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inBritishLiterature
Unit1GeoffreyChaucer
GeoffreyChaucer
(1343-1400)
theCanterburyTales
GeoffreyChaucer(1340?-1400)II.GeoffreyChaucer
LiterarycareerTheFrenchperiod(TheBookoftheDuchess)TheItalianperiod(TroilusandCriseyde)Thematureperiod(TheCanterburyTales)diplomat,soldier,scholar,ControlleroftheCustoms,JusticeofthePeaceandKnightoftheShire(MemberofParliament).thefatherofEnglishpoetry
borninamiddleclassfamily,sonofawell-to-dowinemerchant.LifeofChaucerCanterburyTalesArich,tapestryofmedievalsociallifecombiningelementsofallclasses,fromnoblestoworkers,frompriestsandnunstodrunkardsandthieves.WhenTheCanterburyTaleswerewritten:ChristianitywasthedominantsocialforcethroughoutwesternEurope,includingEngland.
TheFeudalSystemwasthewayoflifeinMedievaltimesandifyoufailedtofollowityoucouldbekilledfortreason.Ifyouworkedhardenoughanddidenoughgooddeedsyoucouldadvanceinthesystembutitwasuncommontoadvancepastaknightornoble
MiddleAges:GeneralTimeline476C.E.FallofRome1066C.E.NormaninvasionofBritain1095-1291C.E.
Crusades1306-1321Dante’sDivineComedy1386C.E.ChaucerbeginswritingCanterburyTales1455C.E.PrintingPressBeowulf
Composedsometimebetween850C.E.900C.E.1453FallofByzantineEmpirewithinvasionofOttomanTurks306C.E.ConstantinecomestopowerinEasternRomanEmpire;beginningofByzantineEmpire1347BubonicPlague450C.E.Anglo-SaxonsinvadeEngland1375-1400SirGawain&GreenKnightGeoffreyChaucer’s
TheCanterburyTalesHistoryoftheTalesGeoffreyChaucerbeganwritingthetalesaround1387ADUncompletedmanuscriptpublished1400AD,theyearhediedFirstbookofpoetrypurposelywrittenintheEnglishlanguageSetaprecedentandpoetsfromShakespearetoDrydenandKeatstoEliotowehimadebtofgratitude
Begun:1386Planned:120talesCompleted:22and2fragmentsRemaining:80manuscriptsMosthighlydecorated:EllesmereManuscriptVarietyofgenres:generalprologueisestatessatirePilgrimageasaframingdevicefortalesConventionalspringtimeopeningErnestandgame–
instructionandentertainmentPilgrimage
VerypopulartogoonpilgrimagePilgrimsoftenwanttoRomeorJerusalemCanterburyCathedral:shrinetoThomasaBecketReasonsHopeofheavenlyrewardPenance苦修;懺悔
PubsPeoplewentingroupsforsafetyCanterburyCathedral:pilgrimagedestinationintheMedievalTimesApilgrimageisareligiousjourneyundertakenforpenanceandgrace.Aspilgrimageswent,CanterburywasnotaverydifficultdestinationforanEnglishpersontoreach.Itwas,therefore,verypopularinfourteenth-centuryEngland,asthenarratormentions.PilgrimstraveledtovisittheremainsofSaintThomasBecket,archbishopofCanterbury,whowasmurderedin1170byknightsofKingHenryII.PilgrimsUpperclass(Knight,Squire,churchpeople)Learnedprofessions(Physician,ManofLaw)Landedgentry(Franklin)Medievalmanorpeople(Miller,Reeve城鎮(zhèn)(或地區(qū))長官)Mercantileclass(Shipman,Merchant)Guildsmen(Haberdasher男子服飾經銷商;雜貨商,Dyer,etc.)Laborer(Plowman)EgyptAswanMosque埃及阿斯旺清真寺Synagogue:aJewishcongregationorthehouseofworshipforthatpurpose,aJewishinstitutionforprayer,study,andsocializing
猶太會堂;猶太教堂ChauceristhefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.HisproductionofsomuchexcellentpoetryisanimportantfactorinestablishingEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.AndhemadethedialectofLondonthefoundationforModernEnglishspeech.That’swhyJohnDrydoncalledhim“theFatherofEnglishPoetry.”
GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400)Originally,OldEnglishpoemsaremainlyalliterativeverseswithfewvariations.ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.InTheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.AheroiccoupletisatraditionalformforEnglishpoetry,particularlyforepicandnarrativepoetry.Itcorrespondstoatwolinestanzainiambicpentameter.(押韻抑揚五音步)Theheroiccoupletbecametheprincipalmetreusedindramaaboutthemid-17thcentury,andtheformwasperfectedbyJohnDrydenandAlexanderPopein18thcentury.HeroicCouplet
(英雄雙韻體)Iambicpentameterconsistsoflineswithfivefeet(hence"pentameter")inwhichtheiambisthedominantfoot(hence"Iambic").
da-DUMda-DUMda-DUMda-DUMda-DUM
ShallIcom-PAREtheeTOaSUMmer'sDAYTheCanterburyTalesArtistryofLanguageChaucerwroteinEnglishItwasbecomingmoresolidandwidespreadHeusedverse,whichwasthenorm,butvarieditaccordingtohispurposeDespiteborrowingmuchofhismaterial,hisuseoflanguageinjectsthesetaleswithnewlifeTheprioressTheWifeofBathTheKnightTheOxfordClerkChaucerChaucer:Heisacharacterinhisownnovel,andhewritesinthefirstpersonasanoutsideobservertravelingwiththepilgrimsontheirwaytoCanterbury.PrologueRepresentawiderangeof14thcenturyEnglishsociety3GroupsRepresent:
AgriculturalfeudalismLandownershipandserviceKnight’syeomanFranklinUrbanizationChangeinfeudalstructureDoctorGuildsmenTheChurchOneofthemostpowerfulelementsinmedievalsociety9ofpilgrimsbelongtoclergyTheGeneralPrologue
-Occasion-Time-Sketchesofthepilgrims-Purpose-Motivation-SatireTheCanterburyTales(MiddleEnglish12C.C.E-16C.C.E.)1
WhanthatAprillwithhisshouressoote
WhenAprilwithitssweet-smellingshowers2
ThedroghteofMarchhathpercedtotheroote,
HaspiercedthedroughtofMarchtotheroot,Andbathedeveryveyneinswichlicou
Andbathedeveryvein(oftheplants)insuch liquidOfwhichvertuengendredistheflour;
Bythepowerofwhichthefloweriscreated;WhanZephiruseekwithhissweetebreeth
WhentheWestWindalsowithitssweetbreath,
7.Inspiredhathineveryholtandheeth
Ineveryholtandheath,hasbreathedlifeinto8.Thetendrecroppes,andtheyongesonne
Thetendercrops,andtheyoungsun9.HathintheRamhishalfcoursyronne,
HasrunitshalfcourseinAries,10.Andsmalefowelesmakenmelodye,
Andsmallfowlsmakemelody,
10
Thatslepenalthenyghtwithopenye
Thosethatsleepallthenightwithopeneyes
11
(SoprikethhemNatureinhircorages),
(SoNatureincitesthemintheirhearts),
12
Thannelongenfolktogoononpilgrimages,
Thenfolklongtogoonpilgrimages,
13Andpalmeresfortosekenstraungestrondes,
Andprofessionalpilgrims(long)toseekforeignshores,
14
Tofernehalwes,kowtheinsondrylondes;To(goto)distantshrines,knowninvariouslands;
15
Andspeciallyfromeveryshiresende
Andspeciallyfromeveryshire'send
16
OfEngelondtoCaunterburytheywende,
OfEnglandtoCanterburytheytravel,
17
Thehoolyblisfulmartirfortoseke,
Toseektheholyblessedmartyr,
18
Thathemhathholpenwhanthattheywereseeke.
Whohelpedthemwhentheyweresick.
ThePrologue:C-E當四月帶來它那甘美的驟雨,
讓三月里的干旱濕到根子里,
讓漿汁滋潤每棵草木的莖脈,
憑其催生的力量使花開出來;
當和風甜美的氣息挾著生機,
吹進樹林和原野上的嫩芽里,
年輕的太陽也已進入白羊座,
已把白羊座一半的路程走過,
而小鳥小雀唱著各自的曲調——
整夜里它們都睜著眼睛睡覺——(這是大自然撥弄出它們心聲);這時候人們也就渴望去朝圣,游方僧也就渴望去異地他鄉(xiāng),去各地知名于世的神龕圣堂。無論英格蘭各郡的東西南北,
人們尤其要去的是坎特伯雷,
去拜謝恩澤萬民的殉難圣徒,因為人們有病時他給予救助。ThenpeoplelongtogoonpilgrimagesAndpalmerslongtoseekthestrangerstrandsOffar-offsaints,hallowedinsundrylands,Andspecially,fromeveryshire’sendOfEngland,downtoCanterburytheywendToseektheholyblissfulmartyr,quickTogivehishelptothemwhentheyweresick,就在這時節(jié),就在其中的一天,我正住在薩瑟克的泰巴旅店,已經滿心虔誠地準備好登程,專誠去坎特伯雷那地方朝圣。在那天傍晚,有二十九位旅客來到了這客店,他們形形色色,全都是在路上彼此萍水相逢,全都是跨著坐騎要前去朝圣,而坎特伯雷是他們去的地方。IthappenedinthatseasonthatonedayInSouthwark,atTheTabard,asIlayReadytogoonpilgrimagesandstartForCanterbury,mostdevoutatheart,AtnighttherecameintothathostelrySomenineandtwentyinacompanyOfsundryfolkhappeningthentofallInfellowship,andtheywerepilgrimsallThattowardsCanterburymeanttoride旅店的房間和馬廄都很寬敞,把我們個個安頓得十分舒適。不久后太陽從地平線上消失,我同他們每個人都作了交談,很快就成了他們當中的一員。大家約定來日上路要起個早,而路上的情形,下面我會說到。Theroomsandstablesoftheinnwerewide;Theymadeuseasy,allwasofthebest,And,briefly,whenthesunhadgonetorest,I’dspokentothemalluponthetripAndwassoononewiththeminfellowship,PledgedtoriseearlyandtotakethewayToCanterbury,asyouheardmesay.但是既然我有很充裕的時間,在我進一步細述這故事之前,我覺得比較合情合理的做法是根據我對他們各人的觀察,把我看到的情況全告訴你們:他們是什么人,屬于哪個階層,甚至還要說說他們穿的衣裳——現在我就從一位騎士開始講。Butnonetheless,whileIhavetimeandspace,Beforemystorytakesafurtherpace,ItseemsareasonablethingtosayWhattheirconditionwas,thefullarrayOfeachofthem,asitappearedtome,Accordingtoprofessionanddegree,Andwhatappareltheywereridingin;AndataKnightIthereforewillbegin.這位騎士是個勇敢的男子漢,從他一開始騎著馬闖蕩人間,就熱愛騎士精神和榮譽正義,就講究慷慨豁達與溫文有禮。在他君主的戰(zhàn)事中表現英勇,他南征北戰(zhàn)處處都留下行蹤,在基督徒世界或在異教之邦,他都因為有勇氣而備受頌揚TherewasaKnight,amostdistinguishedman,WhofromthedayonwhichhefirstbeganTorideabroadhadfollowedchivalry,Truth,honour,freedomandallcourtesy.Hehaddonenoblyinhissovereign’swar,Andriddenintobattle,nonemorefarAswellinChristendomasinheathenplaces,Andeverhonouredforhisnoblegraces.攻下亞歷山大城時他就在場;他在普魯士的多次慶功宴上,比各國騎士優(yōu)先,坐上了首席;與身份同他一樣的基督徒比,他在立陶宛、俄羅斯戰(zhàn)功最大;圍攻阿爾赫西拉斯他也參加,并且馳騁在柏爾馬利亞作戰(zhàn);他與人一起把阿塔利亞攻占,也把阿亞斯攻克;在地中海上他率領大批高貴的戰(zhàn)士出航。WhenwetookAlexandria,hewasthere.HeoftensatattableinthechairOfhonour,aboveallnations,wheninPrussia.OnLithuaniahehadridden,andRussia,NoChristianmansooften,ofhisdegree.InfarGranadaatthesiegewasheOfAlgeciras,andinBenamarin.AtAyasandAttaliawashewhenTheywerewon;andintheMediterraneanSeaHehadbeenwithmanyanoblearmy.他曾十五次投入殊死的戰(zhàn)斗,又為我們的信仰,三次把敵手殺死在特萊姆森的比武場上。他一度侍奉帕拉希亞的君王,在那段時間里我們這位騎士征討土耳其異教徒的另一支:每次贏得最高榮譽的總是他。盡管他極其勇敢卻世事洞達,舉止的溫和簡直就像是姑娘;一生中他不管遇到什么對象,也從來都不曾說過一句粗話。這騎士真是忠貞、完美又溫雅。InfifteenmortalbattleshehadbeenAndfoughtforourfaithatTlemcenThreetimesinthelists,andalwayskilledhisfoe.ThissamedistinguishedknighthadbeenalsoAtonetimewiththelordofPalatiaAgainstanotherheatheninTurkey;Hewasofsovereignvalueinalleyes.Andthoughsodistinguished,hewaswiseAndinhisbearingmodestasamaid.HeneveryetaboorishthinghadsaidInallhislifetoany,comewhatmight;Hewasatrulyperfectgentle-knight.現在我告訴你們他那副裝備:他的馬雖好,衣著卻并不華美。穿的是一襲粗布的無袖長衣,已被他鎖子甲弄得滿是污跡;因為他是遠征后剛乘船歸來,接著便上路來進行這次朝拜。黃杲炘譯選自《坎特伯雷故事》,譯林出版社(1999)Speakingofhisequipment,hepossessedFinehorses,buthewasnotgailydressed.HeworeafustiantunicstainedanddarkWithsmudgeswherehisarmourhadleftmark;Hehadjustcomebackfromhisvoyage,Andnowwasgoingonthispilgrimage.TheKni
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