學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)寫作課件4-Reviewing-Literature

AcademicWritingCourseReviewingLiteratureContentsGeneralFormatofResearchPaper1DefinitionofLiteratureReview2StepsinReviewingLiterature3OrganizationofLiteratureReview4ElementsinIntroductionSection5TenseinCitationandCitingVerbs6GeneralFormatofaResearchPaperIMRaDformatIntroductionWhyresearchneededMethodologyHowresearchcompletedandresultsanalyzedResultsAndWhatwasfound(data)DiscussionInterpretationofresultsandapplicationtoclinicalpracticeAssignmentofpaperwriting1.Introduction2.Methodology3.Results4.Discussion5.Conclusion6.Abstract(+統(tǒng)稿+修改）7.CoverletterWhatisaliterature?worksofthecreativeimagination,includingpoetry,drama,fiction,nonfiction,journalism,andinsomeinstances,songanypublishedmaterialthatprovidesinformationinthefieldbeingdiscussed,perhapswithinaspecifictimeperiod.1.文學(xué)；文學(xué)作品2.文獻(xiàn)資料anaccountofwhathasbeenpublishedonatopicbyaccreditedscholarsandresearchersnotsimplyasummaryofwhatyouhavereadacriticalanalysisoftherelationshipsbetweendifferentopinionsofothersoccasionallyasastand-alonesection/chapter

ofathesisordissertationWhatisaliteraturereview?moreoftenasapartoftheintroductorysectionofatermpaperorjournalpaper,toprovideatheoreticalframeworkandrationaleforaresearchstudydefinedbyresearchobjectiveorbytheproblemorissuediscussedorbyargumentativethesisStep1Step2Step3Step4DefiningthepurposeSearchingfortheliteratureReadingandanalyzingtheliteratureOrganizingthecontentsStep5WritingthereviewStepstoconductaliteraturereviewBooksJournalpapersThesesanddissertationsConferenceproceedingsGovernmentpublicationsTechnicalreportsInternetresourcesOrganizationofLiteratureReviewChronologicalBypublicationdateBytrendThematicAstructurewhichconsidersdifferentthemesMethodologicalFocusesonthemethodsoftheresearcher,e.g.,qualitativeversusquantitativeapproachesWhatareincludedinIntroduction?ElementsFunctionsPara.1S1-2Para.1S3-5Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5GeneralStatementstoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobeinvestigatedSpecificStatementstodescribetheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearcherstofindthegapformoreinvestigationoftheproblemThesisStatementtopresentthepurposes/objectivesofthecurrentstudyOptionalStatementstogiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,limitationofthestudy,etc.P26(LiteratureReview)topointoutthenecessitytoconductthepresentresearchListdifferentopinionsonpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationBruntlandCommissionReport,etc.ontheonesideLeachandMearnsontheothersidePovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramsaddressingtheenvironment.Environmentaldegradation,rapidpopulationgrowthandstagnantproductionarecloselylinkedwiththefastspreadofacutepovertyinmanycountriesofAsia.Poorfamilieswhohavetomeetshorttermneedsminethenaturalcapitalbyexcessivecuttingoftreesforfirewoodandfailuretoreplacesoilnutrients.Thesestudiespointtodemographic,cultural,andinstitutionalfactorsasimportantvariablesinthepoverty-environmentaldegradationnexus.Anintricateweboffactorsplustheexistenceoffeedbackloopsfromenvironmentaldegradationtopovertymakestheprocessofidentifyingcausalitylinks,ifany,betweenenvironmentaldegradationandpovertyadifficultexercise.Writingtheobjectiveofresearch1.ThispaperwillfocusonthemostcommonuseofkeyholesurgerywhichisasaninterventionincasesofcoloncancerinHongKong.2.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminetheimpactonShanghaiofthecommercialapplicationofmaglevtrains.3.Thegoalofthispaperistoexaminetheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagers.EstablishingthetopicExplainingwhatyouwilldowiththetopicCommonformat:PURPOSE+ACTIONVERB+TOPICWritingtheobjectiveofresearch1.ThispaperwillfocusonthemostcommonuseofkeyholesurgerywhichisasaninterventionincasesofcoloncancerinHongKong.2.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminetheimpactonShanghaiofthecommercialapplicationofmaglevtrains.3.Thegoalofthispaperistoexaminetheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagers.FormatExamplesPurposenounspurpose,goal,aim,intention,objectiveActionverbsanalyze,examine,propose,demonstrate,investigate,show,discuss,describe,suggestTopicsTheimpactofcommercialapplicationofmaglevtrainsonShanghaiTheimpactofkeyholesurgeryonthelivesofpeopleinHongKongTheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagersPossibleelementsinIntroductionsectionIntroducethetopicorproblemwithwhichtheresearchpaperisconcernedGiveacleardefinitionofthetopicandoftherelatedkeytermsProvidetherelevantbackgroundinformation/contextofthetopicReviewthepreviousrelatedstudiesandpointouttheirlimitationifnecessaryJustifythechoiceofthetopicorgivethereasonsfortheresearchStatethepurpose/objectiveoftheessayIntroducethetheoreticalperspectivesthepapermightuseExplainhowthepaperwillbeorganized(theoutlineofthepaper)InformationofthetopicinthebroadcontextInformationspecificallyrelatedtotheproposedresearchRead,thinkandreorganizeA.Withtheworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.B.AccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,andgeothermalheat,whicharerenewable.C.SincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.D.Developingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.E.Developingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsopreservemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.F.Thepaperwillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofthedevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.G.Thepurposeofthepaperistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.A.Withtheworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.B.AccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,andgeothermalheat,whicharerenewable.C.SincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.D.Developingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.E.Developingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsopreservemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.F.Thepaperwillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofthedevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.G.Thepurposeofthepaperistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.FunctionsNo.IntroductiontothetopicBackgroundinformationJustificationDefinitionofkeytermsPurposeoftheresearchThesisstatementOutlineofstructureFGBACDETheintroduction:()()()()()()()FGBACDEKeyforreferenceWiththeworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.SincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.Developingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.AccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,andgeothermalheat,whicharerenewable.Developingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsopreservemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.Thepurposeofthepaperistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.Thepaperwillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofthedevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.Tensesincitation?P29Simplepresenttense:oftenusedtociteothers’opinionsorresearch,ortoleadtotheirownideas,theories,concepts,methods,etc.Simplepasttense:usedtoprovideparticularsforrecountingpreviouseventsorresults,oraprecedinggeneralizationorthebasisforaclaim,etc.Presentperfecttense:usedtostatethattheresearchresultsarenew,expressingwhathasbeenfoundoveranextendedperiodinthepastanduptothepresenttohighlightthedirectrelationsbetweenpreviousstudiesandtheauthor’scurrentresearch.

QuestionsAnswersPurposesAretheresentenceswritteninthesimplepresenttense?Aretheresentenceswritteninthesimplepasttense?Aretheresentenceswritteninthepresentperfecttense?Whichtenseisusedthemost?Why?TensesusedinReadingpassageonP26-P27manysomesomesimplepresentToshowauthor’sopinionsonothers’research,andtorelatewhattheysayordiscusstothecurrentresearchToemphasizepreviousresearchfindingsorresultsTohighlightthedirectrelationsbetweenpreviousstudiesandthecurrentresearchToemphasizethesignificanceofthepresentstudyP30Citing/Reportingverbsawaytoshowyourattitudetowardsthesourceofinformationyouareciting.‘positive’,‘negative’or‘neutral’SomeverbsthattendtobepositiveacknowledgesaffirmsanalysesapplaudsarguescontendsexplainsidentifiesobservespersuadesprovessupportsSomeverbsthattendtobenegativeaccusesallegesapologisesassertscommentsconfusesdoubtsguesseshopesintimatesquestionsspeculatesSomeverbsthattendtobeneutralacceptsacknowledgesreportsagreesassuresclaimsconcludesconfirmsdescribesexpressesmaintainsrecognisesP32ReadandWriteAstudybyMcClatchyNewspapers,releasedinMarchfindsthattheranksoftheseverelyimpoverishedarerapidlyescalating.

ThestudyfoundthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh.

Todaynearly16millionAmericanslivein“deeporseverepoverty.”Thisisdefinedasindividualslivingathalfofthefederalpovertyline.

Thisdrasticriseinthelevelofpovertyextendsbeyondthetraditionalghettoand,reachestosuburbanandruralcommunities.Atthesametime,thepovertyrisecreatesseveresocialproblems.(ByJosephWilliams,2011)Startingfromthe70s,studiesintheUSpointedmoreandmoreatthelinkbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime.Afterthat,otherconnectionswithincomelevel,schooling,neighborhoodquality,education,etc,wererevealedaswell.FreshresearchfromtheUKevenindicatesthateconomiccyclesmayaffectvariationsinpropertyandviolentcrimes.Butmostimportantofall,theunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthatthey’rebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.Inotherwords,whereyoufindpovertyisalsowhereyoufindcrime.Andthisrevealsthestrongconnectionbetweenthetwoissues.(ByCarlHolmes,2006)Sociologistandcriminaljusticescholarshavefoundadirectcorrelationbetweenpovertyandcrime.

Oneeconomictheoryofcrimeassumesthatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime.

Theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegained.

Thelogicalconclusiontothistheoryisthatpeoplelivinginpovertyarefarmorelikelytocommitpropertycrimessuchasburglary,larceny,ortheft.(ByDavidGarland,2008)P32ReadandWriteAstudybyMcClatchyNewspapers,releasedinMarchfindsthattheranksoftheseverelyimpoverishedarerapidlyescalating.

ThestudyfoundthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh.

Todaynearly16millionAmericanslivein“deeporseverepoverty.”Thisisdefinedasindividualslivingathalfofthefederalpovertyline.

Thisdrasticriseinthelevelofpovertyextendsbeyondthetraditionalghettoand,reachestosuburbanandruralcommunities.Atthesametime,thepovertyrisecreatesseveresocialproblems.(ByJosephWilliams,2010)AstudybyWilliams(2010)reportsthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh,resultinginseveresocialproblems.P32ReadandWriteStartingfromthe70s,studiesintheUSpointedmoreandmoreatthelinkbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime.Afterthat,otherconnectionswithincomelevel,schooling,neighborhoodquality,education,etc,wererevealedaswell.FreshresearchfromtheUKevenindicatesthateconomiccyclesmayaffectvariationsinpropertyandviolentcrimes.Butmostimportantofall,theunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthatthey’rebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.Inotherwords,whereyoufindpovertyisalsowhereyoufindcrime.Andthisrevealsthestrongconnectionbetweenthetwoissues.(ByCarlHolmes,2006)Holmes(2011)furtherstatesthattherearemoreandmorestudiespointingatthelinksbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime,andthattheunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthattheyarebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.P32ReadandWriteSociologistandcriminaljusticescholarshavefoundadirectcorrelationbetweenpovertyandcrime.

Oneeconomictheoryofcrimeassumesthatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime.

Theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegained.

Thelogicalconclusiontothistheoryisthatpeoplelivinginpovertyarefarmorelikelytocommitpropertycrimessuchasburglary,larceny,ortheft.(ByDavidGarland,2008)Garland(2012)explainstheoreticallyfromaneconomicperspectiveofcrimethatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime—theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegainedAnswerforreferenceAstudybyWilliams(2010)reportsthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh,resultinginseveresocialproblems.ThefindingsaresupportedbyHolmes(2011)whofurtherstatesthattherearemoreandmorestudiespointingatthelinksbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime,andthattheunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthattheyarebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.Thisopinionistheoreticallyexplainedfromaneconomicperspectiveofcrimethatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime—theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegained(Garland,2012).Whatdowealreadyknowintheimmediateareaconcerned?Whatarethecharacteristicsofthekeyconceptsorthemainfactorsorvariables?Whataretherelationshipsbetweenthesekeyconcepts,factorsorvariables?Whataretheexistingtheories?Wherearetheinconsistenciesorothershortcomingsinourknowledgeandunderstanding?Whatviewsneedtobe(further)tested?Whatevidenceislacking,inconclusive,contradictoryortoolimited?Whystudy(further)theresearchproblem?Whatcontributioncanthepresentstudybeexpectedtomake?Whatresearchdesignsormethodsseemunsatisfactory?

someofthequestionsaliteraturereviewshouldanswerLiteratureReviewUntilrecentlymanyresearchershaveshowninterestinthefieldofcoastalerosionandtheresultingbeachprofiles.Theyhavecarriedoutnumerouslaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservationstoilluminatethedarknessofthisfield.

Theirfindingsandsuggestionsarereviewedhere.JACHOWSKI(1964)developedamodelinvestigationconductedontheinterlockingprecastconcreteblockseawall.AfteraresultofasurveyofdamagescausedbytheseverestormalongthecoastofUSA,anewandespeciallyshapedconcreteblockwasdevelopedforuseinshoreprotection.Thisblockwasdesignedtobeusedinarevetmenttypeseawallthatwouldbebothdurableandeconomicalaswellasreducewaverun-upandovertopping,andscouratitsbaseortoe.Itwasprovedthateffectiveshoreprotectioncouldbedesignedutilisingtheseunits.HOM-MAandHORIKAWA(1964)studiedwaveforcesactingontheseawallwhichwaslocatedinsidethesurfzone.Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresultsconductedtomeasurewaveforcesagainstaverticalwall,theauthorsproposedanempiricalformulaofwavepressuredistributiononaseawall.Thecomputedresultsobtainedbyusingtheaboveformulawerecomparedwellwiththefielddataofwavepressureonaverticalwall.SELEZOVandZHELEZNYAK(1965)conductedexperimentsonscourofseabottominfrontofharbourseawalls,basingonthetheoreticalinvestigationofsolitarywaveinter