外文翻譯道路照明將率先使用低能耗的發(fā)光二極管照明技術(shù)-畢業(yè)論文

Low-EnergyLEDLightingIs“StreetsAhead”BERwaystoexploittheadvantagesofLED(light-emittingdiode)technologyinstreetlightingaTTEreexpectedtoemergefromcollaborationbetweenuniversityresearchersandanLEDlightingspecialistcompany,bothintheUK.LEDsfirstappearedindigitalwatchesandcalculatorsinthe1970s.Today,thetechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitcanbeusedtocreatedurableandcommunity-friendly,low-energystreetlighting.Thebenefitsincludelong-lifeexpectancy(upto100,000hours)togetherwithincreasinglyhigh-lightoutputinrelationtotheirsizeandenergyconsumption,makingLEDsarealisticalternativetoconventionalsodiumvapourunitsforgeneralanddirectionallighting.AndbecauseLEDsaresosmall,thepossibilitiesformanufacturerstocreatesleeker,smaller,lightweightluminariesaregreatlyextended.Importantly,LEDsarealsoenvironmentallyfriendlyandsafe.Theycontainnoglass,filamentsormercuryandsocanexperiencenoneoftheexplodingfailuresassociatedwithhalogenandHID(highintensitydischarge)lamps.Andtheyarefreefromthecostandrestrictionsofmercurydisposalthatisinvolvedwithsodiumvapourunits.Operatingatlow-voltagedirectcurrentensurescompleteconsumersafety.ColouredLEDmodulesareveryvividandevenmoreenergy-efficientthanwhitelightunits.InthelatestjointprojectbetweentheUniversityofManchester,northernEngland,andLEDlightingspecialistDialightLumidrives-acompanyfoundedbyasuccessfulformerstudentoftheuniversity-researchersintheSchoolofElectrical&ElectronicEngineeringareusingtheirexpertisetoinvestigatehowtightlypackedgroupsofLEDscanbemadetoworksafelyandreliably.LightingsolutionsthatuseLEDsinthiswayhavethepotentialtoreduceenergyconsumptionby25-50percent,dependingontheapplication.Butthermalandelectricalissuesatlightinglevelsof12,000lumensandabove(atypical60whouseholdlightbulbproduces800lumens)arebarrierstothewideradoptionofLEDtechnology.TheuniversityengineerswillbeworkingwiththeYork-basedDialightLumidrivestotackletoughissuessuchastheamountofheatgeneratedbyLEDspackedcloselytogether.BecausetheLEDmoduleswillbeusedoutside,theywillneedtoconsiderpracticalenvironmentalfactors,suchasthepossibilityofbirdsnestingoveravitalheatsink.Anotherhurdleispresentedbytheregulationsthatgovernaspectssuchasglareandlightpollution;directingtheLEDlightsourcesspecificallyontotherequiredareawillformaseriouschallenge.Theone-yearprojecthasbeenfundedbyagrantof175,000poundsfromtheUKgovernment,matchedbyasimilaramountcontributedbyDialight.Akeyaimoftheprojectistodevelopasolutionthatisveryreliablebutnotprohibitivelyexpensive.DrRogerShuttleworth,fromthePowerConversionGroupatManchesterUniversity,said:“LEDtechnologyfirstcametoprominenceininstrumentdisplaysinthe1970s,butweareincreasinglyseeingitusedinthingsliketrafficsignalsandcarlights.“Towardstheendofthe20thcentury,theold-fashionedsodiumstreetlightsthatmadeeverythinglookorangeweregraduallyreplacedbyhigh-pressuresodiumlamps.Whilethesearebrighterandmoreaestheticallypleasing,andcanhelptacklestreetcrimeandanti-socialbehaviour,theyarealsolessenergyefficient.“Withtheenvironmentatthetopofthepublicandpoliticalagenda,energysavinghasbecomeaveryimportantissue.WhenyouconsiderhowmanystreetlightsthereareintheUKalone,itiscleartherearesomebigopportunitiesforenergyandcostsavings,”headded.DialightLumidrives’managingdirectorGordonRoutledgestudiedelectricalandelectronicengineeringattheUniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience&Technology(UMIST),graduatingin1996.Heexplained:“LEDsareontracktobecomeamajorsourceoflightingoverthenextdecade.Althoughsignificantinvestmentison-goinginthecoredevelopmentoftheLEDs,thesurroundingtechnologydevelopmentisbeinglefttomanufacturerswhohavelittleknowledgeofelectronicsorLEDs.“WeareproudtobeworkingwiththeUniversityofManchestertodeveloptechnologywhichwilldrivetheadoptionofthisrevolutionarylightingsourceineverydayapplications,”headded.Althoughhigh-pressuresodiumvapourstreetlighting-commonacrossmuchofEurope-givesanefficiencyofabout85lumensperwatt,heclaimedthatLEDtechnologywasalreadyontracktoexceed150lumensperwattandpredictedthisfigurewouldrisefurtherasnewsemiconductordevelopmentsoccur.Aswellascuttingenergyconsumptionandoverallrunningcosts,researcherssaythatLEDstreetlightinghelpsreducelightpollution;theskyglowthatradiatesfrombigcitiescouldbecomeathingofthepast.ItisalsoproposedthatLEDstreetlightingcouldbecontrolledanddimmedwhennecessary.TheirlongerlifespanmeansthatLEDstreetlightsneedtobereplacedlessoften,reducingpotentialtrafficdisruptionandcouncilrepairbills.ThelifetimeoftheLEDmodulethatthecollaboratorsareworkingonisinexcessof10yearsinaroadlightingapplication,somefourtimeslongerthanaconventionalstreetlight.AlthoughLEDsdoexperienceagradualandpermanentreductioninlightoutputduringtheirnormaloperatinglife-causedeitherbyareductioninthelight-generatingefficiencyoftheLEDdie,orareductionoftheopticalpathwithintheLEDpackage-theDialightstreetLEDsareexpectedtoprovideabout70percentoftheiroriginallightoutputafter50,000hoursor10years,providedthattheyarenotoverdriven.Thisisnotassignificantasitsoundsbecausethehumaneyeisrelativelyinsensitivetochangesinlightoutput,andareductiontoabout50percentisnecessarytocreateanoticeablechange.Itis,saysthecompany,easytoconvertexistingstreetlightingtoanLEDsourcebecausenoelectronicsskillsarerequired.IthasbeendevelopingandexploitingLEDtechnologyforlightingapplicationsforalmostfiveyears,withasuccessfulproducerangesuppliedtomanyoftheworld’sleadingequipmentmanufacturers.道路照明將率先使用低能耗的發(fā)光二極管照明技術(shù)英國(guó)的一所大學(xué)的研究人員和一個(gè)發(fā)光二極管（LED）專門企業(yè)合作，期望能夠開(kāi)發(fā)出將LED技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)利用在道路照明中的最佳方法。LED最先于上世紀(jì)70年代出現(xiàn)在數(shù)字手表和計(jì)算機(jī)中。今天，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)取得了進(jìn)步，可以用來(lái)制造耐用、低能耗且對(duì)社區(qū)友好型的道路照明設(shè)備。其好處有：預(yù)期壽命長(zhǎng)（可達(dá)100,000小時(shí)），根據(jù)型號(hào)大小以及能量消耗率逐漸增加高亮度輸出，對(duì)于普通照明和指示燈來(lái)說(shuō)，可以用LED來(lái)實(shí)際替代傳統(tǒng)的鈉蒸汽單元。而且，由于LED體積是如此之小，所以制造商用它來(lái)制造更加圓滑、體積更小、輕量級(jí)的發(fā)光體的可能性就大大增加了。重要的是，LED對(duì)環(huán)境友好，而且還安全。它不含玻璃、燈絲或汞，所以不會(huì)發(fā)生由于鹵素或高強(qiáng)度電流（HID）而導(dǎo)致燈具爆炸的情況。同時(shí)，它成本低，也不會(huì)受到由于鈉蒸汽單元而帶來(lái)的汞處理限制。低壓直電流操作可以完全保證消費(fèi)者的安全。彩色的LED模塊可以使顏色非常逼真，而且比白熾燈單元更具能源有效性。LED照明專門公司DialightLumidrives的創(chuàng)立者是曼徹斯特大學(xué)校友，該公司最近和這所英格蘭北部的大學(xué)開(kāi)展了合作計(jì)劃。來(lái)自大學(xué)電氣與電子工程學(xué)院的研究人員正在利用他們的專業(yè)知識(shí)，研究如何使緊密壓縮在一起的一組LED能夠安全、可靠地工作。用LED來(lái)提供照明解決方案的方式如果得到應(yīng)用的話，可以使能源消耗量減少25－50％。但是當(dāng)需要12,000流明（一只典型的60瓦家用照明是800流明）或以上的照明時(shí)，發(fā)熱和其它與電相關(guān)的問(wèn)題將成為采用LED技術(shù)的障礙。曼徹斯特大學(xué)的工程師們將會(huì)和位于約克郡的DialightLumidrives公司一道，解決一些比較難攻克的問(wèn)題，如緊密壓縮在一起的一組LED所產(chǎn)生的熱量。由于LED模塊會(huì)被用在戶外，所以需要考慮實(shí)際的環(huán)境因素，如關(guān)鍵的散熱片上被鳥(niǎo)筑巢的可能性。還有一項(xiàng)需要克服的困難就是規(guī)章問(wèn)題。規(guī)章中規(guī)定了燈的刺眼程度和光污染限制；明確規(guī)定了LED光源可以安裝的區(qū)域。這些都造成了嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn)。這項(xiàng)為期一年的計(jì)劃得到了來(lái)自英國(guó)政府175,000英鎊的資助，Dialigh公司也提供了同等數(shù)量的資金。計(jì)劃的一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)就是，開(kāi)發(fā)出一種十分可靠而低廉的解決方案。曼徹斯特大學(xué)電能轉(zhuǎn)換部（PowerConversionGroup）的RogerShuttleworth博士說(shuō)：“發(fā)光二極管技術(shù)首次顯示出其卓越性是在上世紀(jì)70年代的器具顯示上，隨后我們?cè)絹?lái)越多地看到發(fā)光二極管被用在諸如交通信號(hào)燈和汽車燈這樣的事物上?！薄暗?0世紀(jì)時(shí)，讓所有東西看起來(lái)都呈桔色的老式鈉路燈逐漸被高壓鈉燈所取代。這些高壓鈉燈發(fā)光更明亮，而且符合視覺(jué)審美，還能幫助解決街頭犯罪和反社會(huì)行為，同時(shí)耗能低?！彼盅a(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“隨著環(huán)境問(wèn)題被提到了國(guó)家和政府日程的首要位置，節(jié)省能源成了一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題。如