中級(jí)口譯2005年3月中口筆試試題

2005年春季英語(yǔ)中級(jí)口譯第一階段考試(試卷)SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST(45minutes)PartA:SpotAscrimeskysinmanycommunities,peoplearefinallybeginningtolookforlong-lasting.Effectiveanswerstostemthetideofjuvenilecrime.Reachingtheyouthwhohavecommittedacrimebefore (1)isanessentialstepinreversingthecrimetrend.One (2)maybetheestablishmentofteenTeencourtisknownasasentencingcourtforyouthswhohave (3).Teencourtsprimarilydealwithfirst-timeoffenders.Afterarrest,theyoungoffendermust (4)tothechargeinjuvenilecourt. (5),theoffenderagreestobesentencedandabidebythedecisionofpeerjury (6).Anotheressentialcomponenttoteencourtisthat,aspartofthesentence,theoffendermustsitinononeofmorefuturepeerjuriesto (7)forotheroffenders.Forexample,acountyteencourtinlllinoisgivesyoungoffendersachanceto (8)theirarrestsfromtheirpermanentrecordby (9)orotherdutiesorderedbythecourt.Teencourtisnotatrialcourt.Allteensadmittheirguiltand (10)asentencegiventothembyajuryoftheirpeers.Ajudgeispresentto (11)ofthecourt.Theteencourtalleviatesthestrainonthe (12)andhasbeenimplementedin (13)sincethefirstteencourtopenedinOdessa,Texas.Besidegivingtheoffenderasecondchance,itgivesthe (14)inthejudicialprocess.Thepurposeoftheteencourt,asidefromsentencingyouthoffenders,isto (15)boththeoffendersandtheteenvolunteerswhilesimultaneouslypromoting (16)betweendefendants,thecommunity,andthe.Byofferingthis (17)system,teencourtallowsthoseteenswhohavemadeabaddecisionanopportunityto (18)andlearnfromit.Atthesametimethoseteenslearn (19).The,thecommunity,andthe (A)You’dbetterbuyalocalnewspapertolookthroughtheclassifiedYoumightputanadinthelocalpapertofindsomeonetofilltheYoucancomethisafternoontogothroughtheapplicationYouneedtointerviewthewell-knownpainterinourofficethis(A)DavidwillbethegeneralmanagernextDavidwillgetapromotionandapayDavidwillworkhardtobeageneralDavidwillbetransferredtotheaccountingmanager’s(A)NooneinthisofficeiswillingtothetranslationexceptThenewsecretarywillasksomeonetofixthedateforThenewsecretarycantypeandhandintheforThesecretaryisan tohelpyouwiththe(A)Ipaid4dollarsforthe (B)Ipaid6dollarsforthe(C)Ipaid8dollarsforthe (D)Ipaid12dollarsforthe(A)Althoughyoupaymoreforthecourse,youhaveabetterchanceofsecuringaYouwillnotbeenrolledinthecourse,unlessyouscorehighinthecementYourjobistolocateexcellentstudentsandurgethemtoenrollinourMBAYouwillbeawardedascholarshipfortheMBAcurseifyourhighschoolrecordis(A)Itwouldbeawin-winsituationforbothofusifwesetupanagencyformarketingyourItisourfirmbeliefthatwewillbringalotofbenefittoyouragencyinWetotallyagreetomarketyourproductsinShanghaiifyourfirmcansetupanagencyonour(A)ThecustomermustpaycashforhisThecustomermustpayforhisinsurancebycreditThecustomermustgetamoneyordertopayforhisThecustomermustgetatraveler’schecktopayforhis(A)Theaccountantistoreturn300,000dollarstobalanceyourThecheckhasbouncedbecauseofinsufficientfundintheTheaccountanthascheckedinforaconferenceonenvironmentalThecheckisspeciallyprovidedtomakeabalanceonyourbank(A)WearelikelytohavefurthercooperationiftheobjectiveisIfthetargetismissed,wewilldiscusswithyoualong-termWewillestablishacooperativebaseinthelocalityifthistargetisWearegladtohavesignedwithyoualong-term(A)TheinvestmentDepartmentsubmittedasurveyreporttotheboardofTheinvestmentDepartmentrefutedthedecisionmadebytheboardofTheboardofdirectorscouldnotagreeonthecontentofthesurveyTheboardofdirectorswerenotconcernedwiththeDepartment’ssurveyTalksandConversationsQuestions11-14(A)In (B)In(C)In (D)Inthisfriend’s(A)HewenttosleepbecausehewasveryHehadafightwithhisHedidsomeshopHewenttoanight(A)ThemanmissedhisreturnThemanwatchedarugbymatchintheThemanwenttoseesometouristThemanboughtsomegiftsforhisparentsand(A)BecausehewantedgobuymorepresentsforBecausehehadtopayfortheFrenchwineheboughtforBecausehehadspentallhismoneyovertheBecausehehadnnedtogotoEdinburghnextQuestions15-(A)TheyarebuiltonlyforchildrenorTheyprovidescaryandfrighteningTheyneverallowadultstoTheyseldomhelpadultstoreduce(A)PayhisephoneWorkouthisdailyConsultahealth-careEnjoyfoodtohisheart’s(A)BecausetheyfeelitnecessarytosetanexamplefortheirBecausetheyconsiderittobethesafestfortheirBecausetheythinkthefidecanhelpreducetheirBecausetheywanttoprovethemselvestobe(A)Theycanhavea TheycanrefrainfromeatingjunkTheycankeeptheirchildrenTheycanescapefromdailyworkandQuestions19-(A)Shop-assistantand (B)Husbandand and (D)Travelguideand(A)Anitemof (B)Abottleofafter-AnOlympic (D)Apairof(A)Abookanda (B)(C)Skirtsand (D)Atickettoseethe(A)Gosightseeingat (B)HaveacupofEnglish(C)EnjoyafunnyFrench (D)Returntothe andtakeaQuestions23-(A)MarketingdoesmoreharmthangoodtoMarketingjustmeansthatbusinessesselltheirMarketingissomethingveryoneofusdoesquiteMarketingincludesavarietyofbusiness(A)WhenyouareshortlistedforanWhenyouare evisionatWhenyouhaveaskedtoborrowaWhenyouhaveconcludedamedical(A)WhenyouareapplyingforaWhenyouarepayingyourtuitionWhenyouareridingaWhenyouareinterviewing(A)Thepromotionof (B)Thepricingof(C)Theexchange (D)TheproductQuestions27-(A)Theyare (B)Theywantawage(C)Theydemandshorter (D)Theyliketobeattheir(A)Car (B)(C)Cotton (D)(A)Fightfor (B)Bemoreinventiveand(C)ExpandintoIT (D)Behonestandfairinbusiness(A)Thank (B)(C)Quite (D)PartC:ListeningandTranslationSECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(50minutes)Questions1-Pollutioncontrolismanagementofwastematerialsinordertominimizetheeffectsofpollutantsonpeopleandtheenvironment.Thequalityofhumanhealthandofthenaturalenvironmentdependsonadequatepollutioncontrol.IntheUnitedStatesmuchhasbeendonetocontrolthemorenoticeablepollutantssince1965:moreyetstillhazardouspollutants,however,remaintobeadequayFourgeneralapproachestopollutioncontrolare:theintermittentreductionofindustrialactivitiesduringperiodsofhighair-pollutionconditions;widerdispersionofpollutantsusingsuchdevicesastallersmokestacks;reductionofpollutantsinindustrialemission;andchangeofanindustrialprocessoractivityinordertoproducelesspollution.Tallersmokestacksmayreducetheconcentrationstowhichlocalpeopleareexposed,buttheyareineffectiveinreducingoverallpollution.Pollutantsremovedfromwasteflowstoreduceemissionstoairandwatermaybedisposedofbyburialorstorageonland,practicesthatposepotentialhazards,recentlegislationrequiringextensiveemissionsreductionshasresultedinlargeinvestmentsinpollution-treatment. approach-changingamanufacturingprocessoractivityinordertoproducelesspollution-mayinvolveeithertheproductionoffewerresiduals,bymeansofanimprovedprocess,ortheseparationandreuseofmaterialsfromthewastestream.Thismethodofpollutioncontrolisthemosteffectiveand,asthecostsofpollutioncontrolandwastedisposalincrease,isconsideredoneofthemostefficient.Pollution-treatmentsystemshavebeeneffectiveinreducingthemassivetiesofwaterandairpollutantsthathavecloggedandchokedurbanareas.Althoughtheimprovementshavebeensignificant,recentpollution-controllegislationaimstogofurtherinordertocontrolthelessvisiblebutoftenhazardouschemicalandgaseouspollutantsthatstillcontaminatemanywaterwaysandurbanatmospheres.Thecostsofpollutioncontrol-resultingfromcapital,maintenance,andlaborcosts,aswellasfromthecostofadditionalresidualsdisposal-generallygouprapidlyasagreaterpercentageofresidualsisremovedfromthewastestream.Damagefrompollution,ontheotherhand,goesdownasagreateramountofcontaminantisremoved.Theoretically,theleveloftreatmentshouldcorrespondtoapointatwhichtotalcostsoftreatmentandofdamagetotheenvironmentareminimizedorthebenefitsoffurthertreatmentareproportionallymuchsmallerthantheincreasedcost.Inreality,costsordamagesresultingfrompollutioncanrarelybeassessedintermsofdollars.Accordingtothepassage.Allofthefollowingcanbeobjectivesofpollutioncontrol reducingpollutingcontrollingalltherestrictingindustrialimprovingtheenvironmentandhumanWhatdoestheauthorthinkofthesecondapproachtopollutionitisthemosteffectiveoftheitiseffectiveinsomeitiseconomicalbutnotatallAccordingtothepassage,recentpollution-controllegislationaimsto controllessvisibleaswellaslesshazardouschemicalincreasethecostsofpollutioncontrolandwastematerialhavemorestrictcontroloverlessevidentbutoftendangerouseliminateallthehazardouschemicalandgaseousWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue,accordingtotheLawshavebeenmadetodeveloppollution-treatmentPollution-treatmentsystemshavebeeneffectiveinreducingthemassivetiesofwaterandairpollutants.MaterialsfromwastetreatmentprocessescanbemadeusefulThecostofpollutiontreatmentisproportionallysmallerthanthatofdamagetotheTheoverallpurposeofthepassageis todiscussthewaysofandproblemsinpollutiontogivesuggestionsaboutpollutioncontroltocompareandcontrasttheforeapproachestopollutiontodescribewhathasbeenachievedinpollutionQuestions6-Democracyissomuchapartofournationalidentitythatitalmostseemsabirthright.Buttheironyisthat,evenaswehopetospreaddemocracyelsewhere,weriskpreachingthevirtuesofaformofernmentwenolongerpracticeourselves.The ingelections,ourproudestcelebrationofdemocracy,willhighlightsomeofthethreatstoourernment“bythepeople”.Technically,everyvoteiscounted.Butwilltheballotyoucastreallymakeadifference?Notlikely,unlessyouliveinoneofabout17battlegroundstateswherethecontestbetween BushandSenatorKerrycouldeasilygoeitherway.Ifyoucomefromastatethatisalreadylockedupbyoneofthepartiesandmostofusdo-yourvotewon’tcarrymuchweight.That’sbecauseofouridiosyncraticelectoralcollegesystem.Ratherthanbeingelecteddirectlybythepeople,the wouldbechosenbyagroupofelectorsappointedbythestatelegislatures-withthenumberofelectorsdeterminedbythestate’stotalnumberofrepresentativestoCongressandU.S.Senators.ByallottingtwoSenatorstoeachstate,ourfoundersenabledsmallstatestowieldaninfluencegreaterthantheirpopulationsalonewouldwarrant,ensuringthatthemostpopulousstateswouldn’tdecideevery ialelection.Buthere’stherub:Whenitcomestothoseelectoralvotes,it’swinner-take-all(exceptinMaine,andNebraska).Getmorepopularvotes,evenifonlybyone,andyougraballofthestate’selectoralvotes.There’syetanotherwaythattheelectoralsystemunderminesourvote.In2000,the ialnslargelyignorethe33statesthatweren’tupforgrabs.EvenCalifornia,TexasandNewYork-statesofferingmanyelectoralvotesbutlittlepartisancompetition-fellbythewayside.Ifvictoryordefeatdependedonthepopularvote,thencandidateswouldhavetoworkforeachone.Instead,theydecidewhichstatesareiny,andgoafterthevoterthere.Theyrarelyvisitothercesandthemajorityofusdon’sexperiencearealn.Here’soneideathatcouldhelpusin ialInanumberofcountries,theyhaveasystemofdirectpopularvote,butwithacriticalprovision,intheeventthatnoonewinsbyamajority,theyholdan“instantrunoff”.That’sdonebyallowingvoterstoregisternotonlytheirfirstchoiceamongthecandidates,byalsotheirsecondandthird.ifarunoffisneeded(say,ifthewinneramongseveralcandidateshaslessthan50percentofvote).Youcaneliminatethecandidatewiththelowesttally,andtransferhisorhersupporterstothesecondchoiceontheirballots.Thisprocesscanyoutuntilthereisaclearvictor.Thissystemgiveweighttoevery ’svote-somethingoursystemofelectorswillneverdo.OnlyaConstitutionalamendment,however,canbringaboutthischange.Thefunctionofthequotationmarkinthelastsentenceofthe1stparagraphisto quotewhatsomebodyhasemphasizetheachievecreateasenseofThe17statesthecandidateswouldvisitinthenarethose lockedupbyoneoftheofferingmanyelectoralthatcouldeasilyfallbythewherethecompetitioncouldeasilyTheword“rub”inthe3rdparagraphmostprobably theactof (B)the(C)the (D)theingWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue,accordingtothesomepopularvotesmaycarrymoreweightthan eoftheelectiondependsontheelectoralonecanwintheelectiononlybygettingmorepopulartheelectoralsystempreventsthemostpopulousstatesfromdecidingeveryWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisispopularVoteMoreourElectionSystem:ATrueHowtoBattleThreatstoOurHowMuchDoesYourVoteReallyAmericansarefarmoresophisticatedaboutbeveragesthantheywere20yearsago.WitnesstheStarbucksrevolutionandyou’llknowwherethetrendgoes.Now,spurredonbyrecentstudiedsuggestingthatitcancuttheriskofcancerandheartdiseaseandretardtheagingprocess,teaisenjoyingasimilarjolt.Enoughchicteasalonsarespringinguptomakeevendie-hardcoffeedrinkersconsiderswitchingbeverages.Teaisavailableinmorecesthanever.“teawasoneofthemostprolificbeveragecategoriesin1999.”With24percentmoreproductsofferedoverthepreviousyear,reportsTomVierhileofMarketingInligenceService,whichtracksfoodandbeveragetrends.AndtheteaAssociationoftheUnitedStatesreportsthatfrom1990to1999,annualsalesofthedrinkgrewto$4.6billionfrom$1.8billion.“Greenteaisseenbyconsumersasa‘functionalfood’-deliveringhealthbenefitsbeyondsustenance,”saysVierhile.Recentlypublishedstudiespointoutthatnotallbrewsarecreatedequal.OnlyteasthatcomefromtheleavesofthentCamelliasinensis-Which,intheirrawstatearebrewedtomakegreentea,and,withcuring,canbeturnedintooolongandblacktealeaves-havebeenshowntocontainhealthbenefits.OtherherbalteasandinfusionsIna1998study,HarvardUniversityresearchersfoundthatdrinkingonecupofblackteaadayloweredtheriskofheartattackbyasmuchas44percentcomparedwithnon-teadrinkers,andotherstudieshavesuggestedthattheantioxidantsintheseso-calledrealteascanalsopreventcancer.OnesuchantioxidantingreenteaisECGC,acompound20timesaspowerfulasvitaminEand200timesaspowerfulasvitaminC.“Whenpeopleaskmeforsomethinggoodandcheeptheycandotoreducetheircancerrisk,Ilthemdrinkrealtea.”SaysMitcGaynor,directorofmedicaloncologyatNewYorkCity’sStrang-CornellCancerPreventionCentre.Amongthoseinspiredto eagreen-teadrinkerisTessGhilaga.AnewYorkWriterwhotookitupafterconsultinganutritionistsixyearsago.“I’veneverbeenacoffeedrinker..”saysGhilage,33,“shetoldmetostartdrinkinggreenteafortheantioxidantproperties.”NowGhilagaandherhusbandroutinelybrewtea–theyordertheirsfrom ,aninternettea,whichsellsavarietyofready-madeandrawteas.Alongwithgreen,black,andoolongtea,this sellsawidevarietyofherbalteasandoffersa“TeaoftheMonth”club.thissitesellshigher-endgreen.Blackandoolongteasandhasgoodtipsonproperstorageandpreparationoftea.Teadrinkerscanfindlinkstositesofferingtealore,suchasarticlesaboutteaceremoniesinforeignlands.Anexhaustive“frequentlyaskedquestions”filefoundsoutthesite.WhatdorecentstudiesrevealaboutteaManyteahouseshavesprunguptomeetthemarketDrinkingteacancuttheriskoflungcancerinTeaisratheramagicaldrinkingmaterialtoslowdowntheagingManydie-hardcoffeebrewershavedevelopedstrongsentimentstowardsWhatdidTomVierhileofMarketing ligenceServicedo,accordingtotheHereportedabouttheavailabilityofallkindsofteaaroundtheHetrackedthesourcesofteaandotherbeveragesinAsianHegavea ysisofprofessionalcategorizationofteaandotherHefollowedthetrendsofteaandotherbeverages ysetheminaprofessionalTheleavesofthentCamelliasinensis canbeusedtomakegreenteaorblackteaafterproperareturnedintooolongorblacktealeavesforthepurposeofhavepowerfulevidencetoshowitshealingpowerforcertaintastegoodyetdolittlemorethanwarmuptheAccordingtothepassage,whatisAmedicinemadefromgreenApowerfulsubstanceingreenAnadditiveessentialtogreenAspecialtreatmenttomakegreenIfyouareinterestedinteafestivals,whichwebsitewouldyoumostprobablysurf comQuestions16-Abluesedannearlysideswipesmycar.Thedrivergivesmeaweirdlook.Nowonder:I’matthewheelofaFordTaurus,withatangleofwirestapedtomyfaceandneck,arespirationmonitorstrappedaroundmychest,andabunchofothergizmossendingdataaboutmyvitalsignstocomputersstackedonthefrontandbackseats.IlooklikethestarofACommuter’sClockworkOrange.UniversityoflowerassistantprofessorofengineeringThomasSchnelliscrammedintotheseatbehindme.Schnellcreatedthislab-on–wheelstogaugehowamotorist’sbodyreactstodriving.Hewantscarmakerstousehisfindingstodesign“smart”carsthatmakedrivinglessstressful.I’mtakinghisrollingresearchfacilityofawhite-knuckleeveningspininChicago—hometosomeofthenation’sworstrush-hourtraffic-tolearnwhathappenstothehumanbodyduringalong,frustratingcommute.Soat5:15onaMonday,withastormwhipinoffLakeMichigan.Ipulloutofadowntownparkinglotandbegincreealonginterstate90,headingwestbehindalineofcarsthatstretchesasfarastheeyecansee.Nowandthen,thepacepicksup,justasquickly,itslowstoahalt,redbrakelightsglowinginthetwilight.IfIhadtodothiseveryday,I’dgrindmyteethtodust.After45minutes,SchnellandIhavegonejust10.Asthecarcrawlsalong.Schnelloccasionallyasks,“Whatisyourleveloffun?”Henotesmyresponses,someofthemunprintable,onaclipboard.Here’swhatthecomputersI’mtetheredtorecord:Ibeginbreathingharderandfaster.Myrespirationrateleapsfrom12to17breathsperminute.Myheatratejumpsfrom74to80beatsperminute.Theelectrodestapedtothemusclesinmyforeheadshowincreasedactivity(Translation:MybrowfurrowsandIsquintalot)WhileIwasinnodangerofkeelingover,myheartrateandothersymptomsofferedclearevidencethatIwasunderstress,saysRobertBonow,MD,oftheAmericanHeartAssociation(AHA).Overtime,thatstresscouldtakeaheavytoll.Ifyouareamongtheroughly113millionAmericanswhodrivetoworkeachday.You’reprobablygrimacingwithrecognition.Withtrafficcongestiongettingworseeachyear,anyonewhotravelsbycartotheofficeornt,orwhosimplyshuttleskidsfromschooltoviolinlessonstoslumberparties,maybeexposinghimselforherselftoserioushiddenhealththreats.Allthatcommutercombatisboundtoproducecasualties.“Peopleareexperiencingmorecongestionandweknowthat’sstressful,”saysColoradoStateUniversitypsychologistJerryDiefenbaker.Someresultsarepredictable.Recklessdriving–sometimesintheformofso-calledroadrage-isoftenspurredbytrafficfrustration.Consider41-year–oldChrisHeard.Themild-manneredengineerusedtoturnintoMadMaxeverydayashedrovethe ofcloggedroadsbetweenhishomeinBrookline,N.H.,andhisofficenearBoston.“itturnedmeintoaveryaggressivedriver,”hesays,“takingrisks,cuttingpeopleoff,drivingfastonbackroadstomakeupfortimeIlost,“theresultofhiscongestion-fueledfury?Astackofspeedingticketsandanumberofnearcollisions.Finallyhedidsomethingaboutit:Hefoundajobclosertohome.Accordingtothepassage,ProfessorThomasSchnellhascreatedhislab-on tomakeheartjumpfrom74to80beatspertomakerespirationrateleapfrom12to17breathspertolearnhowtomakedrivingenjoyableduringrush-hourtolearnhowadriverphysicallyreactstoWhywastheauthordrivingalonginterstate90onaHewastest-drivinghissmartHelikedtopickuphisdrivingHedidnotwanttobecaughtintheHewasdongitaThephrase″takeheavy″(para.6)isclosestinmeaningto grindone’s (B)damageone’s(C)increaseone’s (D)paymoreatthetollWhichofthefollowinginNOTtrueabout41-year-oldChrisHeusedtoyaroleina (B)Hegotastackofspeeding(C)Hefoundajobcloserto (D)HehadanumberofnearWhatisthebesttitlefortheAreYouaRecklessHowDoYouImproveYourDrivingAreyouDrivingYourselfHowDoyouDesignSmartCars?Questions21-25Transportationisthemovementorconveyingof sandgoodsfromonelocationtoanother.Ashumanbeings,fromancienttimestohe21stcentury,soughttomaketheirtransportfacilitiesmoreefficient,theyhavealwaysendeavoredtomovepeopleandpropertywiththeleastexpenditureoftime,effortandcost.Improvedtransportationhadhelpedmakepossibleprogresstowardbetterliving,themodernsystemsofmanufacturingandcommerce,andthecomplex,interdependenturbaneconomypresentinmuchoftheworldtoday.Primitivehumanbeingssupplementedtheirowncarryingofgoodsandpossessionsbystartingtodomesticateanimals-trainingthemtobearsmallloadsandpullcrudesleds.Theinventionofthewheel,probablyinwesternAsia,wasagreatstepforwardintransport.Asthewheelwasperfected,crudecartsandwagonsbegantoappearintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyabout3500BC,andlaterinCrete,Egypt,and.Wheeledvehiclescouldnotusethenarrowpathsandtrailsusedbypackanimals,andearlyroadsweresoonbeingbuiltbytheAssyriansandthePersians.Thegreatestimprovementsintransportationhaveappearedinthelasttwocenturies,aperiodduringwhichtheindustrialRevolutionhasvastlychangedtheeconomiclifeoftheentireworld.Cruderailways-horse-drawnwagonswithwoodenwheelsandrails-hadbeenusedinEnglishandEuropeanminesduringthe17thcentury.AlthoughitfirstappearedinEngland.TherailroadhaditsmostdramaticgrowthintheUnitedStates.Bymorethan4800kmofrailroadwerealreadyoperatingintheeasternstates,afigure40percentgreaterthanthetotalrailroadageofEurope.SinceWorldWar1,however,theU.S.railroadshavebeeninadecline,duepartlytotherapiddevelopmentofprivateauto s,trucks,buses,pipelines,andairlines.Thefirstnewmodeoftransportationtochallengetherailroadwasthemotorvehicle,whichwasmadepossiblebytheinvention,inthe1860sand’70s,oftheinternalcombustionengine.Theauto founditsgreatestpopularityintheUnitedStates,wherethefirst“horselesscarriages”appearedinthe1890s.twohundredmillionmotorvehicleshadbeenproducedinthenationwithin70yearsoftheirfirstappearance.Theauto becameinmanywaysasimportanttothe20thcenturyastherailroadshadbeentothe19th.Duringthesameperiodintercitybusestookoveralargeportionofcommercialpassengertravel,andtrucksbegancarryingagreatdealofthenation’sfreight.Althoughtheemphasisonfuelconservationwanedinthe1980s,fewdoubtthattheissuewillemergeagainwhenoilscarcitiesloom,astheydidinthe1970s.futurepossibilitiesincludeauto swithfargreaterfuelefficiencyandimprovedmass-transitsystems.Bothwilloccurnotonlyinresponsetooil-supplydisruption,butalsoasananswertoincreasingdemandsforcleanerair.Improvementsinmasstransitofferthemostpromiseforthefuture.Amtrak’s1993introductionoftheSwedishhigh-speed“tiltingtrain”shouldcuttraveltimebetweensomeEastCoastcitiesbyalmosthalf,oncetracksareentirelyelectrified.Fromthefirstparagraph,itcanbeinferredthattransportexertsagreatinfluenceonallthefollowingEXCET.economic (B)living(C)industrial (D)politicalThefirstsignificantprogressintransportinancienttimeswasattributedto themakingofcartsand (B)theconstructionof(C)theinventionof (D)thebuildingofAccordingtothepassage,therailroadfirstappearedin (B)(C) (D)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat therehadbeenoilcrisesinthethemotorvehiclesyedaleadingroleinthedeclineof sweremoreimportantthanenvironmentalprotectionwasmajorconcernindeveloWhatdosethepassagesayaboutthe“tiltingItcancarrymorefreightthanotherItrequiresitstrackstobeItsspeeddemandscleanerItscostisverylow.Questions28-30AvisitorfromBarcelonaarrivesataMadridernmentofficeinmid-afternoon.Andissurprisedtofindonlythecleaningladythere.“Don’ttheyworkintheafternoons?”heasks.“no,”shereplies,“theydon’tworkinthemornings.Intheafternoonstheydon’tcome.”LazyMadrid,busyBarcelona:itisjustoneofmanystereotypesaboutSpain’sgreatrivals.Mostly,thestereotypesarebornofBarcelona’sbitternessatitssecond-classstatus.BarcelonaisthecapitalofCatalonia,aproudlyautonomousregion,butMadridisthecapitalofSpain.Thiscausesresentment.ItmakesBarcelonathelargestcityinWesternEuropenottobeanationalcapital.Worse,Barcelona(Catalonia’scapitalsincetheninthcentury)regardsMadrid(acreationofPhilipⅡinthe16thcentury)asanupstart.And,afterbeingbossedaboutforsolong,whocanblamethem?OvertheyearsernmentsinMadriddidtheirbesttostripBarcelonaofpoliticalpower.TheytriedtosquashtheCatalanLanguage.Theyevendecidedwhatthemoderncityshouldlooklike:in1860anorderfromMadridoverruledBarcelona’schoiceofnforitsbigexpansion,andoptedforagridlayout.Barcelonahastheliberalismthatoftencharacterizesportcities.AsCatalansseeis.WhileMadridbathesinbureaucracy,Barcelonagetsonwithbusiness.Anold-fashionedseriousnessinMadrid,isolatedhighuponSpain’scentralteau,contrastswiththelight-heartednessofBarcelona,opentoEuropeandaggressivelyavant-garde.Upontoapoint,theseoldcaricaturesstillholdtrue.Novisitortoernmentbuildingsinthetwocitiescanfailtobestruckbythecontrastbetweenthem.InMadrid,therearecreakywoodenfloord,antiquefurnitureandwallscoveredwithpaintingsbySpanisholdmasters.InBarcelona,thecityofGaudiandMiro,designerchairsandtablesareevidenceofthece’sobsessionwithmodernism.MeetingsoftheCatalancabinetareheldinroomwithalarge,modernpaintingbyAntoniTapies.Andyet,thesedays,thesimilaritiesbetwocitiesareatleaststrikingasthecontrasts.Madridishardlylazyanymore.Visitorsfindithardtokeepupwiththepaceofthece.Norisitold-fashioned.Indeed,ithas almostoutrageouslymodern.Tojudgebythelocalcuisine,youwould