計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語05-Microprocessors-Overview

計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語05-Microprocessors-Overview1WhereisaCPUlocated?2.Whatdoyouknowaboutthefirstmicroprocessor?3.Tellussomethingabout8080and80884.Whatis80286,80386and80486?5.TellmesomethingaboutPentiumI,II,IIIandIV.Warm-upExercises2microprocessor微處理器desktop桌面server效勞器brand品牌CPU中央處理器chip芯片discretecomponent離散成分WordsPreparation3portableelectroniccalculators可移植電子計(jì)算

execute執(zhí)行code代碼

assemblylanguage匯編語言WordsPreparation4Thecomputeryouareusingtoreadthispageusesamicroprocessortodoitswork.Themicroprocessoristheheartofanynormalcomputer,whetheritisadesktopmachine,aserveroralaptop.ThemicroprocessoryouareusingmightbeaPentium,aK6,aPowerPC,aSparcoranyofthemanyotherbrandsandtypesofmicroprocessors,buttheyalldoapproximatelythesamethinginapproximatelythesameway.Ifyouhaveeverwonderedwhatthemicroprocessorinyourcomputerisdoing,orifyouhaveeverwonderedaboutthedifferencesbetweentypesofmicroprocessors,thenreadon.Text5Amicroprocessor--alsoknownasaCPUorcentralprocessingunit–isacompletecomputationenginethatisfabricatedonasinglechip.ThefirstmicroprocessorwastheIntel4004,introducedin1971.The4004wasnotverypowerful--allitcoulddowasaddandsubtract,anditcouldonlydothat4bitsatatime.Butitwasamazingthateverythingwasononechip.Priortothe4004,engineersbuiltcomputerseitherfromcollectionsofchipsorfromdiscretecomponents(transistorswiredoneatatime).The4004poweredoneofthefirstportableelectroniccalculators.Text完整計(jì)算引擎單個芯片上制成1971年首次引入加減一次處理4位6ThefirstmicroprocessortomakeitintoahomecomputerwastheIntel8080,acomplete8-bitcomputerononechip,introducedin1974.ThefirstmicroprocessortomakearealsplashinthemarketwastheIntel8088,introducedin1979andincorporatedintotheIBMPC(whichfirstappearedaround1982).IfyouarefamiliarwiththePCmarketanditshistory,youknowthatthePCmarketmovedfromthe8088tothe80286,the80386,the80486,thePentium,thePentiumII,thePentiumIIIandthePentium4.AllofthesemicroprocessorsaremadebyIntelandallofthemareimprovementsonthebasicdesignofthe8088.ThePentium4canexecuteanypieceofcodethatranontheoriginal8088,butitdoesitabout5,000timesfaster!Text在市場上引起震動執(zhí)行任何代碼7Tounderstandhowamicroprocessorworks,itishelpfultolookinsideandlearnaboutthelogicusedtocreateone.Intheprocessyoucanalsolearnaboutassemblylanguage--thenativelanguageofamicroprocessorandmanyofthethingsthatengineerscandotoboostthespeedofaprocessor.Text8LaptopcomputerAuserinterfacetosystemservices,usuallyiconandmenubasedliketheMacintoshFinder,enablingtheusertorunapplicationprogramsanduseafilesystemwithoutdirectlyusingthecommandlanguageoftheoperatingsystem.Aportablepersonalcomputerofasizesuitabletorestcomfortablyonone'slegs.Alaptopissmallerthana"luggable"(portable,butnotcomfortably)butbiggerthana"palmtop"(easilycarriedinonehandorashirtpocket).Toshibawereoneofthefirstcompaniestoproducelaptops,inabout1989.KeyTermsDesktopmanager9(1)Aprogramwhichprovidessomeservicetoother(client)programs.Theconnectionbetweenclientandserverisnormallybymeansofmessagepassing,oftenoveranetwork,andusessomeprotocoltoencodetheclient'srequestsandtheserver'sresponses.Theservermayruncontinuously(asadaemon),waitingforrequeststoarriveoritmaybeinvokedbysomehigherleveldaemonwhichcontrolsanumberofspecificservers(inetdonUNIX).TherearemanyserversassociatedwiththeInternet,suchasthoseforHTTP,NetworkFileSystem,NetworkInformationService(NIS),DomainNameSystem(DNS),FTP,news,finger,NetworkTimeProtocol.OnUnix,alonglistcanbefoundin/etc/servicesorintheNISdatabase"services".Seeclient-server.KeyTermsServer10(2)Acomputerwhichprovidessomeserviceforothercomputersconnectedtoitviaanetwork.Themostcommonexampleisafileserverwhichhasalocaldiskandservicesrequestsfromremoteclientstoreadandwritefilesonthatdisk,oftenusingSun'sNetworkFileSystem(NFS)protocolorNovellNetwareonPCs.Anothercommonexampleisawebserver.KeyTermsServer11AssemblylanguageInstructionsforacomputerinsomeprogramminglanguage,oftenmachinelanguage.Theword"code"isoftenusedtodistinguishinstructionsfromdata(e.g."Thecodeismarked'read-only'")whereas"software"isusedincontrastwith"hardware"andmayconsistofmorethanjustcode.Asymbolicrepresentationofthemachinelanguageofaspecificprocessor.Assemblylanguageisconvertedtomachinecodebyanassembler.Usually,eachlineofassemblycodeproducesonemachineinstruction,thoughtheuseofmacrosiscommon.Programminginassemblylanguageisslowanderror-pronebutistheonlywaytosqueezeeverylastbitofperformanceoutofthehardware.KeyTermsCode12QuestionsWhereisaCPUlocated?Whatdoyouknowaboutthefirstmicroprocessor?Tellussomethingabo