寫作教程第2版u7

EnglishWritingII寫作教程第2版u7Unit7SOCIALPROBLEMSUnitobjective:causeandeffect寫作教程第2版u7PartIICauseandEffect“CauseandEffect”isregardedasalogicalpatterncommonlyusedinexplanationandargumentation.Cause-effectrelationshipsmaybeshowninvariouswaysinadditiontothesinglecause-effecttype;itismoreoftenthannotpresentedinformsofsinglecausevs.multipleeffects,multiplecausesvs.singleeffect,multiplecausesandeffects,orchainsofcausesandeffects.寫作教程第2版u7

Thepurposeofcause-and-effectwritingistoprovideabetterpictureofthesituationunderdiscussion,ortodrawenoughattentiontothesignificanceofsomerelatedoriginsandconsequences,andevenpredicteddevelopments.寫作教程第2版u7OrganizationalStructureStudythefollowingtwosamplesandanalyzetheirdifferentstructures.Sample1Questions1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?Thisparagraphisdevelopedaroundtheproblemof“thelackofparking”complainedaboutbyUScityresidents.寫作教程第2版u72.Whataretheorganizationalcharacteristicsoftheparagraph?Theparagraphisorganizedonapatternofsingleeffectandmultiplecauses.Aftertheproblemisclearlypresentedatthebeginning,therestoftheparagraphisdevotedtotheexplorationofitscauses.Altogetherthreemajorcausesarediscussed,fromtheobviousfactoftheabandonedcarstakingupparkingspacestotheunderlyingfinancialheadaches.Inthisway,thewritingshowsalogicalcause-and-effectpattern,whichmightconsequentlyattractmoreconcernoreffortsintheproblem’ssolution.寫作教程第2版u73.Inwhatkindoforderarethecausespresented?Thethreecausesarepresentedfromthemostdirect/obvioustothemostindirect/obscure.寫作教程第2版u7CompletetheoutlineaccordingtotheorganizationofSample1:Causes1.Overamillioncarsareabandonedonthestreets.2.Morecarsareconsequentlybeingproduced.3.Bothcitygovernmentsorgovernmentalagencieshavefinancialheadaches.EffectLackofparkingincities寫作教程第2版u7Summarizethepatternoftheparagraph

ThesampleparagraphpresentstheproblemoflackofparkinginsomeoftheUScitiesbeforeitgoesontoexplorethecausesoftheissue.Thispatternoforganizationissingleeffectvs.multiplecauses.

寫作教程第2版u7

Inthispattern,youmaystatetheissue,i.e.theeffect,rightatthebeginning,andthenguidethereadertotrackdownsomeimportantevidenceforthecauses.Thecausescanbetracedfromthemostsuperficialtothedeepest,fromthemostdirecttothemostindirect,etc.Intheend,itisadvisabletosuggestsomesolutiontotheproblem,sothatthewholewritinghassomesignificance.寫作教程第2版u7Sample2Questions1.Whatproblemisaddressedinthisparagraph?Andinhowmanyaspectsisthecauseoreffectexplored?Theproblemaddressedreferstotheissueofterroristattacks.Thisissuehasbroughtaboutatleastthreemajoraspectsofconsequenceoreffect.寫作教程第2版u72.Doesthisparagraphcomestraighttothepointofcauseandeffectabouttheissue?Theparagraphaddressesthecauseratherthaneffectsrightatthebeginning.寫作教程第2版u73.DoesitfollowthesamepatternasSample1?Ifnot,whatarethedifferences?No.Itfollowsapatternofsinglecauseandmultipleeffects.UnlikeSample1inwhicheffectisaddressedfirstandcausesaretracedbackwards,sample2statesbrieflyatthebeginningtheissueofterroristattacksasadirectcause,andthendwellsuponthreemajoreffects,somefactualandsomepredicted.寫作教程第2版u7Now,discussingroupstheorganizationoftheparagraphandthenfillintheoutlinebelow.Cause:theterroriststrikesEffects:1.TheAmericansfeelveryanxiousandpanicky.2.Thegovernmenttendstomakepoliticalerrors.3.Thepublicwouldwindupignoringtheonewarningthatreallymatters.寫作教程第2版u7SummarizethepatternofthesampleparagraphYoumayhavenoticedthedifferenceinorganizationbetweenSample1andSample2.InSample2thewriterbrieflypresentstheissueofterroristattacksasadirectcause,andthendwellsuponthreemajoreffects,fromthematter-of-facttosomethingpredicted.Thisiscalledthe

single-cause-and-multiple-effectpattern.寫作教程第2版u7

Asisobserved,thewriterstructureshisparagraphmainlyaroundpointsofeffectsinsteadofcauses,reasoningalongthelogicalsequenceofevents.LikeSample1,transitionsarealsousedheresoastoavoidabruptideadevelopment.寫作教程第2版u7

Thesingle-cause-and-multiple-effectpatternworksbestwithissuesthatturnouttobefar-reachingorinfluential.Itcanbringintosharpfocustherelationshipbetweencausesandeffectsofanissueunderdiscussion.寫作教程第2版u7LinkingDevicesSampleQuestions1.Whattopic/topicsdotheparagraphmainlydealwith?Bothparagraphsdealwiththesametopic:privatetigerkeeping.2.Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand?ParagraphBiseasiertounderstand.寫作教程第2版u73.Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand?Theparagraphcontainscertainwordsandexpressions,whichhelpclarifythecausesandeffectsintheparagraph.4.Whatpatternoforganizationcanbeidentified?Thisparagraphisstructuredonthepatternofmultiplecausesandmultipleeffects,orofchainsofcausesandeffects.寫作教程第2版u7NowworkingroupsandpointoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicateeithercauseoreffectinparagraphB.LinkingPhrasesforCause/EffectJustas…is…Theresultisthat……ispreciselywhy……maybeamongotherreasons寫作教程第2版u7Otherexpressionsindicatingcauseandeffect.

Cause/reason

Thanksto…Toaccount/findsomereasonfor…ToattributeAtoBTobeduetoseveralfactorsTobepartlycausedbyTobepreciselywhyWhy…?ForonethingTostemfromthefactthat…Toview…asaresponseto…factorsweighheavilyforAnotherimportantreasonis…That’sthereasonwhy…寫作教程第2版u7Effect/impactItleavessomeseriousconsequencesItmaygiverisetoahostofproblemsTheeffectisevidentTheimmediateresultitproducesis…Theinfluencehasnotbeenconfinedto…Theresultisthat…ThereareanumberofeffectsTobringaboutTocauseasweepingchangeToexertaprofoundinfluenceToleadtoToresultin寫作教程第2版u7Summarizetheroleoflinkingdevicesincause-and-effectwriting.ParagraphBiseasiertounderstandthanparagraphA.Thoughtheideasinbothparagraphsareexactlythesame,thesecondismoreeffectiveinshiftingbetweencausesandeffectsoftheissues.寫作教程第2版u7

ThemainreasonisthatparagraphBusessomewordsandphrases(e.g.theresultisthat…,justas…is,isprec