專業(yè)英語(yǔ)有機(jī)物命名課件

2有機(jī)物的命名1烷烴（alkanes）1.1直鏈烷烴烴類化合物的命名是有機(jī)命名的基礎(chǔ)。英文名稱除了含1到4個(gè)碳原子以外，其余均用希臘文和拉丁文的數(shù)詞加上相應(yīng)的詞尾（-ane）來(lái)命名，10個(gè)碳原子以上的則在數(shù)詞前加前綴un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane

丁烷

butane戊烷

pentane己烷hexane

庚烷heptane

辛烷octane壬烷nonane

癸烷decane

十一烷undecane

十二烷dodecane

Alkane=Numberprefix-aneforexample:CH4

Methane

CH3CH2CH3Propane

CH3CH3

EthaneCH3(CH2)2CH3

ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3

HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3

NonaneCH3(CH2)8CH3

Decane

11~19Alkane=Numberprefix-decanefor

example:

11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane

15-alkanePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane

17-alkaneHeptadecane

18-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane

20-alkaneIcosane21~29Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane

25-alkanePentacosane

30-AlkaneTriacontane

31~39Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontane

forexample:

31-AlkaneHentriacontane

32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane

34-AlkaneTetratriacontane

35-Alkanepentatriacontane

36-AlkaneHexatriacontane

40~90Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:40Alkane

Tetracontane50Alkane

Pentacontane60Alkane

Hexacontane70Alkane

Heptacontane80Alkane

Octacontane

90Alkane

Nonacontane100Alkane

Hectane

1.2含支鏈烷烴和烷基

命名含支鏈的烷烴時(shí)，可把它們視為直鏈烷烴，但分別是某些氫（hydrogen）原子被稱為烷基（alkylgroups）的原子取代。命名烷基時(shí)，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相應(yīng)的烷烴的字首后。如：

CH3-MethylCH3-(CH2)9-CH2-UndecylCH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH33-

Methylpentane

Univalentradicals

Radical=Alk

-ylforexample:CH3-Methyl

CH3CH2-

EthylCH3CH2CH2-

Propyl

CH3(CH2)2CH2-ButylSaturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbonbranched-chainhydrocarbon=

n-Radical+alkaneforexample:

UnivalentbranchedradicalsRadical=Alk

-ylforexample:AlkanesThenamesforthefirsttwentycontinuous-chainalkanesarelistedinTable1.Table1

Namesofcontinuous-chainalkanes

CH4MethaneC11H24undecaneC2H6EthaneC12H26dodecaneC3H8PropaneC13H28tridecaneC4H10ButaneC14H30tetradecaneC5H12PentaneC15H32pentadecaneC6H14HexaneC16H34hexadecaneC7H16HeptaneC17H36HeptadecaneC8H18OctaneC18H38OctadecaneC9H20NonaneC19H40NonadecaneC10H22DecaneC20H42EicosaneAlkenesandAlkynes

UnbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonedoublebondarenamedintheIUPACsystembyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-ene.Iftherearetwoormoredoublebonds,theendingis-adiene,-atriene,etc.

Unbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonetriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-yne.Iftherearetwoormoretriplebonds,theendingis-adiyne,-atriyneetc.Table2showsnamesforsomealkylgroups,alkanes,alkenesandalkynes.Table2

SomeAlkanes,Alkyl,Alkenes,Alkynes

AlkanesAlkylsAlkenesalkynesIUPACCommonMthaneMethylEthaneEthylEtheneEthyleneAcetylenePropanePropylPropenePropylenePropyneButaneButylButeneButyleneButynePentanePentyl

(amyl)PentenePentylenePentyneHexaneHexyl

HeptaneHeptyl

OctaneOctyl

NonaneNonyl

DecaneDecyl

-ane-yl-ene-ene-yneThePrefixes

IntheIUPACsystem,alkylandarylsubstituentsandmanyfunctionalgroupsarenamedasprefixesontheparent(forexample,iodomethane).SomecommonfunctionalgroupsnamedasprefixesarelistedinTable3.Table3

SomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixes

StructureNameStructureName-ORAlkoxy-*-FFluoro--NH2Amino--HHydro--N=N-Azo--IIodo--BrBromo--NO2Nitro--ClChloro--NONitroso-

*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,dependingupontheRgroup

Insimplecompounds,theprefixesdi-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,etc.areusedtoindicatethenumberoftimesasubstituentisfoundinthestructure:e.g.,dimethylaminefor(CH3)2NHordichloromethaneforCH2Cl2.

Incomplexstructures,theprefixesbis-,tris-,andtetrakis-areused:bis-meanstwoofakind;tris-,threeofakind;andtetrakis-,fourofakind.[(CH3)2N]2isbis(dimethylamino)andnotdi(dimethylamino).hypochlorite

ClO-Chlorite

ClO2-chlorate

ClO3-perchlorate

ClO4-Appendix2SIUnitsPhysicalQuantityNameofUnitsSymbolLengthmetermMasskilogramkgTimesecondsTemperatureKelvinKAmountofsubstancemolemolElectriccurrentAmpereALuminousintensitycandelacdSIFundamentalUnitsTraditionalMetricandSIPre