高考英語閱讀系列課程之主旨題

高考英語

閱讀-主旨題

在解主題大意時(shí)，以下方法可供參考。1.認(rèn)真閱讀文章的第一段或每段的第一個(gè)句子。2.文章的主題作者往往有意識(shí)地反復(fù)論述。抓住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。（04年全國卷1（河南等）E篇中major出現(xiàn)過八次，盡管其詞性、詞義有所不同，但它就是關(guān)鍵詞）。3.文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后。例如：Onthewhole,inshort,therefore…Iagreewiththeopinionthat…Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat…Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…掌握了找主題句的方法，就可以依據(jù)主題句歸納主題。但歸納主題容易出現(xiàn)以下三種錯(cuò)誤，需要同學(xué)們注意。1．以偏概全。即只抓住了主題的一個(gè)側(cè)面就誤以為是主題。2．過于籠統(tǒng)。即歸納的主題太泛，與細(xì)節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒有對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)加以充分論證。3．把觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加給作者。讀者往往根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見解。Questionforms:Twotypes:mainidea;topic/title主旨大意題主要考查同學(xué)們?cè)诶斫馊牡幕A(chǔ)上運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)的能力。多就文章的主要內(nèi)容、主題或標(biāo)題進(jìn)行設(shè)問。常見的題干形式如下：●大意類：

Themainideaofthepassageis...Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

●標(biāo)題類：What'sthebesttitle/headlineforthepassage?Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe...●作者意圖類：

What'sthewriter'spurposeinwritingthepassage？Theauthor'spurpose...istoshow...Characteristicsofthiskindofquestions:1.該主題是作者的觀點(diǎn)（不是他人的觀點(diǎn)，不是描寫、說明，也不一定是事實(shí)）。2.一個(gè)段落或一篇文章一般主題只能有一個(gè)，其他的內(nèi)容都起說明、論證作用。段落中其它的句子或文章的其它段落是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想。3.主旨句一般是下定義，做一個(gè)判斷，或陳述一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。1.以偏概全，干擾項(xiàng)故意片面地理解文章，把文章中出現(xiàn)過的某一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成整篇文章的主題。2.放大或縮小文章的主題，把文章的主題進(jìn)行放大或者縮小。3.偷換概念，文章講的主題被換成相關(guān)但不同的主題。干擾項(xiàng)的特征：1.正向法：速讀文章，找主題句或自己概括主題，從選項(xiàng)中找出最符合的。2.逆向法：假設(shè)題目中的選項(xiàng)為標(biāo)題，其寫法是否與所給文章一致。3.統(tǒng)計(jì)法：有些段落文章有多個(gè)句子段落，各句段主題可能完全不同，此時(shí)應(yīng)選擇涉及最多的選項(xiàng)。解題方法Techniques：Let’spracticeHowtogetthemainideaofaparagraph?1SmokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourExperimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?（1.5分鐘）

Smokingcancausecancer.SmokingisaterriblekillerSmokingisharmfultoourhealth.Anexperimentonsmoking.Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Practice：2

Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessi--onalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.（1分鐘）Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

Aprofessionalcriminallooksmoreinnocentthanothers.Don’tjudgeothersbyappearance.

So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance

3Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hu--rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.(2.5分鐘)Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSaleThissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.(detail)(detail)(detail)誘售法

4

TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.（2分鐘）

Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.

A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfour

years,movedtoanotheruniversity.

B.Tombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfrom

HarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.

C.Tomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedat

Berlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetail5AcoupleofyearsagoItookthefamilyonawintervacationtoNewYorkcitytoexperiencetheholidayatmosphere.Thelongestlinesthatweekweren’tinthehalloftheempirestatebuilding,attheStatueofLibertyferryoranyofNewYork'sotherlandmarks,butinthesquareatFifthavenueand58Street,wherethecrowdtogetintoFAOSchwarz(atoystore)snakedaroundtheblock.Theauthorwantstotellus____inthisPara.A.thedistributionofpeople.B.thepoortrafficconditions.C.thepopularityofatoystoreD.theniceholidayatmosphere.Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.如何尋找主題句（1）主題句在段首

一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。

Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù),層層推理論證,最后自然得出結(jié)論,即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。

Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）在短文中間

當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí),通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展.return思維導(dǎo)圖typeThepositionofthetopicInformationwordsAtthebeginningAttheendInthemiddleNocleartopicsentenceforexample……so,therefore,……Howtogetthemainideaofapassage?detailsParagraphideasPassageidea6

①M(fèi)agellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.

②MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.

③Magellan’svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.（4分鐘）

Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.Magellan’sdeathB.GoingAroundTheWorldC.TheWorldIsRoundD.Magellan’sVoyage

①

Magellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.Magellan’svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld.

②MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.TheprocessofMagellan’slongdifficultvoyage

③Magellan’svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.

Magellan’svoyageprovedtheearthisround.

①M(fèi)agellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.

②MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoedHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.

③Magellan’svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.Paragraph1:Magellan’svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld.Paragraph2:TheprocessofMagellan’slongdifficultvoyageParagraph3:Magellan’svoyagedprovedtheearthisround.Magellan’svoyage6Magellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.Magellanwas