理工大學(xué)機(jī)械與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院

Teachersfortheclass：潘家禎教授博士生導(dǎo)師王正東教授博導(dǎo)學(xué)院常務(wù)副院長周紹萍副教授系主任在讀博士惠虎副教授博士王學(xué)生副教授博士石巖講師在讀博士周先桃博士后1OurTeam：Qualifiedteachers;Bestteam;──Todevoteourbestforstudents;Tofulfillthetaskbetter.Teamwork──Teachingresearch;improvingourteachingquality;Teacherscanlearneachotherfromother’sstrongpointstooffsetone’sweakness.OurobjectiveCooperatewithstudentstofulfillthisclasssatisfactory.Toobtainmoreknowledge,tolearnactively,tobesuccessful.2Threetransforms：Frompassivestudytoactivestudy.Fromforced-feedingmethodofteachingtoheuristiceducation.Frommerelybooklearningtoqualityeducationincludingvariouscomprehensivestudying.─Thistaskshouldbecooperatedbyteachersandstudents.3Weencourage：Everystudentchoosesyourfavoriteteachers.Everyteacherchoosesyourfavoritestudents.─.Acceptfavoritestudentstoteacher’sresearchteam.─.Encouragefavoritestudentstopursuehigherdegree.4

潘家禎HowtoIntroduceyourselfPanJiaZhenWillreplytoMr.PanWesternstyle:JiaZhenPanMaybeconfusedtoMr.ZhenAmericanFormBritishFormFirstNameMiddleNameLastNameGivenNameReligiousNameFamilyNameSurname5JiaZhenPANRecommendCapitalizeorPAN,JiaZhenAuthorIndexstylePANJiazhenJiazhenPanPAN,Jiazhen6K.J.MillerWesternNameKeith.John.MillerKeith.J.MillerMiller,K.J.7石亞文ChineseName－FromSCI,ScienceCitationIndexShiYWWenSYThisiswrong.TenwaystoexpressChineseName:1.ShiYaWen2.YaWenShiSomeproblem,notsurethefamilyname83.ShiYawenTenwaystoexpressChineseName:4.YawenShi5.ShiYa-Wen6.Ya-wenShi10.Y.W.Shi9.ShiY.W.NoproblemEast-AsiaChineseOK.7.YaWenSHI8.SHIYawenWesterncustom9我們的專業(yè)稱為“過程裝備與控制工程”即：What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?ProcessEquipmentandControlEngineering10Background(背景)

教育部幾次專業(yè)調(diào)整，合并和削減了許多專業(yè)，戴帽的機(jī)械專業(yè)全部取消，如：食品機(jī)械、輕工機(jī)械、紡織機(jī)械等，均統(tǒng)稱為“機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造”專業(yè)。只有化工機(jī)械專業(yè)由于其不可替代的重要性而予以保留，但是更名為“過程裝備與控制工程”專業(yè)。它體現(xiàn)了拓寬專業(yè)面的要求，它的培養(yǎng)對(duì)象就不僅僅是化學(xué)工業(yè)，而是適用于所有的過程工業(yè)。What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?11What’smeans“Process”?Howmanykindsofprocessesarerelatedtous?What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?Sixprocessesarecloselyrelatedtoourspecialty:1.Fluiddynamicalprocess:

(流體動(dòng)力過程)Itdealswithpump(泵),compressor(壓縮機(jī)),ventilator(風(fēng)機(jī)),pipesandvalves(管道和閥門等).12What’smeans“Process”?Howmanykindsofprocessarerelatedtous?What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?Sixprocessesarecloselyrelatedtoourspecialty:2.Heattransferprocess:

(熱量傳遞過程)Itdealswithheattransferequipment.(它涉及熱量交換過程及設(shè)備，即：換熱器，熱交換器等)。13What’smeans“Process”?Howmanykindsofprocessarerelatedtous?What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?Sixprocessesarecloselyrelatedtoourspecialty:

3.Masstransferprocess:

(質(zhì)量傳遞過程)Itdealswithdry,distillation,condense,extractionprocessandequipment.(它涉及有關(guān)干燥,蒸餾,濃縮,萃取等過程及裝備)。14What’smeans“Process”?Howmanykindsofprocessarerelatedtous?What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?Sixprocessesarecloselyrelatedtoourspecialty:

4.Momentumtransferprocess:

(動(dòng)量傳遞過程)Itdealswithsizereductionandsizeenlargementprocessandequipment.(它涉及固體物料的粉碎、造粒等過程及設(shè)備。)15What’smeans“Process”?Howmanykindsofprocessarerelatedtous?What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?Sixprocessesarecloselyrelatedtoourspecialty:5.Thermodynamicsprocess:

(熱力學(xué)過程)Itdealswithrefrigeration,cryogenicrefrigeration,andairseparationetc.(它涉及冷凍,深度冷凍,空氣分離等過程及設(shè)備。)16What’smeans“Process”?Howmanykindsofprocessarerelatedtous?What’smeans“ProcessEquipment”?Sixprocessesarecloselyrelatedtoourspecialty:

6.Chemicalprocess:

(化學(xué)過程)Itdealswithsynthesize,decompositionprocessandequipment.(它涉及化學(xué)反應(yīng)，如：合成、分解等過程及設(shè)備。)17Including:Thisbook:“ProcessTechnology”Introductiontoprocessequipment;Valves;Pipingandvessels;Pumps;Compressors;Turbinesandmotors;Heatexchangers;Coolingtowers;Steamgenerations(boilers);Firedheaters(furnaces);18Including:Thisbook:“ProcessTechnology”Processinstrumentation;Processdiagrams;Utilitysystems;Reactionsystems;Distillationsystems;Otherseparationsystems;Plasticssystems.19Understandingforthetest:About:“Thetest”Studyisforyourselves,notforteachers,notforparents;Trytounderstandimportantconceptforthiscourse;ThisisnotanEnglishcourse.ItisacoursetouseEnglishtounderstandthespeciality.Testingisawaytocheckyourunderstandingforthecourse.Encouragestudentstojoinustobuildatestingdatabasefortesting.Tochoosethebestquestions,andbestanswers,tohelpyouunderstandingthecourse.答疑及課外輔導(dǎo)時(shí)間：20ProcessIndustryThe

Processindustryiscomposedofrefineriesandpetrochemical,paperandpulp,powergeneration,andfoodprocessingplants.21ProcessIndustryProcesstechniciansinspectandmaintainequipment,placeandremoveequipmentfromservice,completechecklists,controldocumentation,respondtoemergencies,andtroubleshootsystemproblems.22ProcessIndustryTofulfillthoseresponsibilities,theprocesstechnicianmusthaveathroughunderstandingoftools,equipment,andsystems.23BasicHandTools241.RotaryEquipmentProcessEquipment

canbedividedinto:2.StationaryEquipment251.RotaryEquipmentSafetyNotice:Severeinjuriescanresultwhenlooseclothing,shoelaces,jewelry,orlonghairgetstangledaroundrotatingparts.Tips:

awareofprotectingyourselfto

avoidanyinjuries,especiallyforyoureyes.

Don’thurtyourself;

Don’thurtotherperson;

Don’tbehurtbyotherperson.261.RotaryEquipment1.1DriversandEquipmentAdriverisadevicedesignedtoproviderotationalenergytoanotherpieceofequipment.ThemostcommondriverMotorsPumpsCompressorsGeneratorsFansConveyorsSolidfeedersCouplings,belts,orchainsconnectdrivesanddrivenequipments.271.RotaryEquipment1.1DriversandEquipment

CouplingsFixed-speedcouplingsRigidcouplingsFlexiblecouplingVariable-speedcouplingsHydrauliccouplingsMagneticcouplings281.RotaryEquipment1.1DriversandEquipmentBeltsBeltsareusedtoconnecttwoparallelshafts.Apulleyismountedontheendofeachshaft.Thesizeofthepulleysallowthedriveranddrivenequipmenttooperateatdifferentspeeds.Beltsfitinthegroovesofthepulley.Beltscomeinavarietyofshapesandsizesandaremadeofdurablematerialdesignedtowithstandoperatingconditions.

291.RotaryEquipment1.1DriversandEquipmentBeltsBeltsareusedtoconnecttwoparallelshafts.Beltdrivesrequirelessspacethanfixed-speedorvariable-speedcouplings.Abeltdrivecanmakespeed-to-torqueortorque-to-speedconversions.Processtechniciansfrequentlyinspectbeltsduringroundstoensurethatsafetyguardsareinplace,thatbelttensioniscorrect,andthatthebeltsarestillmountedonthepulleys.Flopping,squealing,orsmokingbeltsindicatewear,tension,ordriven-equipmentproblems.301.RotaryEquipment1.2GearboxesandPowerTransmissionGearboxesOftenusedbetweenthedriverandthedrivenequipment.Thedrivegearmesheswithalargerorsmallergear,thedrivengear.Asthedrivegearrotates,theinterlockedgearsintheboxturn,transmittingpowertothedrivenequipment.Smallgearsizeisassociatedwithspeed.Largegearsizeisassociatedwithtorque.311.RotaryEquipment1.2GearboxesandPowerTransmissionGearboxesPowertransmissioninrotatingequipmentisclassifiedasspeed-to-torqueconversionortorque-to-speedconversion.Speed-to-torqueconversionisaccomplishedwithasmalldrivegearwithalargedrivengear.Torque-to-speedconversionusesalargedrivegearwithasmalldrivengear.321.RotaryEquipment1.3ElectricmotorsTheprocessindustryuseselectricmotorstooperatepumps,generators,compressors,fans,blowersandotherequipment.Electricmotorsareeitherdirectcurrent(DC)oralternatingcurrent(AC).Theoperationofanelectricmotorisbasedonthreeprinciples:Electriccurrentcreatesamagneticfield;Oppositemagneticpolesattracteachother,likemagneticpolesrepeleachother;Currentdirectiondeterminesthemagneticpoles.331.RotaryEquipment1.3Electricmotors

Electricmotorconsistsof:Stationarymagnet(stator)Movingconduct(rotor)Permanentmagneticfieldisformedbythelinesofforcebetweenthepolesofthemagnet.

WhenelectricitypassesthroughtheconductorinaDCmotor,itbecomesanelectromagnetandgeneratesanothermagneticfield.Thetwinfieldsincreaseinintensityandpushagainsttheconductor.341.RotaryEquipment1.3Electricmotors

TherotorinanACmotorisaslottedironcore.Copperbarsarefittedintotheslots.

Twothickringsholdthebarsinplace.Alternatingcurrentflowsintothestator,producingarotatingmagneticfield.

Thestatorartificiallycreatesanelectriccurrentintherotor,whichgeneratesthesecondmagneticfield.Whenthetwofieldsinteract,therotorturns.352.StationaryEquipmentStationaryEquipmentconsistsofPipingandstoragetanksGateglobe,andballvalvesFiltersHeatexchangersCoolingtowersfurnacesBoilersReactorsDistillationcolumns362.StationaryEquipmentPipefittings37Chapter2.ValvesValve─adevicetodirectandcontrolthefluidsbystarting,stopping,andthrottling(restricting)flowtomakeprocessingpossible.Valves─aredesignedtowithstandpressure,temperature,andflowandcanbefoundinhomesandindustryacrosstheworld.38Chapter2.ValvesThecommonvalvesfoundinthemanufacturingenvironmentare:GatevalveBallvalveCheckvalveButterflyvalvePlugvalveNeedlevalveThree-wayvalveDiagragmvalveReliefvalveSafetyvalveAnglevalveMultiportvalveglobevalve39Chapter2.ValvesProcessoperatorsclassifyvalvesby:ClassificationofvalveFlow-controlelement

function

Operatingcondition

GatevalveGlobevalveNeedlevalveCheckvalvePlugvalveAdjustingvalveCut-offvalveThree-wayvalveHand-operatingvalveSafetyvalveElectric-operatedvalvePneumatic-operatedvalveConnectingmanner

Flangeconnection

Threadedconnection

ClconnectionWeldingconnection

40Chapter2.ValvesAdevicethatplacesamovablemetalgateinthepathofaprocessflow.1.GatevalvesBonnet機(jī)罩Yoke機(jī)架

Thetypicalgatevalveconsistsofagate,body,seatingarea,stem,bonnet,packing,stuffingbox,packinggland,andhandwheel.

Thegatesaresizedtofittheinsidediameterofapipe.41Chapter2.ValvesVerylittlerestrictionoccurswhenitisintheopenposition.1.GatevalvesSize:from0.125”toseveralfeet.

Path:from“wideopen”to“completelyshut”.

Shouldnotbeusedtothrottleflow.

Thegatecanbewedgeshapedormayconsistofparalleldiscs.Thegateisplaceddirectlyinthepathofaprocessflowwhenitisshutandisliftedcompletelyoutofthewaywhenopen.42Chapter2.ValvesGatevalvesThebodyisthelargestpartofthevalve.Thebodycanbeconnectedtotheprocesspipinginthreeways:flanges,threaded,orwelding.

Theseatingconsistsoftwofixedsurfacesorringsinsidethebodyofthevalvethatthegateclosesagainsttostopflow.Theseatingareafallsintotwocategories:replaceableorfixed.Thestemisalong,slendershaftattachedtothegate,bushing,orwheel.Whenthehandwheelisturned,ittransmitsrotationalenergytothestem,causingittorisetoopenorlowertoclose.Thebonnetprovidesahousingforthegateordiscwhenitisliftedoutoftheprocessflow.Itisattachedtothebodypermanentlybyweldingortemporarilybythreadingorbolts.43Chapter2.Valves2.GlobevalvesGlobevalvesarethesecondmostcommonusedinindustry.Aglobevalveplacesamovablemetaldiscinthepathofaprocessflow.Thistypeofvalveismostcommonlyusedforthrottlingservice.Thediscisdesignedtofitsmuglyintotheseatandstopflow.Processfluidenterstheglobevalveandisdirectedthrougha90oturntothebottomofthesealanddisc.44Chapter2.Valves2.GlobevalvesGlobevalvesmustbeinstalledproperlytoworkwell.Ifthevalvesisinstalledbackwarditwilltendtowearunevenlyandpushtheflow-controlelementdown. 45Chapter2.Valves2.GlobevalvesThetypicalglobevalveconsistsof:discbodyseatingareastembonnetpackingStuffingboxPackingglandHandwheel46Chapter2.Valves2.GlobevalvesThediscisattachedtothesteminthreeways:SlipjointThreadingOne-piecemanufacturingThedisccanbeclassifiedasplug,ball,composition,orneedleshape.47Chapter2.Valves3.BallvalvesThehollowballrotatesintotheopenorclosedposition.Aballvalvedoesnotlifttheflow-controldeviceoutoftheprocessstream.Ballvalvesprovideverylittlerestrictiontoflowandcanbefullyopenedwithaquarterturnonthevalvehandle.Intheclosedposition,theportisturnedawayfromtheprocessflow.Intheopenposition,itlinesupperfectlywiththeinnerdiameterofthepipe.Ballvalvestaketheirnamefromtheballshaped,movableelementinthecenterofthevalve.48Chapter2.Valves3.BallvalvesBallvalvesarenotdesignedforexcessivetemperatures.Itshouldnotbeusedforthrottlingservice.Ballvalvesdonotgenerallysealaswellasglobevalvesinhigh-pressureservice.Someballvalves(multiportvalves)aredesignedwithmultipleports,soanoperatorcanswitchfluidsourceswithoutstoppingflow.Theballvalvesonlyrequireone-quarterturnonahandle.49Chapter2.Valves4.CheckvalvesFlowliftsthediscandkeepsitlifteduntilflowstopsorreverses.Atypicalcheckvalvedesignistheswingcheck,whichhasahingeddiscthatslamsshutwhenflowreverses.Acheckvalvesisdesignedtopreventreverseflowandtoavoidpossiblecontaminationordamagetoequipment.50Chapter2.Valves4.CheckvalvesLiftchecksareidealforsystemsinwhichflowratesfluctuate.Liketheswingcheck,itisdesignedtoclosewhenflowreverses.Theliftcheckismoredurablethantheswingcheck.Inthehorizontalorverticalliftcheckdesign,apistonorballisliftedupandoutoftheseatbyprocessflow.Anotherdesignistheliftcheck,whichhasadiscrestsontheseatwhenflowisidleandliftswhenflowisactive.Specialguideskeepthediscinplace.51Chapter2.Valves5.ButterflyvalvesDuringathrottlingoperation,abutterflyvalvehandleshouldbecarefullysecured.Theyhavenon-uniformflowcharacteristics.Aone-quarterturnisallittakestofullyopenorclosethevalve.Theyaredesignedtobeoperatedatlowtemperatureandlowpressure.Butterflyvalvesarecommonlyusedforthrottlingandon/offservice.Thebodyofthistypeofvalveisrelativelysmallwhencomparedwithothervalves.Itoccupiesmuchlessspaceinapipeline.52Chapter2.Valves6.PlugvalvesPlugvalvesprovideverylittlerestrictionstoflowandcanbeopened100%withaone-quarterturnonthevalvehandle.Theplugvalvetakesitsnamefromtheplug-shapedflow-controlelementitusestoregulateflow.Plugvalvesdependonalubricantinsidethebodyofthevalve.Thelubricanthelpsthevalveprovidealeak-freeseal.Quick-opening,one-quarterturnplugvalvesareverypopularintheprocessindustry.Theplugvalveisdesignedforfuelgaspipingsystems,low-pressuresituations,slurryandlubrication,on/off,low-temperatureservice.53Chapter2.Valves7.DiaphragmvalvesThestemisattachedtoadevicecalledthecompressor.Diaphragmvalvesuseaflexiblemembraneandseattoregulateflow.Inachemicalplant,avarietyofslurries,corrisiveorstickysubstances,aretransferredfromplacetoplace.Standardvalveswouldhaveadifficulttimewiththistypeofproduct.Diaphragmvalvesarespeciallydesignedforthejob.Thecompressorpushesonaflexiblediaphragm.Theinternalpartsofthevalvenevercomeintocontactwiththeprocessmaterial.Thediaphragmvalveseatsaremadeofchemical-resistantplastic,rubber,orneoprene.Diaphragmvalvecanhandlecorrosivefluids.54Chapter2.Valves8.ReliefandsafetyvalvesInthevalveadiscisheldinplacebyaspringthatdoesnotopenuntilthesystempressureexceedsoperatinglimits.Reliefvalveistorespondautomaticallysuddenincreasesofpressureinliquidservices.Theydonotrespondwellingasservice.Areliefvalveisdesignedtoopenatapredeterminedpressure.Thetwoadvantadgesofreliefvalvesarethattheywillreseatassoonasthepressuredropsbelowthereliefpressureandthespringtensionisadjustable.55Chapter2.Valves8.ReliefandsafetyvalvesWhenasystemoverpressures,safetyvalvesrespondtoallowexcesspressuretobeventedtotheflareheader.Theyaredesignedtorespondquicklytoexcessvapor,orgas,pressure.Safetyvalvesareconsideredtobeaprocesssystem’slastlineofdefense.Thisventingpreventsdamagetoequipmentandpersonnel.Thethreemajordifferencesbetweenareliefandsafetyare:liquidversusgasservice,pressureresponsetime;largeexhaustport.Reliefvalveisdesignedtoliftslowly;Safetyvalvetendtopopoff.

56Chapter2.ValvesSummary1Agatevalveplacesamovablemetalgateinthepathofaprocessflowinapipeline,Gatevalvesareconsideredexcellentdevicesforprocessservicesthatareinfrequentlyused.Processtechniciansclassifyvalvesbyflow-controlelement(thepartofthevalvethatregulatesorcontrols),functionandoperatingconditions(suchaspressure,flow,ortemperature).Avalveisadeviceusedtocontrol(stop,start,orrestrictordirect)theflowoffluids.Aglobevalveplacesamovablemetaldiscinthepathofaprocessflow.Thistypeof