.6WritingupYourResearch

1.ThesameintroductiontothepaperaboutteacherevaluationusedinLecture7ispresentedhereagain.IEsI,III,IV,Varegiven,butIEII(Literaturereview)isrepresentedinoutlineform.Usingtheinformationintheoutline,writealiteraturereviewforthisintroduction.Youmayrefertothelistofreferencesattheendofthetextforyourcitationinformation,butdon’trefertotheoriginaltext.59-428.6WritingupYourRes42Teacher’sandStudents’Perceptionsof“StudentEvaluationofFaculty”asamethodforAssessingTeachers’Performance

UniversityofBristolPauline,KLLeeIntroductionInthepast30years,therehasbeenasteadyincreaseintheuseofstudentevaluationofinstruction.Withaccountabilityandaconsumer-orientedcultureinvogue,qualityassurancepracticesarealsogreatlyadvocatedintheeducationsectorinHongKong.Ratinggainedfromstudentevaluationoffaculty(referredtoasSEFhereafter)havebeenusedtoappraiseteachers’performance,andtheyalsoprovidethesourceofinformationfordepartmentheadstomakedecisionsonallocationofduties,contractrenewal,promotionsandstaffdevelopment.59-43Teacher’sandStudents’Percep43IEIILiteratureReviewA.Anumberofstudies–investigateevaluationpractice1.Braskamp,BrandenburgandOry;Aleamoni;Seldin:developedguidelinestohelpconductteachingevaluationsmoresuccessfully.2.Aleamoni&Hexner:opinionsaboutstudentevaluationsvary,fromreliable,validandusefultounreliable,invalid,anduseless.3.Norris:manyoftheattemptstoassesscurricula,programmecontent,studentperformanceandteachereffectivenesshavebeen“ungainlyandilldefined”.B.Onereasonfordifferenceofopinions:purposesofevaluationBall:(someresearchers)mainpurposeofeducationalevaluation:gettingfundingandexertingbureaucraticcontrol59-44IEIILiteratureReviewA.Anu44AlthoughstudentevaluationhasbeencarriedoutintertiaryeducationinHongKongfornearly10yearsnow,thereislittleagreementaboutwhatconstitutesexcellent,good,orunacceptableperformance.Additionally,manyquestionshavebeenraisedaboutthereliabilityandvalidityofstudentevaluationasamodeofteacherappraisal.59-45Althoughstudentevaluatio45ThepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatehowrobustSEFisasameasureofteachingqualityintertiaryeducation.Threeresearchquestionsarelistedasfollows:(1)What,accordingtostudentsandteachers,constitutesgoodteachingintertiaryeducation?(2)Howgoodameasure,accordingtoteachers,isstudentevaluationoffaculty,intertiaryeducation?(3)Isstudentevaluationoffacultyaviablemeanstogainfeedbackonteachingperformance?AsecondgoalwastodevisesomeguidingprinciplesforappraisingteachersinthetertiarysectorinHongKong.ThisstudywasidentifiedasbeingofimportancetothehealthydevelopmentofqualityassurancepracticeintertiaryeducationinHongKong.59-46Thepurposeofthisstudywas4659-47

Anumberofresearchstudieshavebeenconductedtoinvestigatethisevaluationpractice.ResearcherssuchasBraskamp,BrandenburgandOry(l994),Aleamoni(1987)andSeldin(1999)havedevelopedguidelinestohelpconductteachingevaluationsmoresuccessfully.AleamoniandHexner(1980)notedthatopinionsaboutstudentevaluationsvary,fromreliableandusefultounreliableanduseless.Someclaimthatmanyoftheattemptstoassessprogrammecontentandteachereffectivenesshavebeen“ungainlyandill-defined”(Norris,1990:22).AlthoughstudentevaluationhasbeencarriedoutintertiaryeducationinHongKongfornearly10yearsnow,thereislittleagreementaboutwhatconstitutesexcellent,good,orunacceptableperformance.Additionally,manyquestionshavebeenraisedaboutthereliabilityandvalidityofstudentevaluationasamodeofteacherappraisal.59-47Anumberofres4759-482.UsingthesampleintroductionsinReadingsfromthislecture,writeanintroductiontoapaperyoumaythinkyoucanwriteinyourfieldofstudy.59-482.Usingthesampleint488.7LanguageSupportRecently,therehasbeenmuchinterestintheroleofmarketingresourcesincontributingtothecreationofcompetitiveadvantageandsubsequentlyfirmperformance.Inrecentyears,appliedresearchershavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedintechnologiesforwaste-watertreatment.Recently,therehasbeenaspateofinterestinthestudyofthecomposingprocessedofChineseEFLwriters.TherelationshipsbetweenvocabularyandreadingcomprehensionproficiencyinEFLlearnershavebeenstudiedbymanyresearchers.Theeffectofair-conditioningsystemsonhumanhealthhasbeenstudiedextensivelyinrecentyears.TheInternetisanextremelyimportantnewtechnology,andit

isnosurprisethatithasreceivedsomuchattentionfromentrepreneurs,executives,investorsandbusinessobservers.Describingresearchbackground59-498.7LanguageSupportRecently,49AccordingtoHall(1997),culturescanbegroupedalongacontinuumfromlow-contexttohigh-context.Forexample,MaitraandGoswami(1995)examinedthevisualdesignofaJapanesecompany’sannualreportandfoundverydistinctivedesignfeatures.White(2003)distinguishesbetweenlanguageacquiredforbasicinterpersonalcommunicationandlanguageacquiredforacademicpurposes.In[7]theauthorsexaminetheperformanceofvoiceoveranetworkwhichsupportspremiumandassuredservices.Withoutattemptingtobeexhaustive,wehaveselectedasmallsampleofstudiesforinclusioninthisreviewevidenceofthetransferoffirstlanguagewritingskillstothesecondlanguage(Brooks,1985;Cummins,1989)althoughtheevidenceisnotconclusive(Carson,Kroll&Kuehn,1990).Nation(1996:11)remarks“alargervocabularysizeisclearlybetter”andquotesWest(1941)asrecommending98%“known”wordsinareadingtext(Nation&Coady,1988:99).AsCraik(1998:25)pointedout,withoutcommunication“therewouldbenoorganizingororganization.”Reviewingexistingliterature

59-50AccordingtoHall(1997),cult50acknowledgeagreeassurecontenddescribeaddannounceclaimdeclaredirect

Reportingverbswhichcanbeusedtoreportwhatpeoplesayadmitarguecommentdemandexplainadviseassertconfirmdenyinsist

maintainproposereportsaytellmentionreassurerespondstateurgeobserverecommendrequeststipulatewarnpredictremarkrevealsuggestwrite*Notethattheverbs“address”,“converse”,“l(fā)ecture”,“speak”and“talk”,althoughtheymean“tosaysomething”,cannotbeusedasreportingverbs.59-51acknowledgeReportingverbswhi51acceptagreeassumebelieveconsiderconcludedecidediscoverdoubtestimateexpectfeelfigureholdhopeimagineintendknowmeannoteplanproposereasonsupposethinkunderstandwishwonderReportingverbswhichcanbeusedtoreportpeople’sthoughts59-52acceptagree52However,theseapproachesdonotincludetestsforchangesinpriceelasticity.Theabovestudiesignoreanimportantaspectoftheproblem,namelytheinefficienciesinwateruse.However,fewstudieshavereportedontheeffectsofcomputerassistedlanguagelearning.Todate,fewstudiesofL1orL2interestandcomprehensionhaveusedmultiplecomprehensionmeasures.Indicatinganeedformoreresearch

59-53However,theseapproachesdon53Althoughmuchworkhasbeendonetodate,morestudiesneedtobeconductedtoascertaintheeffectsofmicrocomputer-assistedinstructioninl