2022年初中英語教資考試知識(shí)點(diǎn)超詳細(xì)考點(diǎn)總結(jié)

第一某些語言知識(shí)與能力第一章英語語言知識(shí)語音(SpeechSounds)P781、語音分類發(fā)音方式發(fā)音部位VL-清濁音(voicelessconsonant)VD-濁輔音(voicedconsonant)音系學(xué)(phonology)P79同化規(guī)則(assimilationRule)progressiveassimilation順同化(前面帶偏背面)workedregressiveassimilation逆同化(背面帶偏前面)newspaperreciprocal/doubleassimilation互相似化didyou音節(jié)(syllable)teachi-naim-pos-si-ble重音(stress)聲調(diào)(tone)語音變化(vocalvariety)liaison連讀pickitupplosion爆破音plosionloss失去爆破sitdown;incompleteplosion不完全爆破askednasalplosion鼻腔爆破button;lateralplosion舌邊爆破little 形態(tài)學(xué)(Morphology)1、morpheme詞素重點(diǎn)!P87(1)freemorpheme自由詞素dog;boundmorpheme黏著詞素moonwalk(2)root詞根;affix詞綴(prefix前綴、suffix后綴);stem詞干friend-ships(3)inflectionalaffix屈折詞綴-s,-ing,-ed不同形式(4)derivationalaffix派生詞綴變化詞性和意義2、(1)inflection屈折變化-s,-ing,-ed不同形式(2)word-formation詞形成:compounding復(fù)合法through-outderivation派生法(prefixation前綴化suffixation后綴化)il-logical-ly常用構(gòu)詞法 P89invention新創(chuàng)詞nylon;blending混成法smoke+fog=smogclipping截?cái)喾╝dvertisement=ad;initialism首字母連寫詞WTOacronym首字母拼音詞AIDS;back-formation逆構(gòu)詞法editor--editanalogicalcreation類似構(gòu)詞work--wrought/workedtypesofborrowing借詞法:loanword/borrowing借詞feast(法語中借來)loanblend混合借詞Chinatown(本國(guó)加外來)loanshift轉(zhuǎn)移借詞bridge(借用意義)loantranslation翻譯借詞(從別種語言翻譯而來)詞義變化broadening詞義擴(kuò)大bird小鳥--鳥類;narrowing詞義縮小girl年輕人--女孩meaningshift詞義轉(zhuǎn)移;classshift詞性轉(zhuǎn)換;folketymology俗詞源(錯(cuò)多了成了對(duì))四、句法學(xué)(Syntax)P91句法關(guān)系syntagmaticrelation組合關(guān)系(horizontalrelation/chainrelation)構(gòu)成同一形式、序列或構(gòu)造paradigmaticrelation聚合關(guān)系(verticalrelation/choicerelation)各要素可互相替代relationofco-occurrence共現(xiàn)關(guān)系(不同集合詞語一起構(gòu)成句子)句子構(gòu)造和成分immediateconstituentanalysis直接成分分析法(IC分析法)Theboyatetheapple.用樹形圖(treediagram)普通句子,主謂賓之類endocentricconstruction向心構(gòu)造一種詞或詞組可以擬定為中心(center)或中心詞(head)twostonebridge普通名詞/動(dòng)詞/形容詞短語exocentricconstruction離心構(gòu)造沒有擬定中心或中心詞Theboysmiled.普通動(dòng)賓/系表構(gòu)造deepstructure深層構(gòu)造(含義相似,說法不同)surfacestructure表層構(gòu)造(句子表述方式)語義學(xué)(Semantics)P93涵義關(guān)系(SenseRelations)lexicalrelation詞匯關(guān)系同義關(guān)系(Synonymy)synonyms同義詞stylistic文體差別(formality)buy--perchase;dialectal地區(qū)差別underground--subwaycollocational搭配差別accuse(of)--charge(with);emotive情感差別thrifty--stingy;semantic語義差別enough--ample反義關(guān)系(Antonymy)antonyms反義詞relationalopposites意義相反詞gradableantonymy級(jí)別反義warm--coolcomplementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)反義boy--girlconverseantonymy反向反義關(guān)系buy--sell上下義關(guān)系(Hyponymy)種類和成員涉及上坐標(biāo)詞(superordinate)和下義詞(hyponymy)flower--rose/tulip一詞多義(Polysemy)同音/同形異義現(xiàn)象(Homonymy)homophone同音異義sun--sonhomograph同形異義liecompletehomonym完全同音同形異義bank岸邊;銀行句子邏輯關(guān)系iff--充分必要條件“SistrueiffP”P就是S真值條件(truthcondition)Psynonymy同義關(guān)系“XissynonymouswithY.”同真同假P95contradiction矛盾關(guān)系“XisinconsistentwithY.”一真一假entailment蘊(yùn)含關(guān)系“XentailsY.”X小,Y大X:oldmanY:manpresupposition預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系“XpresupposesY.”Y是前提X:repairthecarY:haveacar語用學(xué)(Pragmatics)P96言語行為理論(SpeechActTheory)locutionaryact發(fā)話行為(說話人表達(dá)字面意思)istheactofsayingsomethingwhichismeaningfulancanbeunderstood.illocutionaryact行事行為(說話人表達(dá)意圖)istheactinsayingsomethingtoperformafunction.perlocutionaryact取效行為(作用于聽話人效果)istheresultsoreffectsthatareproducedbymeansofsayingsomething.言外之意(illocutionarypoint):representatives闡述類;directives指令類;commissives承諾類;expressives表達(dá)類;declarations宣布類會(huì)話含義理論(ConversationalPrinciple/Maxim)violate違背P97cooperativeprinciple,CP合伙原則(會(huì)話有共同目的)“Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.”themaximofquantity數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則(信息充分)themaximofquality質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則(說實(shí)話)themaximofrelation有關(guān)準(zhǔn)則(說有關(guān)事)themaximofmanner方式準(zhǔn)則(清晰簡(jiǎn)潔避免歧義)conversationalimplicature會(huì)話含義(用會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則暗示意義)calculability可推導(dǎo)性(含義能理解)cancellability可取消性(defeasibility)(因素變化,含義變化)non-detachability不可分離性(含義依附于內(nèi)容)non-conventionality非規(guī)約性(含義不擬定)修辭學(xué)(Rhetoric)問法:rhetoric/rhetoricaldevice修辭方略P98simile明喻like,as...as,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas2、metaphor隱喻(暗含比較)elephantpause3、personification擬人(把事物或概念當(dāng)做人)4、metonymy借代(用事物名稱代替密切有關(guān)另一事物)5、synecdoche提喻(某些代替整體或整體代替某些)hand/mouth--man6、euphemism婉言die--passaway7、irony反語(意思相反)8、allegory諷喻9、exaggeration夸張(夸大或縮小使表達(dá)生動(dòng)有趣)10、transferredepithet移位修辭nervousexam11、oxymoron矛盾修辭bitter-sweetmemory12、pun雙關(guān)語(homophonicpuns諧音雙關(guān);homographicpuns語義雙關(guān))語言教學(xué)P100中介語(interlanguage)2、對(duì)比分析(contrastiveanalysis)3、錯(cuò)誤分析(erroranalysis)(1)error錯(cuò)誤(由于知識(shí)局限性)mistake失誤(不注意出錯(cuò))(2)interlingualerrors語際錯(cuò)誤(遷移錯(cuò)誤)由于母語Cnglishintralingualerrors語內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤(發(fā)展性錯(cuò)誤)由于過度概括語言規(guī)則eat-eated(錯(cuò)) 錯(cuò)誤性質(zhì):omissions省略(少成分);additions添加(多成分);misformations形式錯(cuò)誤(eated);doublemarkings雙重標(biāo)記(didn’twent);misorderings順序錯(cuò)誤(howyouare)國(guó)內(nèi)外語學(xué)習(xí)者錯(cuò)誤類型(1)negativetransfer負(fù)遷移/干擾由于母語(2)over-generalization過度類推/過度概括由于過度概括語言規(guī)則(3)pragmaticfailure語用錯(cuò)誤違背對(duì)方文化習(xí)俗第二外語習(xí)得理論(SecondLanguageAcquisition,SLA)(1)Acquisition-LearningHypothesis語言習(xí)得和學(xué)得假說(習(xí)得和學(xué)得兩條不同途徑)(2)MonitorHypothesis語言監(jiān)察假說(學(xué)習(xí)者自己監(jiān)督控制語言輸出質(zhì)量)(3)InputHypothesis語言輸入假說(接觸理解可理解性語言輸入comprehensibleinput)(4)AffectiveFilterHypothesis情感過濾假說(輸入input和吸取intake受到動(dòng)力motivation、性格personality、情感狀態(tài)affectivestate)(5)NaturalOrderHypothesis自然順序假說(可以不按任何語法順序來教學(xué)) 英語語言運(yùn)用能力教學(xué)中非語言交際非語言手段P118environmentlanguage環(huán)境語(座位安排、時(shí)間信息、室內(nèi)標(biāo)示裝飾、聲音燈光等) objectlanguage客體語(個(gè)人,衣著化妝、個(gè)人用品等)非語言行為bodylanguage體態(tài)語(身姿、手勢(shì)、表情、目光)paralanguage副語言(聲音音質(zhì)、音量、語調(diào)、語速)英語國(guó)家語言、歷史和文學(xué)三、語言、文化和社會(huì)1、局部構(gòu)造P131毗鄰對(duì)(adjacencypairs)一輪對(duì)話毗鄰對(duì)條件有關(guān)性(conditionalrelevance)preferredsecondpart/preferencestructure優(yōu)選構(gòu)造Hidispreferredsecondpart/dispreferencestructure非優(yōu)選構(gòu)造relevantabsence有關(guān)缺失毗鄰對(duì)擴(kuò)展basepairs根毗鄰對(duì)(被其她會(huì)話擴(kuò)展之前毗鄰對(duì))前擴(kuò)展,指前序列(pre-sequences),涉及邀請(qǐng)、祈求、結(jié)束、宣布中擴(kuò)展,涉及插入序列(insertionsequences)和旁側(cè)序列(sidesequences)后擴(kuò)展,指后序列(postsequences),涉及會(huì)話修正和主體化會(huì)話修正會(huì)話修正機(jī)制三個(gè)某些:修正源(troublesource)、修正發(fā)起(repairinitiation)、修正(repair)lexical詞匯啟動(dòng)(no,sorry,letmesee,youknow)non-lexical非詞匯啟動(dòng)(um..,uh..)語言與文字1、故事語言P134故事與視角first-personnarrator第一人稱論述者(I)third-personnarrator第三人稱論述者(he,she,it,they)語言表達(dá)與思想表達(dá)directspeech直接言語(“F**kyou”)indirectspeech間接言語(hesaid/asked)freeindirectspeech自由間接言語第二某些語言教學(xué)知識(shí)與能力初中英語課程原則初中英語課程基本知識(shí)英語課程性質(zhì)P149ThenatureofEnglishCurriculumisinstrumentality/toolandhumanity.(工具性和人文性)Students’overalldevelopmentisthemotivationandgoaloftheEnglishcurriculum.英語課程設(shè)計(jì)思路ThedesignofthenewNationalEnglishCurriculumunifiesbothprimaryandsecondaryschoolEnglishintoonecontinuumofdevelopmentanddividesEnglishlanguageteachingandlearningintoninecompetence-basedlevelsbyadoptingtheinternationalgeneralclassificationmethod.Level5istherequiredstandardfortheendofjuniormiddleschool.Level2--primaryschool英語課程分級(jí)原則P154語言技能(LanguageSkills)Overallperformanceobjectivesforeachlevelaregiveninadditiontodetaileddescriptionsofabilitiesregardinglanguageknowledge,languageskills,affect,learningstrategiesaswellasculturalawarenessforrelevantlevels.語言知識(shí)(LanguageKnowledge)(語音、詞匯、語法、功能和話題)Studentsarerequiredtolearnconsistsofphonetics,vocabulary,grammar,functionandtheme.情感態(tài)度(Affect)(興趣、動(dòng)機(jī)、自信、意志和合伙精神;祖國(guó)意識(shí)和國(guó)際視野) interest,motivation,confidence,willandcooperation;Nationalconsciousnessandinternationalvision.學(xué)習(xí)方略(LearningStrategies)(認(rèn)知、調(diào)控、交際、資源)Learningstrategiescanbeclassifiedintofourgroups:cognitivestrategy,regulativestrategy,communicativestrategyandresourcingstrategy.文化意識(shí)(CulturalAwareness/Understanding)(歷史地理、風(fēng)土人情、老式習(xí)俗、生活方式、行為規(guī)范、文學(xué)藝術(shù)、價(jià)值觀念)Historicalgeography,localcustoms,traditionalcustoms,lifestyle,normsofbehavior,literatureandart,values.英語課程實(shí)行建議P161教學(xué)建議面向全體學(xué)生,為每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語奠定基本注意語言實(shí)踐,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語言運(yùn)用能力加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)方略指引,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力培養(yǎng)學(xué)生跨文化交際意識(shí),發(fā)展跨文化交際能力結(jié)合實(shí)際教學(xué)需要,創(chuàng)造性地使用教材合理運(yùn)用各種教學(xué)資源,提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效率組織生動(dòng)活潑課外活動(dòng),拓展學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)渠道不斷提高專業(yè)水平,努力適應(yīng)課程規(guī)定初中英語教學(xué)基本理論語言觀(ViewsofLanguage)P173語言概念Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.語言本質(zhì)特性/設(shè)計(jì)特性(designfeatures)(1)arbitrariness任意性(體現(xiàn)了convention規(guī)約性)(2)duality二重性(basiclevel,higherlevel基層和高層)(3)creativity創(chuàng)造性/productivity能產(chǎn)性(4)displacement移位性(賦予generalizations,abstractions概括和抽象)(5)culturaltransmission文化傳習(xí)性語言功能(FunctionsofLanguage)informativefunction信息功能interpersonalfunction人際功能performativefunction施為功能emotivefunction情緒功能phaticfunction寒暄功能recreationalfunction娛樂功能metalingualfunction元語言功能語言學(xué)角度語言觀TheStructuralViewofLanguage構(gòu)造語言觀thestructuralviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:phonology,morphology,lexicologyandsyntax.TheFunctionViewofLanguage功能語言觀thefunctionviewseeslanguagenotonlyasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.TheInteractionalViewofLanguage交互語言觀(interaction,dynamics交互性和動(dòng)態(tài))theinteractionalviewoflanguageconsiderslanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.語言學(xué)習(xí)觀(ViewsofLanguageLearning)P176語言學(xué)習(xí)理論BehavioristLearningTheory行為主義學(xué)習(xí)理論Behaviorismisanapproachtopsychologythatarousesoutoftheideasthatattemptedtoexplainalllearningintermsofsomeformofconditioning(stimulus,response,andreinforcement)CognitiveLearningTheory認(rèn)知主義學(xué)習(xí)理論Cognitivetheorythinksthat“l(fā)anguageisaintricaterule-basedsystemandwithaknowledgeofthefiniterules(languagecompetence),infinitesentencescanbeproduced”.ConstructivistLearningTheory構(gòu)建主義學(xué)習(xí)理論Theconstructivisttheorybelievesthatlearningisaprocessinwhichthelearnerconstructsmeaningbasedonhisownexperiencesandwhathealreadyknows.近來發(fā)展區(qū)理論ZoneofProximalDevelopment三、語言教學(xué)觀(ViewsofLanguageTeaching)P1781、語言教學(xué)理論(構(gòu)造主義教學(xué)理論、認(rèn)知主義教學(xué)理論、社會(huì)語言學(xué)理論)外語教學(xué)法重要流派grammar-translationmethod語法翻譯法audio-lingualmethod據(jù)說法(patterndrill句型操練、contrastiveanalysis對(duì)比分析法)totalphysicalresponse全身反映教學(xué)法P181cognitiveapproach認(rèn)知教學(xué)法(提高accuracy,appropriateness得體性)communicateapproach交際法(包括function,notion功能和意念)P183交際能力(communicativecompetence) grammaticalcompetence語法能力、sociolinguistic社會(huì)語言能力、discourse語篇能力、strategic方略能力、linguistic語言能力、pragmatic語用能力、fluency流利性(2)3P教學(xué)模式:presentation--practice--production

task-basedapproach任務(wù)型教學(xué)P184real-worldtasks/targettasks目的任務(wù);pedagogicaltasks教學(xué)任務(wù)任務(wù)四個(gè)構(gòu)成元素:objective、context、process、outcomeinformationgap信息差/信息溝activitiesmusthaveclearandattainableobjectives./shouldbeconfinedtotheclassroomcontext./shouldhelpdevelopstudents’languageability.

constructivismlearningtheory建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論(強(qiáng)調(diào)scene,writing,conversation,andmeaningconstruction情景、寫作、會(huì)話和意義建構(gòu))任務(wù)型教學(xué)三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié):pre-task前任務(wù)、task-cycle任務(wù)環(huán)(task、planning、report)、languagefocus語言聚焦(analysis、practice)初中英語語言知識(shí)教學(xué)語音教學(xué)P192語音教學(xué)內(nèi)容Therealisticgoalofteachingpronunciationshouldbe①consistency:thepronunciationshouldbesmoothandnatural.②intelligibility:thepronunciationshouldbeunderstandabletothelisteners.③communicativeefficiency:thepronunciationshouldhelpconveythemeaningthatisintendedbythespeaker.2、Pronunciationknowledgeteaching發(fā)音知識(shí)教學(xué)(monophonic,alphabet,phoneticsymbols單音、字母、音標(biāo))3、Flowoflanguageteaching語流教學(xué)(sounds,

stress,

rhythm,and

intonation重音、節(jié)奏、語調(diào)) Theprincipleofphoneticteaching語音教學(xué)原則(accuracy,long-term,integrity,communication,pertinence,interest精確性、長(zhǎng)期性、整體性、交際性、針對(duì)性、趣味性原則)Theteachingmethodofphonetics語音教學(xué)辦法P195Soundperception聽音感知練習(xí)辦法:usingminimalpairs最小對(duì)立體(live--leave)、whichorder排序、sameordifferent辨別異同、oddoneout同中選異、completion填空Imitationandexplanation模仿解說 personallydemonstration、imitate、practice親自示范,重復(fù)模仿、練習(xí)Pronunciationpractice發(fā)音練習(xí)練習(xí)辦法:listenandrepeat聽音模仿、fillintheblanks填空、usingpictures借助圖片、usingmeaningfulcontext借助情景makeupsentences造句、usingtoguetwisters運(yùn)用繞口令語流教學(xué)(見上)慢動(dòng)作(slowmotionspeaking)二、詞匯教學(xué)P197languageteachingtheories理論構(gòu)成:receptive/passivevocabulary接受性/悲觀詞匯和productive/產(chǎn)出性/積極詞匯Learningcontent教學(xué)內(nèi)容wordmeaning詞匯意義includelearningform,meaninganduse.Knowingawordmeans:knowingitspronunciationandstress/itsspellingandgrammaticalproperties/itsmeaning/howandwhentouseittoexpresstheintendedmeaning.詞匯意義涉及conceptualmeaning、associatedmeaning概念意義和關(guān)聯(lián)意義概念意義:詞典中意思,即literalmeaning/denotation字面意思/詞匯外延、關(guān)聯(lián)意義:文化含義與語境意義,又稱connotation詞匯內(nèi)涵(learninthecontext)worduse詞匯用法涉及:collocation/phrases/idiom/style/register搭配、詞組、習(xí)語、風(fēng)格、語域wordinformation詞匯信息涉及:partofspeech/prefixes/suffixes/spelling/pronunciation/grammarfeatures詞類、前綴、后綴、拼寫、發(fā)音、語法特性wordmemorystrategies詞匯記憶方略avoidrote-learning避免死記硬背word-building構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義Learningprinciple教學(xué)原則音形義結(jié)合pronounce、spelling、meaning詞塊整體教學(xué)lexicalchunks(knowledgeofcollocation搭配)詳細(xì)語境中教learninthecontext循序漸進(jìn)stepbystep重復(fù)練習(xí)鞏固記憶review培養(yǎng)自學(xué)詞匯能力deducethemeaningofwords猜測(cè)詞義Teachingmethod教學(xué)辦法P200呈現(xiàn)詞匯:visual/physicaldemonstration直觀呈現(xiàn)Word-building構(gòu)詞法、synonym/antonym(opposites)同義反義詞、翻譯、舉例、問答verbalcontext/situation結(jié)合語境/創(chuàng)設(shè)情境運(yùn)用詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方略,如chunks/reasoning/analog/usingdictionary歸類/推理/類比/查字典(2)鞏固詞匯:labelling/spotthedifference/describethedraw/playagame/wordbingo/wordassociation貼標(biāo)簽/找茬/描述繪畫/玩游戲(賓果)/詞匯聯(lián)想三、語法教學(xué)P201Content教學(xué)內(nèi)容grammar語法具備Threedimensions三維性:form,meaningandusage形式、意義和用法semantic語義涉及grammaticalform/thegrammaticalmeaningofthestructure/contentsofmeaning語法形式、構(gòu)造語法意義和內(nèi)容意義task教學(xué)任務(wù):語法rules規(guī)則cognition/drill/application認(rèn)知/操練/應(yīng)用、thegenerationofgrammarconsciousness語法意識(shí)生成2、Principle教學(xué)原則(交際性/實(shí)踐性、集中分散相結(jié)合、趣味性/通俗性)grammarteachingshouldbe:(1)collocational:thegrammarshouldbebuiltoncollocationalrelationsbetweenindividuallexicalitemsandtheirsubcategories.(2)Constructive:one'sknowledgeofgrammarisbuiltbitbybit,whichcloselymodelthewaylanguageislearnedandused.(3)Contextual:syntacticandlexicalchoicesareexplicitlyrelatedtopragmaticones,andtosocialandculturalcontexts.(4)Contrastive:grammarinvolvesdrawingthelearner'sattentiontocontrastthedifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandotherlanguages,andbetweensetsofsimilarfeaturesanditemsofthetargetlanguage.3、Method教學(xué)辦法P202(1)deductivemethod演繹法(解說規(guī)則,結(jié)合實(shí)例分析用法,句型練習(xí))features:Itsavestime/paysmoreattentiontoform/teachesgrammarinadecontextualizedsituation脫離上下文inductivemethod歸納法(學(xué)生自行歸納語法規(guī)則)startwithexamplesandguidessstoworkouttherulesguideddiscoverymethod引導(dǎo)發(fā)現(xiàn)法(學(xué)生歸納總結(jié)語法規(guī)則,教師強(qiáng)化其形式意義)四、語篇教學(xué)P204概念和構(gòu)造Conception概念discoursepattern語篇可以是dialogue、monologue對(duì)話、獨(dú)白,涉及written/spokenlanguage書面語、口語,form形式上是cohesion銜接,semantic語義上是coherence連貫Tacticpattern構(gòu)造模式語段/句群、句際關(guān)系(并列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折)Cohesivedevice銜接手段logicalconnectors邏輯紐帶(firstly,thus,ontheotherhand,ifnot)grammaticalconnectors語法紐帶(時(shí)態(tài)什么)Lexicalconnectors詞匯紐帶(repetition重復(fù)、synonym/antonym(opposites)同義/反義詞)Developss’skillofrecognizingdiscoursepatterns訓(xùn)練方式:checkingthelogicoftheauthor’sarguments.gettingthescrambledsentencesintoaparagraph.(focusontextualcoherence)markingoutcommonopenerstostoriesandjokes.教學(xué)內(nèi)涵Aimsatdevelopingss’discourseawareness.(teacheraskssstoconcentrateonsuchfeaturesasstructure,coherenceandcohesionofatext)教學(xué)辦法P207overalleffectiveness整體性效能(用knowledgetransfer知識(shí)遷移實(shí)現(xiàn),重在cultivateapplicationability應(yīng)用能力培養(yǎng))、overallgraspofthediscourse語篇整體把握Teachinglanguageatthediscourselevel:utterancefunction/expectedresponse/congratulation/apology/acceptance/inform.初中英語語言技能教學(xué)P212聽力教學(xué)影響聽力重要因素objectivefactor客觀因素:typesoflanguageused語言特性(語速/tone音調(diào)/pause停頓/liaison連讀)、taskorpurposeinlistening聽力任務(wù)、contextinwhichthelisteningoccurs文化背景知識(shí)subjectivefactor主觀因素:psychological心理因素、knowledgeskills知識(shí)技能因素、methodsandtactics辦法與方略因素2、聽力教學(xué)要領(lǐng)合理選取聽力material材料(authenticity真實(shí)性、intelligibility可理解性、diversity/variety多樣性)建立專門聽力trainingsystem訓(xùn)練體系優(yōu)化心理氛圍,減少焦急感(arouseinterest調(diào)動(dòng)興趣、放松)注重聽過程中skilltraining技巧訓(xùn)練prediction預(yù)測(cè)、guess猜測(cè)、coherentmemory連貫記憶(note-taking)、identifyingthediscoursemarkers辨認(rèn)語段標(biāo)記科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)聽力練習(xí)3、聽力訓(xùn)練type類型P216Focuslistening精聽(tonaldiscrimination辨音、gapfilling填空、dictation聽寫)聽寫形式:dictogloss聽釋、fast-speechdictation迅速聽寫、pauseandparaphrase聽寫大意、listeningcloze完形聽寫、erroridentification糾錯(cuò)聽寫、jigsawidentification線索聽寫Gistlistening泛聽(decideonthebesttitle)Freelistening隨意聽4、聽力教學(xué)model模式Bottom-upmodel“自下而上”(強(qiáng)調(diào)languageknowledge語言知識(shí))Top-downmodel“自上而下”(側(cè)重backgroundinformation背景知識(shí))5、聽力教學(xué)過程P218Pre-listeningtasks聽前環(huán)節(jié)(brainstorming/discussarelevantpicture/writingquestionaboutthetopic/associatingvocabularieswiththetopic)While-listeningtasks聽中環(huán)節(jié)(辨音、獲取重要信息、預(yù)測(cè)、猜詞悟義)Post-listeningtasks聽后環(huán)節(jié)(writingasimilartext作文、discussion討論)口語教學(xué)P219Spokenlanguage口語特點(diǎn)(fragmentation構(gòu)造不完整性、involvement人和場(chǎng)合緊密依存性)(1)語法特性:Therearefourcommonfeaturesofspokenlanguage:Usinglesscomplexsyntax.語法Takingshortcuts,e.g.incompletesentences.(and,or,but)Usingfixedconventionalphrases/chunks.俗語(fashionableword,two-partallegoricalsaying,colloquialism,slang,phrasalverbs歇后語/口語詞/俚語/短語動(dòng)詞)Usingdevicessuchasfillers,hesitationdevicetogivetimetothinkbeforespeaking.構(gòu)造特性:往往借助filler補(bǔ)白詞(youknow,letmesee,um)形象特性:說話人表情、語調(diào)及態(tài)度等bodylanguage身體語言;音質(zhì)/聲調(diào)/重音/停頓口語交際特點(diǎn)“說”受語言rule規(guī)則支配/時(shí)間factor因素制約/對(duì)方response反映影響口語教學(xué)要領(lǐng)在聽基本上培養(yǎng)說能力(使輸入信息量不不大于輸出信息量)組織多樣化口語活動(dòng)形式口語活動(dòng)類型:pre-communicativeactivities前交際活動(dòng)(操練/模仿/重復(fù))和communicativeactivities交際活動(dòng)(信息差活動(dòng)/解決問題活動(dòng)/討論/辯論/采訪/游戲)對(duì)的解決精確與流利關(guān)系A(chǔ)ccuracy(identifyparticularphonemesontape)Fluency(shouldn’tinterrupt)創(chuàng)造濃厚外語氛圍,勉勵(lì)學(xué)生敢說樂說 Thecharacteristicsofasuccessfulspeakingtask:maximumforeigntalk/evenparticipation/highmotivation/rightlanguagelevel合理選取口語組織形式,增長(zhǎng)學(xué)生開口機(jī)會(huì)(小組形式/單雙人活動(dòng))口語訓(xùn)練辦法imitativeness模仿性、monologue獨(dú)白性、performing表演性口語表達(dá)閱讀教學(xué)P223外語閱讀type/form類型依照閱讀方式和技巧不同劃分Adaptivereading適應(yīng)性閱讀recognition--read--silent-reading認(rèn)讀--朗讀--默讀Learningreading學(xué)習(xí)型閱讀plainsubstance主旨淺顯information信息量大,強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀速度comprehension理解性閱讀realmaterial材料真實(shí)、widetheme題材廣泛、varioustypes體裁多樣,higherdifficulty難度較高依照閱讀方式和技巧不同劃分Skinning面式讀法/略讀(掌握全文大意或中心思想;報(bào)刊、新書)quicklygetthegistScanning點(diǎn)式讀法/尋讀/跳讀(查找詳細(xì)信息;時(shí)間、人名、地點(diǎn)、數(shù)字)specificinformationIntensivereading線式讀法/精讀(詳細(xì)地閱讀,進(jìn)一步分析、理解和記憶)readindetailExtensivereading縱式讀法/泛讀(廣泛地閱讀,閱讀速度、迅速理解能力、拓寬視野)facilitateprocessofaccumulatingvocabulary/increasingtargetlanguageexpose/broadeningscopeofvision依照閱讀理解層次劃分Literalcomprehension字面理解(依托語言知識(shí)/能力辨認(rèn)詞義和語法構(gòu)造)languageknowledge/competenceidentifymeaningandgrammaticalstructureInferential/interpretivecomprehension推斷性理解(經(jīng)歷、直覺、邏輯判斷理解未明示信息)experience/intuition/logicjudgeandunderstandunexpressedinformationEvaluativecomprehension評(píng)價(jià)性理解/應(yīng)用性理解(理解文章信息價(jià)值)valueAppreciativecomprehension欣賞性理解(情感熏陶和思想啟迪)Emotionalinfluenceandthoughtenlightenment閱讀教學(xué)要領(lǐng)P226合理選取閱讀材料Languagedifficulties難度(難于略高于學(xué)習(xí)者既有水平)higherthanpresentlevelInterest趣味性(布滿可讀性,激發(fā)求知欲和好奇心)readability、thirstforknowledgeandcuriosityAuthenticity真實(shí)性(英語本族語者撰寫)writtenbynativeEnglishspeakersComprehensiveness寬泛性(內(nèi)容反映歷史、人物、風(fēng)土人情、文化習(xí)俗以及潮流流行,體裁和題材豐富多樣)contentvarioustypeorformsofliteratureandtheme建立分析性(精讀)與綜合性(泛讀)相結(jié)合閱讀教學(xué)體系分析性閱讀與綜合性閱讀教學(xué)分工改進(jìn)現(xiàn)行分析性閱讀教學(xué)模式,貫徹閱讀訓(xùn)練綜合性閱讀教學(xué)應(yīng)正規(guī)化、課程化注重閱讀threeelements三要素培養(yǎng)vocabulary詞匯、comprehend理解(topicsentence主題句)、speed速度注重閱讀過程中技巧訓(xùn)練prediction預(yù)測(cè)、readingforspecific抓中心思想、readingforspecificinformation獲取特殊信息、inferring推理(readingbetweenthelines)、identifyingthediscoursetypes確認(rèn)語篇閱讀教學(xué)approach模式P229Thetop-downmodel自上而下模式為主(pre-readingactivities讀前環(huán)節(jié)活動(dòng)開展)Thebottom-upmodel自下而上模式為輔(小到大語言文字單位,注重詞匯教學(xué))teachingatextbyintroducingnewvocabulariesorstructuresfollowthesequenceofteachingnewwords,sentencesandthenthewholepassageTheinteractive-compensatoryapproach交互補(bǔ)償模式閱讀教學(xué)過程Pre-readingtasks讀前環(huán)節(jié)(背景知識(shí)、寫作風(fēng)格、西方風(fēng)俗)predictingwhatapassageisabout/creatingawordwebrelatedtoatopic/sharingwhatisalreadyknownaboutatopicWhile-readingtasks讀中環(huán)節(jié)(保障充分閱讀時(shí)間、閱讀技能訓(xùn)練)Post-readingtasks讀后環(huán)節(jié)(思維和實(shí)踐活動(dòng))寫作教學(xué)P231寫教學(xué)要領(lǐng)Motivatewritingmotivation激發(fā)寫作動(dòng)機(jī)communicativepurpose;audienceawareness交際目讀者意識(shí)指引寫作技巧:寫單項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練(結(jié)合語音教學(xué))語篇寫作技巧(designskills構(gòu)思技巧;過程構(gòu)思、文本構(gòu)思;modelessay范文是有力工具)skillofplanning:findingideasandputtheminorder 依照不同文體風(fēng)格指引相應(yīng)寫作方略Formalwriting正式文體(第三人稱)typicalfeature:theprecisionoflanguageisapriority語言精準(zhǔn)優(yōu)先well-organizedstructure有序構(gòu)造widerangeofvocabularyandstructuralpatterns有構(gòu)造模式technicaltermsanddefinitions 專用名詞和定義Informalwriting非正式文體(一、二人稱)typicalfeature:shortandincompletesentencesarecommon多為短句、簡(jiǎn)樸句分階段設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng),訓(xùn)練寫作技能Controlledwriting控制性寫作(gapfilling/transcribe/sentencepatterntransformation填空/抄寫/句型轉(zhuǎn)換)Guidedwriting指引性寫作(completion/reproduction/compression/transformation續(xù)寫/復(fù)寫/縮寫/轉(zhuǎn)寫)Freewriting自由寫作寫、correct/amend改、evaluate評(píng)相結(jié)合寫作教學(xué)模式Product-orientedapproach注重成果(給題目--寫--改,注重語篇整體)Content-orientedapproach注重內(nèi)容(收集材料--組織文章--修改,寫前準(zhǔn)備)Process-orientedapproach注重過程(準(zhǔn)備--寫作--修改--再改,寫作能力)what/howtowritepeer-editing寫作教學(xué)process過程Pre-writingtasks寫前環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)和活動(dòng)(gatherandorganizeideas激發(fā)寫作動(dòng)機(jī))Themainproceduresofprocesswritingincludecreatingamotivationtowrite,brainstorming,mapping,freewriting,outlining,drafting,editing,revising,proofreadingandconferencing.While-writingtasks寫中環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)和活動(dòng)(organizewritten組織成文)drafting,peer-editing,revisingPost-writingtasks寫后環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)和活動(dòng)(commentsandfeedback點(diǎn)評(píng)和反饋)conferencing第三某些教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)skill技能教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)概述P2411、概念:老式instructionaldesign教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)即lessonplanning備課考慮“如何學(xué)”最核心某些是lessonplan教案It’sateachingguide/Ittakesintoaccountsyllabus教學(xué)大綱andss./Itdescribesinadvance提前whatabouthowtoteach.教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)principle原則aims目的性原則variety多樣性原則flexibility靈活性原則learnability可學(xué)性原則linkage銜接性選取feasibility可行性原則教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)basicrequirements基本規(guī)定Alanguagelessonplanusuallyhasthefollowingcomponents:backgroundinformation,teachingaims,languagecontentsandskills,stagesandprocedures,teachingaids,assignments,andteacher'safter-lessonreflection.教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)新concept理念學(xué)生參加課堂設(shè)計(jì)自主性教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)貫穿課堂教學(xué)全過程教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)擬定性與不擬定性相統(tǒng)一教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)pattern模式Analysis----design----evaluation分析----設(shè)計(jì)----評(píng)價(jià)分析:學(xué)習(xí)需求(學(xué)習(xí)objectives目的分析是核心)、學(xué)習(xí)者、學(xué)習(xí)content內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì):教學(xué)strategy方略、教學(xué)course過程(taskappearance--preparation--accomplishment--consolidation任務(wù)呈現(xiàn)--任務(wù)準(zhǔn)備--任務(wù)完畢--語言鞏固)、教學(xué)technique技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià):教學(xué)target目的與否達(dá)到是評(píng)價(jià)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)有效性核心反饋修正(feedbackcorrection):教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)可以提供大量教學(xué)反饋信息英語教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)concreteform詳細(xì)形式表格式tableform分別陳述學(xué)生/教師活動(dòng),闡明活動(dòng)目/意圖,突出教學(xué)design設(shè)計(jì)理念流程圖式flowchartform展示教學(xué)process過程(format格式不同)論述式narrativeform學(xué)情分析P248學(xué)習(xí)者分析認(rèn)知特性學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格authority-orientedlearners崇尚權(quán)威型;analyticallearners分析型;concretelearners詳細(xì)型;communicativelearners交際型學(xué)習(xí)方式accepted接受性;experience體驗(yàn)性;independent自主性;Cooperation合伙性;exploration探究性學(xué)習(xí)需求分析learningneeds內(nèi)涵學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)前狀態(tài)與盼望狀態(tài)之間差距學(xué)習(xí)需求分析內(nèi)容和辦法datacollection數(shù)據(jù)采集;analyze分析教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析P251教學(xué)內(nèi)容選取把握fundamentality基本性(vocabulary/syntacticstructure/languagecompetence/learningstrategy/culturalknowledge詞匯/句法構(gòu)造/語言能力/學(xué)習(xí)方略/文化知識(shí))adaptation適應(yīng)性(age/cognitivecharacteristic年齡/認(rèn)知特點(diǎn))highfrequency高頻性(frequentlyused經(jīng)常使用)enjoyment趣味性(激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣,保證學(xué)習(xí)effectiveness有效性)對(duì)的理解textbook教材分析教材textbookevaluationprovidesauthenticlanguage/matchestheneedsoflearners/canhelprealizetheobjectivesofalanguageprogram解決教材辦法(LARA法:leave-adapt-replace-add)教材使用:活化教材、挖掘資源、選準(zhǔn)話題(探究性、開放性、生成性)WhenateacherusinganELTcoursebook,heshould:erpretcurriculumgoalsanditsexpectationsforthecourse.planlessonsinrelationtospecificgoals,topics,texts,andtasks.Auxiliaryteachingmaterials輔助教學(xué)材料screening篩選教學(xué)材料篩選原則:啟發(fā)式、因材施教、動(dòng)態(tài)生成、適時(shí)適度教學(xué)材料篩選方略:遵循理念、吃透教材、研究學(xué)生輔助教學(xué)材料分類:知識(shí)類、技能類、課外活動(dòng)類、教學(xué)輔助類、自主學(xué)習(xí)類教學(xué)目的P255教學(xué)目的陳述內(nèi)容三個(gè)維度:knowledgeobjective/abilityobjective/emotionobjective知識(shí)與技能、過程與辦法、情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀教學(xué)目的陳述要素以行為目的來陳述教學(xué)目的,涉及四個(gè)要素:ABCD模式A-audience主體或聽眾(限度副詞/比例/范疇副詞)+主語(ss/learners)B-behavior行為listen,sing,imitate,recite,depict,recognize,apply,understand,know,master,enjoyC-conditions條件afterthisclass,undertheguidanceoftheteacher,afterattendingalecture,withthehelpofsubstances,throughimitation/repeatD-degree限度/原則clearly,fluently,correctly,efficiently,basically,preliminarily,smoothly,appropriately教學(xué)目的陳述方式按照層級(jí)劃分有三種goals,aims,objectives(coursegoals,teachingaims)成果性目的(知識(shí)與技能)Know<understand<masterLevelVerbknowledgetell,list,define,name,recall,identify,state,repeat,remember,recognizeComprehensiondescribe,explain,review,infer,paraphrase,interpret,summarize,memorizeApplicationapply,practice,employ,use,illustrate,show,report,demonstrate,planAnalysisanalyze,distinguish,examine,compare,survey,investigate,classify,organizeSynthesiscreate,invent,compose,design,modify,construct,imagine,produceEvaluationjudge,decide,select,justify,evaluate,debate,verify,assess,recommend體驗(yàn)性目的或體現(xiàn)性目的(過程與辦法、情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀)LevelVerbReceivingaccept,acknowledge,attendto,follow,meet,observeRespondingagree,allow,answer,ask,choose,communicate,cooperate,describe,displayValuingadopt,carefor,complete,encourage,evaluate,respect,justify,share,suggest,thankOrganizinganticipate,consider,consult,design,manage,modify,revise,simplify,test,varyInternalizingvaluesact,administrate,advance,advocate,criticize,defend,forgive,object,promote,Question,solve教學(xué)目的陳述原則comprehensive、suitable、specific、accurate全面、恰當(dāng)(目的層次性/內(nèi)容和已有知識(shí)一致性/教學(xué)活動(dòng)連貫性)、詳細(xì)、精確教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)P259教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)meaning涵義Teachingkey/Importantpoint教學(xué)重點(diǎn)稱為subject學(xué)科教學(xué)coreknowledge核心知識(shí)Teachingdifficultpoint教學(xué)難點(diǎn)教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)relation關(guān)系教學(xué)重點(diǎn):stability、chronicity穩(wěn)定性、長(zhǎng)期性教學(xué)難點(diǎn):temporary、relativity暫時(shí)性、相對(duì)性教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)擬定深刻理解課程原則熟悉和貫徹執(zhí)行課程原則內(nèi)容規(guī)定進(jìn)一步研究教材教材是教學(xué)重要根據(jù)理解學(xué)生實(shí)際狀況學(xué)生是教學(xué)對(duì)象/主體善于總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)虛心學(xué)習(xí)、不斷提高自身教學(xué)素質(zhì)和能力突出重點(diǎn)、突破難點(diǎn)method辦法metaphordescription比喻闡明法、listcomparison列表對(duì)比法、exercise練習(xí)法、Multimediaassistedinstruction多媒體輔助教學(xué)法、gameactivity游戲活動(dòng)法教堂教學(xué)process過程設(shè)計(jì)P260教學(xué)過程(teachingprocedure)實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)、發(fā)展和教育三大功能課堂導(dǎo)入活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)Lead-in導(dǎo)入應(yīng)達(dá)到“3A”功能:arouse勉勵(lì)啟發(fā);advertise引起注意;advance增進(jìn)課堂導(dǎo)入辦法復(fù)習(xí)導(dǎo)入法(新舊知識(shí)聯(lián)結(jié)點(diǎn))、直觀導(dǎo)入法(直觀教具或多媒體手段)情境導(dǎo)入法(dutyreport/音樂/故事/游戲?qū)?、懸念導(dǎo)入法(呈現(xiàn)一系列問題)注意事項(xiàng)導(dǎo)入時(shí)間不適當(dāng)過長(zhǎng)(5’/45’);符合教學(xué)目的/內(nèi)容;從學(xué)生實(shí)際出發(fā)(年齡、性格、認(rèn)知特性);方式新穎有創(chuàng)意語言學(xué)習(xí)與實(shí)踐活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)(呈現(xiàn)、解說、練習(xí)鞏固和實(shí)踐新語言知識(shí))呈現(xiàn)活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)(presentation)問題呈現(xiàn)、情景呈現(xiàn)、故事呈現(xiàn)(完整故事貫穿整個(gè)課堂教學(xué))、直觀呈現(xiàn)(簡(jiǎn)筆畫/圖片/模型/幻燈片/身勢(shì)語)練習(xí)與鞏固活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)(practiceandconsolidate)機(jī)械性練習(xí)mechanicalexercise控制式練習(xí)頻率高無需過多思考,不超過8min,1~2項(xiàng)練習(xí)內(nèi)容,學(xué)生個(gè)體/全班練習(xí)為主,及時(shí)糾錯(cuò)練習(xí)形式:模仿、跟讀、重復(fù)、替代練習(xí)、簡(jiǎn)樸回答活動(dòng)半開放性練習(xí)semi-openpractice半控制式意義性練習(xí)需要理解和思考,10min,3~4項(xiàng),配對(duì)練習(xí)為主,互相改正,頻率低練習(xí)形式:采訪活動(dòng)、重述故事、運(yùn)用