國際組織法 三

Chapter4:

Subjectsofint’llaw(PartII)LawofInt’lOrganizationsInt’lorganizationsgenerallyUnitedNationsUNspecializedagenciesChinaandtheUnitedNationsKeyWordsofThisChaptermembership(會/成員資格)permanentmember(常任會員)voting(表決，投票)unanimousvote/unanimity(一致同意)weightedvoting(加權表決)consensus(協(xié)商一致)veto(否決)peacekeeping(維和)specializedagency(專門機構)Thesubjectsoflawinanylegalsystemarenotnecessarilyidenticalintheirnatureorintheextentoftheirrights,andtheirnaturedependsupontheneedsofthecommunity.I.InternationalorganizationsHistoricalbackgroundNatureofint’lorganizationsOperationallegalissuesMembershipVotingprocedures4.1historicalbackgroundofint’lorganizationsThefirstint’lorganizationcameintobeinginthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Statesfirstestablishedinternationalorganizationstocooperateonspecificmatters.TheInternationalTelegraphUnion(nowtheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion國際電信聯(lián)盟)wasfoundedin1865,andtheUniversalPostalUnion(萬國郵政聯(lián)盟)wasestablishedin1874.Non-governmentalorganizations.

liketheInt’lCommitteeofRedCrossfoundedin1863.Universalint’lorganizations,liketheLeagueofNations,theUnitedNationsandtheWTO.Thedramaticgrowthinthenumberofint’lorganizationsistheresultofanever-increasingacceptancebygovernmentsoftheint’ldimensionsofthepolitical,economicandsocialproblemstheyfaceandoftheneedforint’lcooperationinresolvingthem.4.2Natureofint’lorganizationsInt’lorganizationisanassociationmainlyofStates,establishedbyagreementamongitsmembersandpossessingapermanentsystemorsetoforgans,whosetaskistopursueobjectivesofcommoninterestsbymeansofcooperationamongitsmembers.國際法上的國際組織僅指政府間國際組織，主要由國家為實現(xiàn)特定目標而根據(jù)國際條約建立的、擁有常設機制或一套機構的常設性組織。Non-governmentalorganizationiscurrentlynotregardedassubjetofint’llaw.EstablishmentofAIIBArticlesofAgreementoftheAsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank,datedJune29,2015,enteredintoforceonDecember25,2015.Typically,int’lorganizations:(1)areinstitutionsestablishedbyatreatywhichservesasthe“constitution”oftheorganization;(2)arecomposedofmembersthatarestatesorint’lorganizations;(3)areregulatedbyint’llaw;(4)areendowedwith(被賦予)alegalpersonality;(5)havevariousorgansthatcollectivelyundertaketheworkoftheorganization(擁有多個機構共同承擔該組織的各項工作).Otherint’lpersonsorint’lfactors,likethenon-governmentalorganizationsdoplayaroleinsuchorganizations.ReparationforInjuriesSufferedintheServiceoftheUnitedNations(AdvisoryOpinionof11April1949)FollowingthedeathsofcertainpersonswhileengagedintheserviceoftheUnitedNations(principallyCountBernadotte,theU.N.MediatorinPalestine聯(lián)合國調解專員貝納多特伯爵),theGeneralAssemblyadoptedRes.258(III)of3December1948inwhichitsubmittedthefollowinglegalquestionstotheI.C.J.foranadvisoryopinion:I.Intheeventofanagent(代表)oftheUnitedNationsintheperformanceofhisdutiessufferinginjuryincircumstancesinvolvingtheresponsibilityofaState,hastheUnitedNations,asanOrganization,thecapacitytobringaninternationalclaimagainsttheresponsibledejureordefactogovernmentwithaviewtoobtainingthereparationdueinrespectofthedamagecaused(a)totheUnitedNations,(b)tothevictimortopersonsentitledthroughhim(受害人或其授權人員)?II…TheCourtanalysesthecontentsoftheformula"capacitytobringaninternationalclaim."ThiscapacitycertainlybelongstoaState.DoesitalsobelongtotheOrganization?ThisistantamounttoaskingwhethertheOrganizationhasinternationalpersonality.InansweringthisquestionwhichisnotsettledbytheactualtermsoftheCharter,theCourtgoesontoconsiderwhatcharacteristicstheCharterwasintendedtogivetotheOrganization.TheCourtstatesthattheCharterconferredupontheOrganizationrightsandobligationswhicharedifferentfromthoseofitsMembers.TheCourtstresses,further,theimportantpoliticaltasksoftheOrganization:themaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.AccordinglytheCourtconcludesthattheUNwasaninternationalperson,i.e.,wasasubjectofinternationallawandcapableofpossessinginternationalrightsandduties,

havingatthesametimealargemeasureofinternationalpersonalityandthecapacitytooperateuponaninternationalplane,althoughitiscertainlynotasuper-state.DoesthesumoftheinternationalrightsoftheUNcomprisetherighttobringaninternational

claimtoobtainreparationfromaStateinrespectofthedamage

causedbytheinjuryofanagentoftheOrganizationinthe

courseoftheperformnanceofhisduties?Onthefirstpoint,I(a),oftheRequestforOpiniontheCourtunanimouslyreachestheconclusionthattheOrganizationhasthecapacitytobringaninternationalclaimtomaintainitsrightsagainstaState(whetheraMemberornon-member)fordamageresultingfromabreachbythatStateofitsobligationstowardstheOrganization.WithregardtoquestionI(b),(11to4),theUnitedNationshadlegalcapacitytogivefunctionalprotectiontoitsagents.ThepowerswhichwereessentialtotheperformanceofthedutiesoftheOrganizationmustbeconsideredasresultingnecessarilyfromtheCharter.Indischargingitsfunctions,theOrganizationmayfinditnecessarytoentrustitsagentswithimportantmissionstobeperformedindisturbedpartsoftheworld.Theseagentsmustbeensuredofeffectiveprotection.Itisonlyinthiswaythattheagentwillbeabletocarryouthisdutiessatisfactorily.TheCourtthereforereachestheconclusionthattheOrganizationhasthecapacitytoexercisefunctionalprotectioninrespectofitsagents.SincethemembersoftheUnitedNationshadcreatedanentityendowedwithanobjectiveinternationalcapacity,theCourt'sconclusionsonQuestionsI(a)and(b)appliedwhetherornotthedefendantStatewasamemberoftheUnitedNations:“fiftyStates,representingthevastmajorityofthemembersoftheinternationalcommunity,hadthepower,inconformitywithinternationallaw,tobringintobeinganentitypossessingobjectiveinternationalpersonality,andnotmerelypersonalityrecognizedbythemalone,togetherwithcapacitytobringinternationalclaims”.→4.3thelegalpersonalityofint’lorganizationsThefunctions,rightsanddutiesofint’lorganizationsaregovernedbytheconstitutiontreatyconcludedbythememberstates.Theinstrumentmightbestowlegalpersonalityontheorganization,likearticle210oftheTreatyofRome1957.Int’lpersonalityisusuallytobeinferredfromthepowersorpurposeoftheorganizationandfromitspractice.Theimportanceofpersonalitytoanint’lorganizationliesinthefactthatthecapacityofsuchanorganizationtoenforceitspowers,claimitsdesignatedrightsandfulfillitsobligeddutiesdoesoriginatefromsuchlegalpersonalityontheint’lplane.Thepersonalityofanint’lorganizationisderivative(派生的)andlimited,i.e.,int’lorganizationsareinvestedbythestateswhichcreatethemwithpowers.Possessionofint’lpersonalityusuallyinvolve:theattributionofpowertomaketreaties(締約權),theattributionofprivilegesandimmunities(特權和豁免),theattributionofpowertoundertakelegalproceedingsorbringint’lclaims(進行訴訟或國際索賠),thecapacitytoenterintorelationswithotherint’lpersons,thecapacitytograntrecognition.Thepermissiveview:Int’lorganizationshavealltherightsanddutiesofaStateexceptinsofarasthosepowersarelimitedbytheSateswhichcreatethemandbypracticalities.Therestrictiveview:Powersofint’lorganizationsarelimitedtothosewhichareexpressedintheconstituentinstrumentorwhichcanbeimpliedasbeingessentialtotheperformanceoftheorganization’sconstitutionallylaiddownduties.LegalityoftheusebyaStateofnuclearweapons(1996),p.181Charter

oftheUnitedNationsINDEXIntroductoryNotePreambleChapterI:PurposesandPrinciplesChapterII:MembershipChapterIII:OrgansChapterIV:TheGeneralAssemblyChapterV:TheSecurityCouncilChapterVI:PacificSettlementofDisputesChapterVII:ActionwithRespecttoThreatstothePeace,BreachesofthePeaceandActsofAggressionChapterVIII:RegionalArrangementsChapterIX:InternationalEconomicandSocialCo-operationChapterX:TheEconomicandSocialCouncilChapterXI:DeclarationregardingNon-Self-GoverningTerritoriesChapterXII:InternationalTrusteeshipSystemChapterXIII:TheTrusteeshipCouncilChapterXIV:TheInternationalCourtofJusticeChapterXV:TheSecretariatChapterXVI:MiscellaneousProvisionsChapterXVII:TransitionalSecurityArrangementsChapterXVIII:AmendmentsChapterXIX:RatificationandSignature4.4relationshipbetweenStatesandint’lorganizationsp.181relationshipbetweenint’lorganizationsanditsmembersstatesrelationshipbetweenint’lorganizationsandthirdstates4.5Membershipsofint’lorganizationsNormally,membersofint’lorganizationsarestates.Onspecialoccasions,nationalliberation,politicalentityandevenint’lorganizationscanbeadmittedtoint’lorganizations.Theconditionsunderwhichstatesmaybeadmittedto(被接納),withdrawfrom(退出)orbeexpelledfrom(被開除)theorganizations,aswellastheconditionsunderwhichamemberstate’srightsorprivilegesmaybesuspended(中止)areprovidedforinthetreatythatestablishedtheint’lorganization.Rightsentitledtomemberstatesmayincludedelegacy,speechandvote,aswellasotherrightsprovidedforintheconstitutiveregulation.Dutiesundertakenbymemberstatesmayincludecooperation,finance,andadherencetotheconstitutiveregulation.

4.6VotingissueVotingissuesarisewithrespecttoactionstakenbythevariousorgansThecentralissuesofvotingproceduresare:Howtodistributevotesamongmembers–shouldgreaterweightsbeattachedtosomemembersandlessothers?Shouldaresolutionbeadoptedbyasimplemajorityvote,asupermajorityvote,oraunanimousorconsensusvote?aunanimousvote/ruleofunanimity(一致同意制)amajorityvote(多數(shù)表決制):asupermajorityvoteandasimplemajorityvoteweightedvotingsystem(加權表決制)aconsensusvote(協(xié)商一致制)II.TheUnitedNationsNatureandfunctionInt’lconstitutionalsupremacyUNorgansandthevotingprocedureHeadquartersofU.N.WethepeoplesoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwar,whichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankind,andtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrights,inthedignityandworthofthehumanperson,intheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmall,andtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintained,andtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseends,topracticetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighbors,andtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity,andtoensure,bytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethods,thatarmedforcesshallnotbeused,saveinthecommoninterest,andtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeoples,haveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims.4.7Natureandfunctionp.183UNischargedwith:(1)peacekeepingresponsibilities;(2)thedevelopmentoffriendlyrelationsamongnations;(3)theachievementofint’lcooperationinsolvingint’lproblemsofaneconomic,social,culturalandhumanitariancharacter(促進國際間有關經(jīng)濟、社會及文化事務的合作);(4)harmonizingtheactionsofnationsintheattainmentofthosecommonendsasacenter.(作為協(xié)調各國活動的中心以達成上述共同目的).4.8Int’lconstitutionalsupremacyArt.2(6)ofUNCharterprovidesthat,membersshouldensurethatnon-memberStatesshouldactinaccordancewiththeprinciples.Art.103providesthat,“intheeventofaconflictbetweentheobligationsoftheMembersoftheUnitedNationsunderthepresentCharterandtheirobligationsunderanyotherint’lagreement,theirobligationsunderthepresentChartershallprevail.”(憲章義務優(yōu)先)4.9UNmembership(p.184)Originalmember(創(chuàng)始成員)andelectivemember(接納成員):Article4oftheUNCharter

MembershipintheUnitedNationsisopentoallotherpeace-lovingstateswhichaccepttheobligationscontainedinthepresentCharterand,inthejudgmentoftheOrganization,areableandwillingtocarryouttheseobligations.TheadmissionofanysuchstatetomembershipintheUnitedNationswillbeeffectedbyadecisionoftheGeneralAssemblyupontherecommendationoftheSecurityCouncil.Advisoryopiniononthe“ConditionsofadmissionofaStatetomembershipintheUnitedNations”1948:FiveelementsProceduresforadmissionPalestinianssubmitsUNMembershipapplicationtoBanOn23September2011,PalestinianAuthorityPresidentMahmoud

Abbas(left)submitsapplicationtoBanKi-moonforPalestinetobecomeaUNMemberState.BansenttheapplicationforUNmembershiptoSecurityCouncil.TheAssemblygrantsPalestinenon-memberobserverStatestatusTheAssemblyvotedtograntPalestinenon-memberobserverStatestatusatUN,whichisanimplicitandsymbolicrecognitionofPalestine'sstatehoodatUN(2012-09-29).TheresolutiononthestatusofPalestineintheUNwasadoptedbyavoteof138infavourto9againstwith41abstentions.Intheresolution,theAssemblyalsovoicedthehopethattheSecurityCouncilwill“considerfavorably”theapplicationsubmittedinSep.2011byPalestineforfullUNmembership.Article5oftheUNCharterAMemberoftheUnitedNationsagainstwhichpreventiveorenforcementactionhasbeentakenbytheSecurityCouncilmaybesuspended(中止)fromtheexerciseoftherightsandprivilegesofmembershipbytheGeneralAssemblyupontherecommendationoftheSecurityCouncil.Theexerciseoftheserightsandprivilegesmayberestored(恢復)bytheSecurityCouncil.ThemembershipofSouthAfricawassuspendedin1974forpursuingpolicyofapartheid.Article6oftheUNCharterAMemberoftheUnitedNationswhichhaspersistentlyviolated(屢次違犯)thePrinciplescontainedinthepresentChartermaybeexpelledfrom(除名)theOrganizationbytheGeneralAssemblyupontherecommendationoftheSecurityCouncil.

SouthSudanbecomesnewestU.N.memberstateSouthSudanofficiallybecamethe193rdmemberoftheUnitedNationson14July,2011.TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilrecommendedtheworld'snewestnationtotheGeneralAssemblyon13July.TheGeneralAssemblyactedonthecouncil'srecommendationon14July."WelookforwardtotheRepublicofSouthSudanjoiningusasamemberoftheUnitedNationsandtoworkingcloselywithitsrepresentatives,"GuidoWesterwelle,theforeignministerofGermany,saidinastatementon13July.GermanyisleadingtheSecurityCouncilthismonth.4.10UNorgansandthevotingprocedure(p.184)Thesixprincipalorgansare:TheGeneralAssembly,theSecurityCouncil,theEconomicandSocialCouncil,theInt’lCourtofJustice,theSecretariatandtheTrusteeshipCouncil,whichsuspendedoperationsin1994aftertheindependenceofPalau.ChairmanXiMeetsBanatNewYork(2015-09-26)4.10.1theGeneralAssembly(p184)4.10.1.1NatureoftheGeneralAssemblyTheGeneralAssemblyistheonlyUNorganinwhichallmemberstateshavenotmorethanfiverepresentativesandonevote.TheAssemblyisthe“parliamentarybody”(議會機關)oftheUN.Ithasplenarypowersinthesensethatit“maydiscussanyquestions

oranymatterswithinthescopeofthe…Charterorrelatingtothepowersandfunctionsofanyorgansprovidedforinthe…Charter”.

TheAssemblyisthemaindeliberative(審議),policymakingandrepresentativeorganoftheUnitedNations.Comprisingall193MembersoftheUnitedNations,itprovidesauniqueforumformultilateraldiscussionofthefullspectrumofinternationalissuescoveredbytheUNCharter.TheAssemblyhavevariouskindsofsubsidiaryorgans:Boards,Commissions,Committees,CouncilsandPanels,andWorkingGroupsandothers.Afterdiscussingtheitemsontheagenda,thesubsidiaryorganspresenttheirrecommendations,usuallyintheformofdraftresolutionsanddecisions,toaplenarymeetingoftheAssemblyforitsconsideration.ChairmenXiaddressesthegeneraldebateofthe70thUNGeneralAssembly(2015-09-28)4.10.1.2sessionsoftheGeneralAssemblyTheAssemblymeetsinregularsession(常會)intensivelyfromSeptembertoDecembereachyear,andthereafterasrequired.Specialsessions(特別會議)oftheAssemblycanbeconvenedwithinfifteendaysofthereceiptbytheSecretary-GeneralofarequestforsuchasessionfromtheSecurityCouncilorfromamajorityoftheMembersoftheUNoroftheconcurrenceofamajorityofMembers.

Ifnecessary,emergencyspecialsession(緊急特別會議)canbeconvenedbyamajorityofvoteoftheAssemblyoravoteofanyninemembersoftheSecurityCouncil.TheGeneralAssemblybeginsits67thsessionTheGeneralAssemblystartedonTuesdayits67thsessionattheUNHeadquartersinNewYork.Vuk

Jeremic,theformerSerbianforeignministerwhowaselectedpresidentofthe67thsessiononJune8,saidinanopeningaddressthattheGeneralAssemblyis"theonlyforumwhereall(UN)memberstatescometogetherassovereignequalstoadvancetheaimsoftheUNCharter.""Havingconsultedwidelyonthematter,Ihavechosenbringingaboutadjustmentorsettlementofinternationaldisputesorsituationsbypeacefulmeansastheoverarchingthemeforourworkoverthenext12months,"hesaid.Accordingtohim,amongkeyissuesonitsagenda,theGeneralAssemblywilladdresstheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,climatechangeandsustainabledevelopment,foodsecurity,theroleofmediationinthepeacefulsettlementofconflicts,disarmament,andUnitedNationsreform,includingreformoftheSecurityCouncil.President

Vuk

JeremicaddressestheopeningceremonyChina'spermanentrepresentativetotheUNLiBaodongattendstheopeningceremonyofthe67thsession(2012-09-18)4.10.1.3FunctionsandpowersoftheGeneralAssemblyAccordingtotheCharteroftheUnitedNations,theGeneralAssemblymay:(1)Considerandmakerecommendationsonthegeneralprinciplesofcooperationformaintaininginternationalpeaceandsecurity,includingdisarmament;(2)Discussanyquestionrelatingtointernationalpeaceandsecurityand,exceptwhereadisputeorsituationiscurrentlybeingdiscussedbytheSecurityCouncil,makerecommendationsonit;(3)Discuss,withthesameexception,andmakerecommendationsonanyquestionswithinthescopeoftheCharteroraffectingthepowersandfunctionsofanyorganoftheUnitedNations;(4)Makerecommendationsforthepeacefulsettlementofanysituationthatmightimpairfriendlyrelationsamongnations;(5)ReceiveandconsiderreportsfromtheSecurityCouncilandotherUnitedNationsorgans;(6)ConsiderandapprovetheUnitedNationsbudgetandestablishthefinancialassessments(分攤的經(jīng)費)ofMemberStates;(7)Electthenon-permanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncilandthemembersofotherUnitedNationscouncilsandorgansand,ontherecommendationoftheSecurityCouncil,appointtheSecretary-General.(8)

Initiatestudies(發(fā)動研究)andmakerecommendationsforthepurposeof…encouragingtheprogressivedevelopmentofinternationallawanditscodification(國際法之逐漸發(fā)展與編纂).TheGeneralAssemblyhasdischargedthisresponsibilityinvariousways.Forexample,theILC(國際法委員會)wasestablishedin1947bytheAssembly,whichhasdraftedalotofimportantmultilateralconventionsthatarenowinforce.TheAssemblyhasalsoadoptedandopenedforsignaturemanymajorint’ltreaties.Thesecodificationeffortshavecontributedsignificantlytothegrowthandmodernizationofint’llaw.GeneralAssemblyAdoptsResolutionson70thAnniversaryofEndofWorldWarIITheplenarymeetingofthe69thSessionoftheUNGeneralAssemblyheldinNewYorkonFebruary26,2015adoptedbyconsensustheresolution“SeventiethAnniversaryoftheEndoftheSecondWorldWar”TheinitiativewasintroducedbytherepresentativeoftheRussianFederation,whorecalledthatcollectiveresolvenottowitnessarecurrenceoftheuntoldgriefandsufferinginflictedbytheWarhadbuilttoday’ssystemofinternationalrelations.Bythattext,theAssemblyrecalledthat8and9Mayhadbeendeclared“atimeofremembranceandreconciliation”andinvitedallStates,UnitedNationsbodies,non-governmentalorganizationsandindividualstoobservethosedaystopaytributetoallvictimsoftheWar.TheAssemblyalsoaskeditsPresidenttoholdaspecialsolemnmeetinginthesecondweekofMay2015incommemorationofallvictims.GeneralAssemblyElectsNewMembersofSecurityCouncilIntworoundsofvoting,theGeneralAssemblyon18October2012electedArgentina,Australia,Luxembourg,RepublicofKoreaandRwandatoserveasnon-permanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncilforthenexttwoyears.Thefivecountriesobtainedtherequiredtwo-thirdsmajorityofthoseMemberStatespresentandvotinginthesecretballot,heldatUNHeadquartersinNewYork,todecideonthenewcompositionoftheCouncil,whichdealswithglobalpeaceandsecurityissues.The193-memberAssemblyelectedArgentina,AustraliaandRwandainafirstroundofballoting,withtheRepublicofKoreaandLuxembourgelectedinasecondround.Thoseelectedwillfillseatstobevacatedon31

DecemberbyColombia,Germany,India,PortugalandSouthAfrica.

Azerbaijan,Guatemala,Morocco,PakistanandTogowillcontinuetoserveaselectedCouncilmembersduring2013,completingthesecondyearoftheirrespectiveterms.

AllnewCouncilmemberswilltaketheirseatson1

January2013.ForeignMinisterBobCarr(centre)chatswithacolleagueafterAustraliawaselected(top).ThepersonneloftheAssemblycheckstheballotboxesbeforetheballot(below).4.10.1.4VotingsystemofG.A.Eachmemberstateshallhaveavote(一個投票權)intheAssembly.Resolutionsinvolving“importantquestions”,suchasrecommendationsonpeaceandsecurityandtheelectionofSecurityCouncilmembers,requireatwo-thirdsmajorityofthememberspresentandvoting,whilethosedealingwith“otherquestions”requireonlyamajorityvote.TheAssemblymay,byamajorityvote,determinewhetheranissueinquestionisanimportantone.Inrecentyears,aspecialefforthasbeenmadetoachieveconsensus(協(xié)商一致)onissues,ratherthandecidingbyaformalvote,thusstrengtheningsupportfortheAssembly’sdecisions.ThePresident,afterhavingconsultedandreachedagreementwithdelegations,canproposethataresolutionbeadoptedwithoutavote.4.10.2theSecurityCouncil4.10.2.1NatureoftheSecurityCouncilTheSecurityCouncil,composedof5permanentmembersand10non-permanentmembersisinchargewith“primaryresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofint’lpeaceandsecurity”.Itistheonlyorganthathasrighttotakeactionsforthemaintenanceofint’lpeaceandsecurity.

TheSecurtityCouncilholdsmeetingonsituationinSyria

(2012-08-31)

4.10.2.2functionsoftheSecurityCouncil(1)TheSecurityCouncilhasprimaryresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofint’lpeaceandsecurity.(2)TheSecurityCouncilcallsuponthepartiestoadisputetosettleitbypeacefulmeansandrecommendsmethodsofadjustmentortermsofsettlement(art.33-38);

(3)TheSecurityCouncilalsorecommendstotheAssemblytheappointmentoftheSecretary-GeneralandtheadmissionofnewMemberstotheUN.And,togetherwiththeAssembly,itelectsthejudgesoftheInt’lCourtofJustice(art.4,94,97).OtherresponsibilitiesundertakenbytheSecurityCouncil,e.g.armscontrol(art.26)andtrusteeship(art.83);TheSecurityCouncilhasthepowertoestablishsubsidiarybodiesasneededfortheperformanceofitsfunctions.SecurityCouncilCommitteeofExperts,SecurityCouncilCommitteeonAdmissionofNewMembers,MilitaryStaffCommitteeandetc.→TheSecurityCouncilshalldeterminetheexistenceofanythreattothepeace,breachofthepeace,oractofaggressionandshallmakerecommendations,ordecidewhatmeasuresshallbetaken…tomaintainorrestoreinternationalpeaceandsecurity(Art.39).Inordertopreventanaggravationofthesituation,theSecurityCouncilmay,beforemakingtherecommendationsordecidinguponthemeasures…calluponthepartiesconcernedtocomplywithsuchprovisionalmeasures(臨時措施)asitdeemsnecessaryordesirable(Art.40).

TheSecurityCouncilmaydecidewhatmeasuresnotinvolvingtheuseofarmedforce(何種非武力措施)aretobeemployedtogiveeffecttoitsdecisions,anditmaycallupontheMembersoftheUnitedNationstoapplysuchmeasures.Thesemayincludecompleteorpartialinterruptionofeconomicrelationsandofrail,sea,air,postal,telegraphic,radio,andothermeansofcommunication,andtheseveranceofdiplomaticrelations(Art.41).ShouldtheSecurityCouncilconsidersuchmeasureswouldbeinadequate…itmaytakesuchactionbyair,sea,orlandforcesasmaybenecessarytomaintainorrestoreinternationalpeaceandsecurity(Art.42).TheMembersoftheUnitedNationsagreetoacceptandcarryoutthedecisionsoftheSecurityCouncilinaccordancewiththe…Charter(Art.25).

Resolution2094(2013)

AdoptedbytheSecurityCouncilatits6932ndmeeting,on7March2013TheSecurityCouncil,…ExpressingitsgravestconcernthattheDPRK’songoingnuclearandballisticmissile-relatedactivitieshavefurthergeneratedincreasedtensionintheregionandbeyond,anddeterminingthattherecontinuestoexistaclearthreattointernationalpeaceandsecurity,ActingunderChapterVIIoftheCharteroftheUnitedNations,andtakingmeasuresunderitsArticle412.DecidesthattheDPRKshallnotconductanyfurtherlaunchesthatuseballisticmissiletechnology,nucleartestsoranyotherpr