第二章物流戰(zhàn)略和規(guī)劃

物流供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略和規(guī)劃Logistics/SupplyChainStrategyandPlanningChapter2“Ifyoudon’tknowwhereyouwanttogo,anypathwilldo.”CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.1公司戰(zhàn)略CorporateStrategyCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.·

戰(zhàn)略是為公司的目標(biāo)而定位的計(jì)劃的提出過(guò)程Strategyistheprocesswherebyplansareformulatedforpositioningthefirmtomeetitsobjectives.

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戰(zhàn)略的提出從定義公司的戰(zhàn)略開(kāi)始Strategyformulationbeginswithdefiningacorporatestrategy.Thisinvolves:

a.

Assessingneeds,strengths,andweaknessesofthe4majorcomponents:

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customers

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suppliers

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competitors

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thecompanyitself

b.

"Visioning"wherecounter-intuitive,unheardof,and

unconventionalstrategiesareconsidered.

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公司的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槁毮懿块T(mén)的戰(zhàn)略Corporatestrategiesareconvertedtomorespecificstrategiesforthevariousfunctionalareasofthefirmsuchaslogistics.

2物流戰(zhàn)略·

物流的目標(biāo)Theobjectivesoflogisticsstrategyare:-成本最小Minimizecost-投資最小Minimizeinvestment-客戶(hù)服務(wù)水平最大Maximizecustomerservice·

物流規(guī)劃的層級(jí)Levelsoflogisticalplanning:-戰(zhàn)略Strategic-戰(zhàn)術(shù)Tactical-運(yùn)作Operational·

供應(yīng)鏈規(guī)劃的4個(gè)問(wèn)題The4problemareasofsupplychainplanning-客戶(hù)服務(wù)水平Customerservicelevels-設(shè)施選址Facilitylocation-庫(kù)存決策Inventorydecisions-運(yùn)輸決策Transportationdecisions·

什么時(shí)間規(guī)劃Whentoplan?-Nodistributionnetworkcurrentlyexists.-Therehasbeennore-evaluationin5years.-Whencostsarechangingrapidly,especiallytransport&inventory.-Whenmarketshaveshifted.-Whencurrentdistributioneconomicsencourageshifts.-Whentherehasbeenamajorpolicyshiftinlogisticssuchasinprice,customerservice,orinvestmentlevel.Recallthelogisticsstrategytriangle物流資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率UseROLA3企業(yè)職能戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃CorporatetoFunctionalStrategicPlanningCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.經(jīng)濟(jì)Economic法規(guī)Regulatory技術(shù)Technological競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Competitive外部因素Externalfactors企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃Corporatestrategicplan營(yíng)銷(xiāo)Marketing財(cái)務(wù)Finance生產(chǎn)Manufacturing物流Logistics職能戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃Functionalstrategicplans4物流規(guī)劃過(guò)程FlowofLogisticsPlanningCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.設(shè)施選址Facilitylocation

運(yùn)作戰(zhàn)略O(shè)perationsstrategy

庫(kù)存管理Inventorymanagement

信息系統(tǒng)Informationsystems

物料搬運(yùn)Materialhandling

交通和運(yùn)輸Trafficandtransportation

規(guī)劃與控制方法Planningandcontrolmethods

組織Organization物流系統(tǒng)的個(gè)別環(huán)節(jié)IndividualLinkofLogisticsSystem企業(yè)目標(biāo)和戰(zhàn)略Businessgoalsandstrategies客戶(hù)服務(wù)要求Customerservicerequirements整體物流規(guī)劃Integratedlogisticsplanning一體化物流管理系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)Designofintegratedlogisticsmanagementsystem總體績(jī)效評(píng)估Overallperformancemeasures5物流目標(biāo)Logistics’Objective物流資產(chǎn)的回報(bào)率最大Maximizereturnonlogisticsassets(ROLA)物流對(duì)銷(xiāo)售額的貢獻(xiàn)Logistics’contributiontosales物流資產(chǎn)投入Investmentinlogisticsassets物流成本CostsoflogisticsoperationsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.6決策領(lǐng)域Decisionarea戰(zhàn)略Strategic戰(zhàn)術(shù)Tactical運(yùn)作Operational運(yùn)輸Transportation方式選擇ModeselectionSeasonalequip-mentleasingDispatching庫(kù)存InventoriesLocation,ControlpoliciesSafetystocklevelsOrderfilling定單處理OrderprocessingOrderentry,transmittal,andprocessingsystemdesignProcessingorders,Fillingbackorders采購(gòu)PurchasingDevelopmentofsupplier-buyerrelationsContracting,ForwardbuyingExpediting倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)WarehousingHandlingequipmentselection,LayoutdesignSpaceutilizationOrderpickingandrestocking設(shè)施選址Facility

locationNumber,size,andlocationofwarehousesStrategic,Tactical,andOperationalDecisionMakingCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.2-77制定物流戰(zhàn)略的六個(gè)原則SixConceptsforLogisticsStrategyFormulation·

總成本概念Totalcostconcept

Tradeoffconflictingcostsatoptimum

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多樣化分撥Differentiateddistribution

Notallproductsshouldbeprovidedthesamelevelofcustomerservice

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混合戰(zhàn)略Mixedstrategy

Apurestrategyhashighercoststhanamixedstrategy

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延遲生產(chǎn)Postponement

Delayformationofthefinalproductaslongaspossible

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運(yùn)輸合并Shipmentconsolidation

Smallershipmentsizeshavedisproportionatelyhighertransportationcoststhanlargerones

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產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化Productstandardization

Avoidproductvarietysinceitaddstoinventory

CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.8物流中的成本沖突ACostConflictinLogisticsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.9更多的成本沖突MoreCostConflictsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.2-1010Purevs.MixedStrategyCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.11選擇適當(dāng)?shù)那缿?zhàn)略ChoosingtheRightSupplyChainStrategy可預(yù)測(cè)的成熟產(chǎn)品FunctionalProducts--Predictabledemand難以預(yù)測(cè)的新產(chǎn)品InnovativeProducts--Unpredictabledemand效率型供應(yīng)鏈Efficientsupplychain主要的食品類(lèi)產(chǎn)品Staplefoodproducts反應(yīng)型供應(yīng)鏈Responsivesupplychain電子設(shè)備Electronicequipment低利潤(rùn)Lowmargin高利潤(rùn)HighmarginCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.12效率型供應(yīng)鏈Efficientsupplychain經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)批量Economicalproductionruns

成品庫(kù)存Finishedgoodsinventories

經(jīng)濟(jì)采購(gòu)批量Economicalbuyquantities

大批量運(yùn)輸Largeshipmentsizes

批量定單處理Batchorderprocessing反應(yīng)型供應(yīng)鏈Responsivesupplychain額外產(chǎn)能Excesscapacity

快速轉(zhuǎn)換Quickchangeovers

提前期短Shortleadtimes

柔性過(guò)程Flexibleprocessing

高價(jià)運(yùn)輸Premiumtransportation

按訂單處理Singleorderprocessing供給入庫(kù)Supply-to-stock按單生產(chǎn)Supply-to-order選擇正確的供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略ChoosingtheRightSupplyChainStrategy13產(chǎn)品分類(lèi)ClassificationofProducts可預(yù)測(cè)的成熟產(chǎn)品Predictable/MatureProducts果凍Jello玉米片CornFlakes草坪化肥Lawnfertilizer圓珠筆Ballpointpens燈泡Lightbulbs汽車(chē)備胎Autoreplacementtires工業(yè)化工品Someindustrialchemicals番茄湯Tomatosoup難以預(yù)測(cè)的新產(chǎn)品Unpredictable/IntroductoryProducts新音樂(lè)磁帶Newmusicrecordings新游戲Newcomputergames時(shí)裝Fashionclothes藝術(shù)品Artworks電影Movies咨詢(xún)服務(wù)Consultingservices現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的新款性Newproductoffe