重型商用車驅(qū)動橋設計開題報告300字

重型商用車驅(qū)動橋設計開題報告300字

華南理工大學廣州汽車學院本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告論文題目重型商用車驅(qū)動橋設計班級姓名陳威學號指導教師填表日期二〇一一年二月5說明1．畢業(yè)設計的開題報告是保證畢業(yè)設計質(zhì)量的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，為規(guī)范畢業(yè)設計的開題報告，特印發(fā)此表。2．學生應在開題報告前，通過調(diào)研和資料搜集，主動與指導教師討論，在指導教師的指導下，完成開題報告。3．此表一式三份，一份交學院裝入畢業(yè)設計（論文）檔案袋，一份交指導教師，一份學生自存。4．開題報告需經(jīng)各系或論文指導小組討論、學院教學指導委員會審查合格后，方可正式進入下一步畢業(yè)設計（論文）階段。555

第二篇：重型商用車驅(qū)動橋設計翻譯15200字華南理工大學廣州汽車學院本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）翻譯英文原文名DRIVEAXLEASSEMBLIES中文譯名系別專業(yè)班級車輛工程學生姓名陳威指導教師上官文斌填表日期二〇一一年五月英文原文版出處：1譯文成績：指導教師（導師組）簽名：譯文：驅(qū)動橋在學習本章之后，你將了解不同類型驅(qū)動橋的組成，并能列舉不同種類的驅(qū)動橋；比較后橋與前橋的不同之處；描述驅(qū)動橋的工作原理。驅(qū)動橋有很多重要作用。它可以使車輪回正，控制車輪滾動，可以使其中一個車輪的轉(zhuǎn)速比另外一個車輪快，兩個車輪均可獲得轉(zhuǎn)矩。驅(qū)動橋可以獲得來自于車輪的反作用力，通過彈簧，操縱桿等將作用力傳到車架上。驅(qū)動橋在車輪制動器被安裝的基礎上通過彈簧來固定，并獲得簧上質(zhì)量。很顯然，驅(qū)動橋需要使用高質(zhì)量的材料來制作。結(jié)構(gòu)后橋的幾個基本組成部分：橋殼，半軸，差速器。橋殼橋殼通常是由鋼板模壓件焊接在一起而制成的。橋殼的中心部分是由鑄鋼制成的。有兩種類型的橋殼常被使用：整體式橋殼（應用廣泛）和分段式橋殼（應用較少）是由兩個或者更多的部分組成。車橋兩個車橋在橋殼的內(nèi)部，它們在內(nèi)部相接觸，在某些位置它們是不接觸的。外部的凸出端附在車輪和輪轂上。內(nèi)部端被花鍵固定在差速器上，外端被滾子軸承所固定。連接輪兩種方法被應用于驅(qū)動橋的輪轂上。一種方法是在驅(qū)動橋一端用拔銷來固定，另一端通過凸緣固定。半軸的類型半軸有三種基本的類型，全浮式，3/4浮式和半浮式。大多是汽車采用半浮式，大部分貨車采用全浮式半軸支承。如果半軸折斷，車輪將停止轉(zhuǎn)動。驅(qū)動橋汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時的工況與普通行駛時的不同，必須使用一個叫做差速器的單元使兩個半軸都獲得動力，讓左右驅(qū)動車輪的行駛速度不同。差速器每個半軸的一側(cè)都有齒輪，兩半軸齒輪可以自由運動。2可以看到差速器殼，它會繞著半軸上的齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。差速器殼上通過銷連接齒圈和軸。差速器殼體會隨著差速器轉(zhuǎn)動，傳動軸與主動齒輪軸相連接。當傳動軸使主動齒輪軸轉(zhuǎn)動時，齒圈也會隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。齒圈會繞著差速器殼體和十字軸轉(zhuǎn)動。差速器的運動傳動軸使主動齒輪軸轉(zhuǎn)動，齒圈也會隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。當差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動，十字軸隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。當差速器上的行星齒輪被安裝在這個軸上時，它們會隨著差速器殼體運動。當汽車沿著直線方向行駛時，齒圈會繞著差速器殼體旋轉(zhuǎn)。差速器行星齒輪和半軸齒輪繞著差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動，輪齒之間無干涉。整個運動過程象一個固體單元。當汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時，差速器殼體繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，推動行星齒輪繞著軸轉(zhuǎn)動。當要求車輪快速轉(zhuǎn)動時，外部半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速高于內(nèi)部半軸齒輪。行星齒輪不僅僅是推動半軸齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動，也使它們的軸轉(zhuǎn)動。這可以使兩個半軸齒輪同時繞著其各自的軸轉(zhuǎn)動/圖A中，汽車沿直線行駛，行星齒輪推動兩個半軸齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。在圖B中，右側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速大于左側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速。行星齒輪仍以相同的速度轉(zhuǎn)動，仍然推動兩個半軸齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動，也推動軸的轉(zhuǎn)動。這種運動會使右側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速提高，從而超過十字軸的轉(zhuǎn)速。相反的運動形式會使左側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速降低。差速器的這種運動形式可以調(diào)節(jié)其自身以及驅(qū)動橋的轉(zhuǎn)速變化。如果一個車輪開始打滑，驅(qū)動橋靜止不動。差速器殼體繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，驅(qū)動橋齒輪靜止不動，可以增加驅(qū)動橋的轉(zhuǎn)矩。一種有特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的差速器將在后面的章節(jié)做介紹。差速器殼和差速器殼軸承一個質(zhì)量大而且堅固的部分被安裝在橋殼內(nèi)，它包括行星齒輪，十字軸和軸承，稱之為差速器殼。其內(nèi)部裝有兩個大的軸承，稱之為差速器殼軸承。差速器殼是橋殼的一部分。橋殼的組成部分包括半軸和差速器特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的差速器為了避免動力的流失，車輪開始打滑時，特殊的差速器可以改變車輪的轉(zhuǎn)矩而避免車輪打滑。這樣可以使汽車原有的運動狀態(tài)保持不變。盡管存在著很多的變化，但可采用摩擦裝置來實現(xiàn)正常運動?？巳R斯勒高牽引力差速器克萊斯勒高牽引力差速器是一個標準模型，有很多重要的附加條件半軸齒輪不是由兩個差速器行星齒輪驅(qū)動的，而是由四個差速器行星齒輪驅(qū)動的。這就需要兩個分離的十字軸，兩個軸之間的運動是相互獨立的。軸的外端不是圓的而是平的，象V型。差速器殼體呈斜坡狀。半軸齒輪上裝有四個離合器盤，其中的兩個離合器盤繞著差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動，另外兩個繞著止推部分轉(zhuǎn)動。止推部分繞著半軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，離合器盤運動到一起。高牽引力3差速器的運動—兩個半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速相同。當傳動軸驅(qū)動行星齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動時，轉(zhuǎn)矩被傳遞到齒圈上。正如齒圈可以驅(qū)動差速器殼體一樣，十字軸繞著差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動。半軸齒輪隨著差速器小齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。十字軸驅(qū)動小齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。兩個十字輪軸被置于不同的位置上。這種滑動使軸向外邊的方向運動。每個軸都向外運動，從而使軸上的行星齒輪向相同的方向運動，使離合器被鎖住。這是汽車沿直線行駛的運動規(guī)律。半軸轉(zhuǎn)速不同當汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時，其內(nèi)部軸的轉(zhuǎn)速降低。當發(fā)生這種情況時，行星齒輪會使它的軸開始轉(zhuǎn)動。一個軸的轉(zhuǎn)速比較慢，另外一個軸的轉(zhuǎn)速加快。這樣會使外部軸的轉(zhuǎn)速高于差速器殼體的轉(zhuǎn)速，使外部齒輪軸產(chǎn)生滑動。所釋放的壓力使差速器的運動同標準模型一致。如所示差速器的一個半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速高于另外一個半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速。轉(zhuǎn)速較慢的半軸可以獲得大部分的轉(zhuǎn)矩。這種差速器優(yōu)于普通的差速器。當?shù)缆饭饣臈l件下，可以提高速度。功率較高的發(fā)動機通常選用標準型差速器。不同類型的差速器。在彈簧線圈壓力下的錐形離合器。通過彈簧線圈而使錐形離合器安裝在差速器殼體內(nèi)。為了實現(xiàn)差速器的運動，需要使錐形離合器產(chǎn)生滑動。如果一個車輪產(chǎn)生滑動，另外一個車輪仍然可以通過彈簧線圈獲得動力。準雙曲面齒輪式差速器為了使汽車地板下傳動軸的高度降低，車身高度降低，半軸上裝有很多小齒輪。這種差速器的建立，通過螺旋錐齒輪傳動，運動形式同準雙曲面齒輪相同。使用準雙曲面錐齒輪用極壓潤滑劑防止滑動是必要的。運動發(fā)生在齒圈和輪齒上。學習小齒輪軸結(jié)構(gòu)的應用。注意觀察兩個滾子軸承對軸的支承作用。這種軸承起著止推作用。螺旋錐齒輪傳動另外一種類型的小齒輪傳動裝置采用螺旋錐齒輪傳動。這種類型的小齒輪與半軸中心的齒圈相配合。螺旋齒可以增強受力。很多輪齒會承受轉(zhuǎn)矩。直齒錐齒輪差速器的齒輪也有是直齒錐齒輪式的。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)輪齒是直齒形，這種齒輪會產(chǎn)生噪音，不能給直齒錐齒輪提供足夠的動力?？ōh(huán)和小齒輪輪齒接觸位置以及它們之間的間隙具有重要作用?？ōh(huán)和小齒輪相配合，總是成對出現(xiàn)的。不能用其他的組件來替代。正確的配合很重要，可以提供足夠的動力。4DRIVEAXLEASSEMBLIESAfterstudyingthischapter,youwillbeableto:■Explaintheconstructionofdifferenttypesofdriveaxleassemblies.■Listthepartsofvariousdriveaxles.■Comparethedifferencesbetweenarearwheelandfrontwheeldriveaxleassembly.■Describetheoperatingprinciplesofdriveaxleassemblies.Driveaxleassemblieshaveseveralimportantfunctions.Theymustholdthewheelson,keepthemupright,allowthemtobeturned(infront,onfour-wheeldriveandfront-wheeldrivevehicles)andpropelthewheelsforwardorbackward.Theymustdrivethewheelsinsuchamannerthatonecanturnfasterthantheother,yetbothmustreceivetorque.Driveaxleassembliesmustabsorbthedrivingforceofthewheels,andtransmitittotheframethroughsprings,controlrods,etc.Theaxleassemblyprovidesananchorageforsprings,supportstheweightofthevehicleandformsthefoundationuponwhichthewheelbrakesaremounted.Obviously,theaxleassembliesmustbewellconstructed,usingqualitymaterials.HOUSINGTheaxlehousingisusuallymadeofstampedsteelpartsweldedtogether.Or,thecentersectionofthehousingmaybemadeofcaststeel.Twobasictypeshavebeenused:theBANJOtypehousing(inwideuse)andtheSPLIThousing(littleused)consistingoftwoormorepieces.AXLESTwosteelaxlesareplacedinsidethehousing.Theirinnerendsalmosttouch;and,insomecases,theydotouch.Theouterendsprotrudeoutofthehousingandformabaseuponwhichthewheels,hubs,etc.areattached.Theinnerendsaresplinedandaresupportedbythedifferentialassembly.Theouterendsaresupportedinrollerorhallbearings.ATTACHINGWHEELHUBSTwomethodsareemployedtosecurcthewheelhubstotheaxle.Oneemthodemploysataperontheaxleend;tileotherformstheaxleendintoaflangeuponwhichthewheelisbolted.TYPESOFAXLESLiveaxles(axlesthatturnwiththewheels)areofthreebasictypes:full-floating,three-quarter-floatingandsemifloating.Mostcarsutilizethesemifloatingaxle.Most5truckshavefull-floatingaxles.Iftileaxlebreaks,tilewheelwillnotcomeoff.Tilethreetypes.DRIVINGTHEAXLESThereal'wheelsofavehiclemustturnatdifferentspeedswhenroundingtheslightestcorner(outsidewheelmustrollfarther).Therefore,itisnecessarytoemployaunitcalledaDIFFERENFIALtodrivetheaxlessobothaxlesreceivepower,yettheyarefreetoturnatdifferentspeeds.THEDIFFERENTIALAsplinedaxlesidegearisplacedontileinnersplinedendofeachaxle.1heaxlesidegearissupportedbythedifferentialcase.Thesidegearisfreetoturnillthecase.Thedifferentialcasemaybeturned.Itwillrevolveabouttheaxlesidegears.Thedifferentialpinionshaftwillturnwiththecase,burtileaxlesidegearswillnotbedriven.Byboltingalargeringgeartothedifferentialcase.andconnectingittoaringgearpiniongearandshaft,itwillbepossibletoturnthecase.Thepropellershaftwillbeattachedlotheringgearpinionshaft.Whenthepropellershaftturnstheringgearpinion,thepinionwillturntheringgear.Theringgear,inturnwillrevolvethedifferentialcaseandpinionshaft.TileaxlesidegearswillstillNOTTURN.Byaddingtwodifferentialpiniongears(thedifferentialpinionshaftwillpassthroughthesegears)thatmeshwiththesidegears,therevolvingcasewillturntheaxlesidegearswithit.DIFFERENTIALACTIONThepropellershaftturnstileringgearpinionshaft.Theringgearpinionturnstheringgearwhich,inturn,revolvesthedifferentialcase.Whenthecaseturns,thedifferentialpinionshaftturnswithit.Asthedifferentialpinionsaremountedonthisshaft,theyareforcedtomovewiththecase.Beingmeshedwiththeaxlesidegears,thepinionswillpulltheaxlesidegearsalongwiththem.Whenthecarismovinginastraightline,theringgearisspinningthecase.Thedifferentialpinionsandaxlesidegearsarcmovingaroundwiththecase,withnomovementbetweentheteethofthepinionsandaxlesidegears.Theentiremovementislikeasolidunit.Whenroundingaturn,thecasecontinueswhirlingandpullingthepinionsaroundontheshaft.Astheouterwheelmustturnfaster,theouteraxlesidegearisnowmovingfasterthantheinneraxlesidegear.ThewhirIingpinionsnotonlypullonboth6axlesidegears,butnowbegintorotateontheirshaft.AutoMechanicsFundamentalswhilewalkingintheaxlesidegears.Thisallowsthemtopullonbothaxlesidegears,whileatthesametime,compensatingfordifferenceinspeedbyrotatingaroundtheirshaft.YoucanseedetailA,thecarismovinginastraightline.Thepinionispullingbothgears,butitisnotturning.InB,therightsideaxlegearismovingfasterthantheleftaxlegear.Thepiniongearisstillmovingatthesamespeed.Itisstillpullingonbothgears,buthasnowstartedtoturnonthepinionshaft.Thisturningaction,addedtotheforwardrotationalspeedoftheshaft,hascausedtheright-handsidegeartospeedupandactuallybegintopassthepinionshaft.StudyFigs.16-9and16-10.Thereversewalkingeffectontheleft-handsidegearhascausedittoslowdown.Thedifferentialactionadjustsitselftoanyaxlespeedvariation.Ifonewheelbeginstoslip,theaxleonfirmgroundwillstandstill.Thecasecontinuesspinningthepinions,buttheywillmerelywalkaroundthestoppedaxlegearandimpartthetorquetothespinningaxle.Aspecialtractiondifferentialisoftenusedtoovercomethistendency.Itwillbecoveredlaterinthischapter.DIFFERENTIALCARRIERANDBEARINGSAheavyandrigidsectionisboltedtothehousing.Itcontainsthepiniongear,shaft,andbearings.ThisistermedtheDIFFERENTIALCARRIER.Twolargebearingholdersareprovidedtosupportthespinningdifferentialcase.ThesearetermedCARRIERBEARINGS.Insomeapplications,thecarrierismadeasasolidpartoftheaxlehousing.Allthecomponentpartsoftheaxlehousing,axlesanddifferentialSPECIALTRACTIONDIFFERENTIALToavoidthelossofdrivingforcethatoccurswhenonewheelbeginstoslip,specialdifferentialsaredesignedtoautomaticallytransferthetorquetothewheelthatisnotslipping.Thisenablesthecartocontinueitsforwardmotion.Althoughthereareseveralvariations,allemploytheprincipleofafrictiondevice(clutchplatesoraconeclutch)toprovidesomeresistancetonormaldifferentialaction.CHRYSLERSURE-GRIPTheChryslerSure-Gripdifferentialisbasicallyastandardmodel,butwithseveralimportantadditions.Theaxlesidegearsaredrivennotbytwodifferentialpinionsbutbyfour.Thisrequirestwoseparatepinionshafts.Thetwoshaftscross,butarefreetomovein-dependentlyofeachother,Theshaftouter7endsarenotround,buthavetwoflatsurfacesthatformashallowV.Theseramp-likesurfacesengagesimilarrampscutinthedifferentialcase.Aseriesoffourclutchdiscsareusedinbackofeachaxlesidegearthrustmember.Twoofthesediscsaresplinedtothedifferentialcase,andtwoaresplinedtothethrustmember.Thethrustmemberissplinedtotheaxle.Whenthethrustmemberspushoutward,theclutchdiscsareforcedtogether,lockingtheaxletothecase.SURE-GRIPDIFFERENTIALOPERATION--BOTHAXLESTURNINGATTHESAMESPEEDWhenthepropellershaftdrivesthepiniongear,thetorquethrustistransmittedtotheringgear.Astheringgeardrivesthedifferentialcase,thepinionshaftsareforcedtorotatewiththecase.Thedifferentialpinionsencounterresistancewhentheyattempttoturntheaxlesidegears.Thisresistanceistransferredtothepinionshaftsthataredrivingthepinions.Asbothendsofeachpinionshaftareseatedintaperedramps,andsincetheyhavesome"play"atthispoint,thisforcestheshaftstoslideuptherampsurfaces.Thisslidingmovementmovesbothshaftsnanoutwarddirection.Aseachshaftmovesoutward,itmovesitspinionsinthesamedirection.Thepinionspressagainstthepinionthrustmembers,forcingthemtolockuptheclutches.Thisistheactionwhenthecaristravelinginastraightline.AXLESTURNINGATDIFFERENTSPEEDSWhenthecarturnsacorner,theinnershaftslowsdown.Whenthishappens,thepiniongearswillstartturningontheirshafts.Theywillwalkaroundtheslowershaftandspeeduptheothershaft.Thiswalkingcausestheoutershafttorotatefasterthanthedifferenfialcase,allowingthepinionshaftontheoutersidetoslidedownitsramp.Thisreleasesthepressureontheouterclutchesandletsthedifferentialunitoperatemuchlikethestandardmodel.Itshowsdifferentialactionwhenoneaxleismovingfasterthantheother.Notethattheslowermovingaxleisreceivingmostofthetorquesinceitremainsclutchedtothecase.Thistypeofdifferentialwillprovidebettertractionthanthestandarddifferential.Itisparticularlyusefulwhenroadsareslipperyandisalsovaluableinproducingfastacceleration.Ahigh-poweredenginewilloftencauseonewheeltospinduringaccelerationwhenusingastandarddifferential.Asomewhatdifferenttractiondifferential,usesconeclutchesundercoilspringpressure.Across-sectionalviewispicturedin8DriveAxleAssembilesTheOldsmobileAnti-Spindifferential,usesthepressureofthecoilspringstoforcetheclutchconesintotightengagementwiththecase.Thisactiontendstolocktheaxlestothecase.Inorderfordifferentialactiontooccur,theconesmustbeforcedtoslip.Ifonewheelslips,theotherwillstillreceivesomedrivingforceviathecone.ThePositive-Tractiondifferentialinfunctionsinasimilarmanner.Anotherpositractiondifferentialisillustratedi.ConstructionissimilartothatinFigs16-19and16-20exceptdiscclutchesareemployedinsteadofconeclutch.HYPOIDGEARINGTofacilitateloweringthepropellershafttunnelinthefloorofthecar,andtoallowloweringthebodyofthecar,manyringgearpiniongearsenteranddrivetheringgearsomewhatbelowthecenterlineoftheaxles.Thisgearingsetup,usingamodifiedspiralbevelgear,isreferredtoasHYPOIDgearing.Aspecialhypoidlubricantisnecessarytopreventprematurewearduetothesliding,wipingactionthattakesplacebetweentheringandpiniongearteeth.Studytheconstructionusedinthepinionshaftassembly.Takenoteofthetwotaperedrollerbearingsusedtosupporttheshaft.Thistypeofbearingwithstandsbothradial(forcesworkingatrightanglestotheshaft)andlongitudinal(lengthwise)thrust.SPIRALBEVELGEARINGAnothertypeofringandpiniongearingusesthespiralbevelgear.Thistypeofpiniongearmesheswiththeringgearattheaxlecenterline.Thespiraltoothshapeallowsanoverlappingtoothcontactthatmakesforquietoperation,aswellasaddedstrength.Beforeonetoothrollsoutofcontactwithanother,anewtoothcontactismade.Thisdistributesthetorqueloadoverseveralteeth.Thecrosssection,showsthepathofthechurninglubricant(seearrows).Noticehowitisthrownupandforwardwhereitdropsdownandflowsback,lubricatingtheringgearandpiniongear,pinionbearings,etc.SPURBEVELMoreantiquated,asfarasdifferentialgearingisconcerned,isthespurbevel.AutoMechanicsFundamentalsRINGANDPINIONThetoothcontactposition,aswellasclearanceandbacklash(distanceonegearwillmovebackandforthWithoutmovingtheothergear),isofcriticalimportance.Ringandpinionsarealwaysmatched,andmustbeinstalledasapair.NEVERREPLACEONE9WITHOUTTHEOTHER.illustratestoothclearance,backlash,aswellasothergeartoothnomenclature.CorrectandincorrectringandpiniontoothcontactpatternsareshowninFig.16-28.Thecorrectcontactpatternisveryimportantforstrength,wear,andquietoperation.Thesepatternsarebroughtoutbycoatingtheteeth(aftercleaning)withPrussianblueorwhiteleadcompound.Thegearsarerevolvedinbothdirections,andcontactpatternbecomesvisible.Thedrivesideissidethatcontactswhenthepinionisdrivingthering.Thecoastpatterniswhentheringisdrivingthepinion.10＋重型商用車驅(qū)動橋設計開題報告發(fā)表于：2023.1.9來自：字數(shù)：329手機看范文華南理工大學廣州汽車學院本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告論文題目重型商用車驅(qū)動橋設計班級姓名陳威學號指導教師填表日期二〇一一年二月5說明1．畢業(yè)設計的開題報告是保證畢業(yè)設計質(zhì)量的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，為規(guī)范畢業(yè)設計的開題報告，特印發(fā)此表。2．學生應在開題報告前，通過調(diào)研和資料搜集，主動與指導教師討論，在指導教師的指導下，完成開題報告。3．此表一式三份，一份交學院裝入畢業(yè)設計（論文）檔案袋，一份交指導教師，一份學生自存。4．開題報告需經(jīng)各系或論文指導小組討論、學院教學指導委員會審查合格后，方可正式進入下一步畢業(yè)設計（論文）階段。555

第二篇：重型商用車驅(qū)動橋設計翻譯15200字華南理工大學廣州汽車學院本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）翻譯英文原文名DRIVEAXLEASSEMBLIES中文譯名系別專業(yè)班級車輛工程學生姓名陳威指導教師上官文斌填表日期二〇一一年五月英文原文版出處：1譯文成績：指導教師（導師組）簽名：譯文：驅(qū)動橋在學習本章之后，你將了解不同類型驅(qū)動橋的組成，并能列舉不同種類的驅(qū)動橋；比較后橋與前橋的不同之處；描述驅(qū)動橋的工作原理。驅(qū)動橋有很多重要作用。它可以使車輪回正，控制車輪滾動，可以使其中一個車輪的轉(zhuǎn)速比另外一個車輪快，兩個車輪均可獲得轉(zhuǎn)矩。驅(qū)動橋可以獲得來自于車輪的反作用力，通過彈簧，操縱桿等將作用力傳到車架上。驅(qū)動橋在車輪制動器被安裝的基礎上通過彈簧來固定，并獲得簧上質(zhì)量。很顯然，驅(qū)動橋需要使用高質(zhì)量的材料來制作。結(jié)構(gòu)后橋的幾個基本組成部分：橋殼，半軸，差速器。橋殼橋殼通常是由鋼板模壓件焊接在一起而制成的。橋殼的中心部分是由鑄鋼制成的。有兩種類型的橋殼常被使用：整體式橋殼（應用廣泛）和分段式橋殼（應用較少）是由兩個或者更多的部分組成。車橋兩個車橋在橋殼的內(nèi)部，它們在內(nèi)部相接觸，在某些位置它們是不接觸的。外部的凸出端附在車輪和輪轂上。內(nèi)部端被花鍵固定在差速器上，外端被滾子軸承所固定。連接輪兩種方法被應用于驅(qū)動橋的輪轂上。一種方法是在驅(qū)動橋一端用拔銷來固定，另一端通過凸緣固定。半軸的類型半軸有三種基本的類型，全浮式，3/4浮式和半浮式。大多是汽車采用半浮式，大部分貨車采用全浮式半軸支承。如果半軸折斷，車輪將停止轉(zhuǎn)動。驅(qū)動橋汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時的工況與普通行駛時的不同，必須使用一個叫做差速器的單元使兩個半軸都獲得動力，讓左右驅(qū)動車輪的行駛速度不同。差速器每個半軸的一側(cè)都有齒輪，兩半軸齒輪可以自由運動。2可以看到差速器殼，它會繞著半軸上的齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。差速器殼上通過銷連接齒圈和軸。差速器殼體會隨著差速器轉(zhuǎn)動，傳動軸與主動齒輪軸相連接。當傳動軸使主動齒輪軸轉(zhuǎn)動時，齒圈也會隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。齒圈會繞著差速器殼體和十字軸轉(zhuǎn)動。差速器的運動傳動軸使主動齒輪軸轉(zhuǎn)動，齒圈也會隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。當差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動，十字軸隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。當差速器上的行星齒輪被安裝在這個軸上時，它們會隨著差速器殼體運動。當汽車沿著直線方向行駛時，齒圈會繞著差速器殼體旋轉(zhuǎn)。差速器行星齒輪和半軸齒輪繞著差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動，輪齒之間無干涉。整個運動過程象一個固體單元。當汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時，差速器殼體繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，推動行星齒輪繞著軸轉(zhuǎn)動。當要求車輪快速轉(zhuǎn)動時，外部半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速高于內(nèi)部半軸齒輪。行星齒輪不僅僅是推動半軸齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動，也使它們的軸轉(zhuǎn)動。這可以使兩個半軸齒輪同時繞著其各自的軸轉(zhuǎn)動/圖A中，汽車沿直線行駛，行星齒輪推動兩個半軸齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。在圖B中，右側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速大于左側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速。行星齒輪仍以相同的速度轉(zhuǎn)動，仍然推動兩個半軸齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動，也推動軸的轉(zhuǎn)動。這種運動會使右側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速提高，從而超過十字軸的轉(zhuǎn)速。相反的運動形式會使左側(cè)半軸齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速降低。差速器的這種運動形式可以調(diào)節(jié)其自身以及驅(qū)動橋的轉(zhuǎn)速變化。如果一個車輪開始打滑，驅(qū)動橋靜止不動。差速器殼體繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，驅(qū)動橋齒輪靜止不動，可以增加驅(qū)動橋的轉(zhuǎn)矩。一種有特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的差速器將在后面的章節(jié)做介紹。差速器殼和差速器殼軸承一個質(zhì)量大而且堅固的部分被安裝在橋殼內(nèi)，它包括行星齒輪，十字軸和軸承，稱之為差速器殼。其內(nèi)部裝有兩個大的軸承，稱之為差速器殼軸承。差速器殼是橋殼的一部分。橋殼的組成部分包括半軸和差速器特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的差速器為了避免動力的流失，車輪開始打滑時，特殊的差速器可以改變車輪的轉(zhuǎn)矩而避免車輪打滑。這樣可以使汽車原有的運動狀態(tài)保持不變。盡管存在著很多的變化，但可采用摩擦裝置來實現(xiàn)正常運動。克萊斯勒高牽引力差速器克萊斯勒高牽引力差速器是一個標準模型，有很多重要的附加條件半軸齒輪不是由兩個差速器行星齒輪驅(qū)動的，而是由四個差速器行星齒輪驅(qū)動的。這就需要兩個分離的十字軸，兩個軸之間的運動是相互獨立的。軸的外端不是圓的而是平的，象V型。差速器殼體呈斜坡狀。半軸齒輪上裝有四個離合器盤，其中的兩個離合器盤繞著差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動，另外兩個繞著止推部分轉(zhuǎn)動。止推部分繞著半軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，離合器盤運動到一起。高牽引力3差速器的運動—兩個半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速相同。當傳動軸驅(qū)動行星齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動時，轉(zhuǎn)矩被傳遞到齒圈上。正如齒圈可以驅(qū)動差速器殼體一樣，十字軸繞著差速器殼體轉(zhuǎn)動。半軸齒輪隨著差速器小齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。十字軸驅(qū)動小齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動。兩個十字輪軸被置于不同的位置上。這種滑動使軸向外邊的方向運動。每個軸都向外運動，從而使軸上的行星齒輪向相同的方向運動，使離合器被鎖住。這是汽車沿直線行駛的運動規(guī)律。半軸轉(zhuǎn)速不同當汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時，其內(nèi)部軸的轉(zhuǎn)速降低。當發(fā)生這種情況時，行星齒輪會使它的軸開始轉(zhuǎn)動。一個軸的轉(zhuǎn)速比較慢，另外一個軸的轉(zhuǎn)速加快。這樣會使外部軸的轉(zhuǎn)速高于差速器殼體的轉(zhuǎn)速，使外部齒輪軸產(chǎn)生滑動。所釋放的壓力使差速器的運動同標準模型一致。如所示差速器的一個半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速高于另外一個半軸的轉(zhuǎn)速。轉(zhuǎn)速較慢的半軸可以獲得大部分的轉(zhuǎn)矩。這種差速器優(yōu)于普通的差速器。當?shù)缆饭饣臈l件下，可以提高速度。功率較高的發(fā)動機通常選用標準型差速器。不同類型的差速器。在彈簧線圈壓力下的錐形離合器。通過彈簧線圈而使錐形離合器安裝在差速器殼體內(nèi)。為了實現(xiàn)差速器的運動，需要使錐形離合器產(chǎn)生滑動。如果一個車輪產(chǎn)生滑動，另外一個車輪仍然可以通過彈簧線圈獲得動力。準雙曲面齒輪式差速器為了使汽車地板下傳動軸的高度降低，車身高度降低，半軸上裝有很多小齒輪。這種差速器的建立，通過螺旋錐齒輪傳動，運動形式同準雙曲面齒輪相同。使用準雙曲面錐齒輪用極壓潤滑劑防止滑動是必要的。運動發(fā)生在齒圈和輪齒上。學習小齒輪軸結(jié)構(gòu)的應用。注意觀察兩個滾子軸承對軸的支承作用。這種軸承起著止推作用。螺旋錐齒輪傳動另外一種類型的小齒輪傳動裝置采用螺旋錐齒輪傳動。這種類型的小齒輪與半軸中心的齒圈相配合。螺旋齒可以增強受力。很多輪齒會承受轉(zhuǎn)矩。直齒錐齒輪差速器的齒輪也有是直齒錐齒輪式的。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)輪齒是直齒形，這種齒輪會產(chǎn)生噪音，不能給直齒錐齒輪提供足夠的動力。卡環(huán)和小齒輪輪齒接觸位置以及它們之間的間隙具有重要作用?？ōh(huán)和小齒輪相配合，總是成對出現(xiàn)的。不能用其他的組件來替代。正確的配合很重要，可以提供足夠的動力。4DRIVEAXLEASSEMBLIESAfterstudyingthischapter,youwillbeableto:■Explaintheconstructionofdifferenttypesofdriveaxleassemblies.■Listthepartsofvariousdriveaxles.■Comparethedifferencesbetweenarearwheelandfrontwheeldriveaxleassembly.■Describetheoperatingprinciplesofdriveaxleassemblies.Driveaxleassemblieshaveseveralimportantfunctions.Theymustholdthewheelson,keepthemupright,allowthemtobeturned(infront,onfour-wheeldriveandfront-wheeldrivevehicles)andpropelthewheelsforwardorbackward.Theymustdrivethewheelsinsuchamannerthatonecanturnfasterthantheother,yetbothmustreceivetorque.Driveaxleassembliesmustabsorbthedrivingforceofthewheels,andtransmitittotheframethroughsprings,controlrods,etc.Theaxleassemblyprovidesananchorageforsprings,supportstheweightofthevehicleandformsthefoundationuponwhichthewheelbrakesaremounted.Obviously,theaxleassembliesmustbewellconstructed,usingqualitymaterials.HOUSINGTheaxlehousingisusuallymadeofstampedsteelpartsweldedtogether.Or,thecentersectionofthehousingmaybemadeofcaststeel.Twobasictypeshavebeenused:theBANJOtypehousing(inwideuse)andtheSPLIThousing(littleused)consistingoftwoormorepieces.AXLESTwosteelaxlesareplacedinsidethehousing.Theirinnerendsalmosttouch;and,insomecases,theydotouch.Theouterendsprotrudeoutofthehousingandformabaseuponwhichthewheels,hubs,etc.areattached.Theinnerendsaresplinedandaresupportedbythedifferentialassembly.Theouterendsaresupportedinrollerorhallbearings.ATTACHINGWHEELHUBSTwomethodsareemployedtosecurcthewheelhubstotheaxle.Oneemthodemploysataperontheaxleend;tileotherformstheaxleendintoaflangeuponwhichthewheelisbolted.TYPESOFAXLESLiveaxles(axlesthatturnwiththewheels)areofthreebasictypes:full-floating,three-quarter-floatingandsemifloating.Mostcarsutilizethesemifloatingaxle.Most5truckshavefull-floatingaxles.Iftileaxlebreaks,tilewheelwillnotcomeoff.Tilethreetypes.DRIVINGTHEAXLESThereal'wheelsofavehiclemustturnatdifferentspeedswhenroundingtheslightestcorner(outsidewheelmustrollfarther).Therefore,itisnecessarytoemployaunitcalledaDIFFERENFIALtodrivetheaxlessobothaxlesreceivepower,yettheyarefreetoturnatdifferentspeeds.THEDIFFERENTIALAsplinedaxlesidegearisplacedontileinnersplinedendofeachaxle.1heaxlesidegearissupportedbythedifferentialcase.Thesidegearisfreetoturnillthecase.Thedifferentialcasemaybeturned.Itwillrevolveabouttheaxlesidegears.Thedifferentialpinionshaftwillturnwiththecase,burtileaxlesidegearswillnotbedriven.Byboltingalargeringgeartothedifferentialcase.andconnectingittoaringgearpiniongearandshaft,itwillbepossibletoturnthecase.Thepropellershaftwillbeattachedlotheringgearpinionshaft.Whenthepropellershaftturnstheringgearpinion,thepinionwillturntheringgear.Theringgear,inturnwillrevolvethedifferentialcaseandpinionshaft.TileaxlesidegearswillstillNOTTURN.Byaddingtwodifferentialpiniongears(thedifferentialpinionshaftwillpassthroughthesegears)thatmeshwiththesidegears,therevolvingcasewillturntheaxlesidegearswithit.DIFFERENTIALACTIONThepropellershaftturnstileringgearpinionshaft.Theringgearpinionturnstheringgearwhich,inturn,revolvesthedifferentialcase.Whenthecaseturns,thedifferentialpinionshaftturnswithit.Asthedifferentialpinionsaremountedonthisshaft,theyareforcedtomovewiththecase.Beingmeshedwiththeaxlesidegears,thepinionswillpulltheaxlesidegearsalongwiththem.Whenthecarismovinginastraightline,theringgearisspinningthecase.Thedifferentialpinionsandaxlesidegearsarcmovingaroundwiththecase,withnomovementbetweentheteethofthepinionsandaxlesidegears.Theentiremovementislikeasolidunit.Whenroundingaturn,thecasecontinueswhirlingandpullingthepinionsaroundontheshaft.Astheouterwheelmustturnfaster,theouteraxlesidegearisnowmovingfasterthantheinneraxlesidegear.ThewhirIingpinionsnotonlypullonboth6axlesidegears,butnowbegintorotateontheirshaft.AutoMechanicsFundamentalswhilewalkingintheaxlesidegears.Thisallowsthemtopullonbothaxlesidegears,whileatthesametime,compensatingfordifferenceinspeedbyrotatingaroundtheirshaft.YoucanseedetailA,thecarismovinginastraightline.Thepinionispullingbothgears,butitisnotturning.InB,therightsideaxlegearismovingfasterthantheleftaxlegear.Thepiniongearisstillmovingatthesamespeed.Itisstillpullingonbothgears,buthasnowstartedtoturnonthepinionshaft.Thisturningaction,addedtotheforwardrotationalspeedoftheshaft,hascausedtheright-handsidegeartospeedupandactuallybegintopassthepinionshaft.StudyFigs.16-9and16-10.Thereversewalkingeffectontheleft-handsidegearhascausedittoslowdown.Thedifferentialactionadjustsitselftoanyaxlespeedvariation.Ifonewheelbeginstoslip,theaxleonfirmgroundwillstandstill.Thecasecontinuesspinningthepinions,buttheywillmerelywalkaroundthestoppedaxlegearandimpartthetorquetothespinningaxle.Aspecialtractiondifferentialisoftenusedtoovercomethistendency.Itwillbecoveredlaterinthischapter.DIFFERENTIALCARRIERANDBEARINGSAheavyandrigidsectionisboltedtothehousing.Itcontainsthepiniongear,shaft,andbearings.ThisistermedtheDIFFERENTIALCARRIER.Twolargebearingholdersareprovidedtosupportthespinningdifferentialcase.ThesearetermedCARRIERBEARINGS.Insomeapplications,thecarrierismadeasasolidpartoftheaxlehousing.Allthecomponentpartsoftheaxlehousing,axlesanddifferentialSPECIALTRACTIONDIFFERENTIALToavoidthelossofdrivingforcethatoccurswhenonewheelbeginstoslip,specialdifferentialsaredesignedtoautomaticallytransferthetorquetothewheelthatisnotslipping.Thisenablesthecartocontinueitsforwardmotion.Althoughthereareseveralvariations,allemploytheprincipleofafrictiondevice(clutchplatesoraconeclutch)toprovidesomeresistancetonormaldifferentialaction.CHRYSLERSURE-GRIPTheChryslerSure-Gripdifferentialisbasicallyastandardmodel,butwithseveralimportantadditions.Theaxlesidegearsaredrivennotbytwodifferentialpinionsbutbyfour.Thisrequirestwoseparatepinionshafts.Thetwoshaftscross,butarefreetomovein-dependentlyofeachother,Theshaftouter7endsarenotround,buthavetwoflatsurfacesthatformashallowV.Theseramp-likesurfacesengagesimilarrampscutinthedifferentialcase.Aseriesoffourclutchdiscsareusedinbackofeachaxlesidegearthrustmember.Twoofthesediscsaresplinedtothedifferentialcase,andtwoaresplinedtothethrustmember.Thethrustmemberissplinedtotheaxle.Whenthethrustmemberspushoutward,theclutchdiscsareforcedtogether,lockingtheaxletothecase.SURE-GRIPDIFFERENTIALOPERATION--BOTHAXLESTURNINGATTHESAMESPEEDWhenthepropellershaftdrivesthepiniongear,thetorquethrustistransmittedtotheringgear.Astheringgeardrivesthedifferentialcase,thepinionshaftsareforcedtorotatewiththecase.Thedifferentialpinionsencounterresistancewhentheyattempttoturntheaxlesidegears.Thisresistanceistransferredtothepinionshaftsthataredrivingthepinions.Asbothendsofeachpinionshaftareseatedintaperedramps,andsincetheyhavesome"play"atthispoint,thisforcestheshaftstoslideuptherampsurfaces.Thisslidingmovementmovesbothshaftsnanoutwarddirection.Aseachshaftmovesoutward,itmovesitspinionsinthesamedirection.Thepinionspressagainstthepinionthrustmembers,forcingthemtolockuptheclutches.Thisistheactionwhenthecaristravelinginastraightline.AXLESTURNINGATDIFFERENTSPEEDSWhenthecarturnsacorner,theinnershaftslowsdown.Whenthishappens,thepiniongearswillstartturningontheirshafts.Theywillwalkaroundtheslowershaftandspeeduptheothershaft.Thiswalkingcausestheoutershafttorotatefasterthanthedifferenfialcase,allowingthepinionshaftontheoutersidetoslidedownitsramp.Thisreleasesthepressureontheouterclutchesandletsthedifferentialunitoperatemuchlikethestandardmodel.Itshowsdifferentialactionwhenoneaxleismovingfasterthantheother.Notethattheslowermovingaxleisrece