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管理類專業(yè)聯(lián)考的―、―編、等證的 冪學(xué)2015年管理類專業(yè) SectionIUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AsformercolonistsofGreatBritain,theFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesadoptedmuchofthelegalsystemofGreatBritain.Wehavea―commonlaw‖,orlawmadeby amonarchorothercentral ernmental2 likealegislature.Thejury,a3ofordinarycitizenschosentodecideacase,isan4partofourcommon-lawsystem.Useofjuriestodecidecasesisa5featureoftheAmericanlegalsystem.FewothercountriesintheworldusejuriesaswedointheUnitedStates.6thecenturies,manypeoplehavebelievedthatjuriesinmostcasesreachafairerandmorejustresult7wouldbeobtainedusingajudge8,asmanycountriesdo. 9ajurydecidescasesafter―10‖,ordiscussionsamongagroupofpeople,thejury‘sdecisionislikelytohave manydifferentpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds,whomustasagroupdecidewhatisJuriesareusedinbothcivilcases,whichdecide12among13citizens,andcriminalcases,whichdecidecasesbroughtbytheernment14thatindividualshavecommittedcrimes.JuriesareselectedfromtheU.S.citizensand15.Jurors,consistingof16numbers,arecalledforeachcaserequiringajury.Thejudge17tothecase18theselectionofjurorstoserveasthejuryforthatcase.Insomestates,19jurorsarequestionedbythejudge;inothers,theyarequestionedbythelawyersrepresentingthe20underrulesdictatedbystatelaw.1.A.otherB.ratherC.moreD.or2.A.B.C.D.3.A.B.C.D.4.A.B.C.D.5.A.B.C.D.6.A.B.D.7.A.B.C.D.8.A.B.C.D.9.A.B.C.D.10.A.B.C.D.11.A. C.D.12.A.B.C.D.13.A.B.C.D.14.A.B.C.D.15.A.B.C.D.16.A.B.C.D.17.A.B.C.D.18.A.B.C.D.19.A.B.C.D.20.A.B.C.D.SectionII PartADirections:Readthefollowingpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextIntheworldof ,usersareeitherkingsorlemmings.That'stheconclusionofanewstudy,thelargesttoyzehowinformationspreadsacrosssocialnetworks—andwhodoesthespreading.Thedebateabouthowideas,opinions,andbehaviorsradiatewithingroupsofpeoplegoesbackdecades.Accordingtotheso-calledinfluential‘shypothesis,madepopularbybookssuchasTheTipPointbyMalcolmGladwell,asmallnumberofhighlyinfluentialpeopledrivemostofthespread.Forexample,ifthepopularkidsinahighschoolget sandalltheotherkidssoonfollow,thehypothesissaysthatitwasbecauseoftheswayofthecoolkids.Butcriticscounterthatinfluentialindividualsyonlyaminorrole,andwhatmattersiswhetherpeoplearesusceptibletothenewidea.Thedebatehasremainedunsettledbecausestudyingpeerinfluenceisnotoriouslydifficult.Studiesoftherealworldaremessyandrarelyallowforcontrolledexperiments,whereassocialexperimentsinlaboratoriesareexpensiveandinvolvecontrivedsituations.So,researchersareturningtoonlinesocialnetworkssuchas.Suchapproachesmakeiteasytotrackthebehaviorofhugenumbersofpeople,whilethird-partysoftwareapplications,orapps,allowresearcherstorunvirtualexperimentson users,oftenfor.Totestpeerinfluence,SinanAralandDylanWalker,economistsatNewYorkUniversity'sSternSchoolofBusinessinNewYorkCity,useda appthatallowsuserstorateandmendmovies.(AralandWalkerarekeetheidentityoftheappattherequestofthe ,buttheysaythatitissimilartoFlixster.)Asusersin ctwiththeapp—forexample,yougivethe2011movieTheTreeofLifefouroutoffivestars—itsendsmessagestoarandomselectionofyourfriendsnotifyingthemoftheratingandprovidingalinktotheapp.Themorefriendsthatadopttheappafterreceivinganotificationfromyou,thegreateryourinfluence.Theshorterthetimeperiodbetweenreceivingnotificationandadoptingtheappyourself,thehigheryourRealityseemstofallsomewherebetweeninfluenceandsusceptibility.Botharebutcontagiondependedonthealtraitsofthepeople,theteamreportsonlinetodayinScience.Forexample,peopleolderthan30weremoreinfluentialthanthosewhoareyoungerthan30,andpeopleofthesameagehadthemostinfluenceoneachother.Womentendedtoinfluencemenmorethantheyinfluencedeachother.Butmostsurprisingly,influenceandsusceptibilityalmostneveroccurredinthesame.AtleastintheFacebooknetwork,thereareonlytrendsettersandfollowers.WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMalcolmGladwellprobablyagreesomekidsaremorelikelytobeinfluencedbytrendisoftencreatedbysomeimportantmostpeoplemaybeinfluencedbyafewwhoarefollowingthefashionmaybeamajorityofpeople‘sTheexperimentishardtobeconductedduetoallofthefollowingreasons nonaturalhighchaoticWecanlearnfromtheparagraph4 influenceisbasedonmorethanonetherearebothsimilarityanddifferenceindeterminingpowerandthelengthoftimeshowsothers‘sensibilitytocertainthemovie?TheTreeofLife‘isbyallmeansworthItisimpliedinthelastparagraph differentpeoplemayydifferentrolesinfluenceandsusceptibilityarenowtheconcernofageandgenderallhavesomethingtodowithitisunlikelyforonetoexertimpactsonothersTheauthor‘sattitudetowardsthephenomenoncanbedescribed TextBoysarenolongerlaggingbehindgirlswhenitcomestoreadingability,accordingtoanewreport.Afterexaminingthereadinghabitsofover210,000primaryandsecondaryschoolchildrenfrom1,237schoolsacrosstheUK,theWhatKidsareReading2012reportfoundthatthegapbetweengirls'andboys'readingabilitiesappearstobeclosing."Wecannolongerclaimthatboysreadatalowerlevelofdifficultythangirlssooverallunder-achievementmustbecausedbyotherfactors,"wrotethereport'sauthorProfessorKeithTopofDundeeUniversity.Althoughinsomeacademicyearsgirlsarecontinuingtooutperformboys,onbalanceacrossyearsoneto11thereadinggenderdivideisclosing,thereportsaid.Usingsoftwaretoyzethelevelofdifficultyofbooks,researchersfoundthatacrossallyears,therewerefourcaseswhenthedifficultylevelofbooksreadbyboyswasgreaterthangirls,threecasesgirls'difficultywasgreaterthanboys,andtwocaseswhereitwas"Inthefirstyears,childrenarereadingverydifficultbookswithahighdegreeofsuccess–itiswonderfulwhatreadingmotivatingbooksdoesforchildren,"saidTop,aprofessorofeducationalandsocialresearch.Fromyearnine,however,theaveragebookdifficultyleveldeclines,whichhecalled"alarming".RoaldDahlremainedthemostpopularwriterforchildren,followedbyyoungchildren'sauthorRoderickHunt.JeffKinney'sbestsellingDiaryofaWimpyKidseries–"notableforitsrelativelyhighreadability",saidthereport–propelledhimintothirdce,whileFrancescaSimoncamein ,"provingthepopularityofherHorridHenryseriesamongstboys".JKRowlingwasfifth,withAllanAhlberg,StephenieMeyer,JacquelineWilson,MichaelMorpurgoandDavPilkeyroundingoutthetop10."AllenAhlberghaslostagooddealofpopularityfromlastyear,butstilldoesrelativelywell,especiallywithgirls,"wroteTop."Forgirls,StephenieMeyerisnowmoreorlessequalwithJacquelineWilson.Forboys,DavPilkey,MichaelMorpurgoandRobertMuchamorefeature.Girlstendedtochoosebookswithfemalerolemodels."LicyconsultantBevHumphreysaidthepopularityofMuchamoreandWimpyKidcreatorKinneyamongschoolchildrenwas"pleasingtonoteastheywritevery'boyorientated'books,andthefacttheyaresohighonthereportbucksthepreviouslyperceived'boysdon'tread'trend".Topurgedteacherstobeawareofthe"markeddifferences"inreadingpreferencesbetweengirlsandboys,andstressedtheimportanceof"sustainingahigherlevelofchallengeinchildren'sreading",particularlyastheytransfertosecondaryschool,wherethedifficultyofbooksbeingreaddropsaway."Boysaremoreinterestedinnon-fictionbutneedencouragementtoreaditcarefully,"heconcluded."Boysareparticularlylikelytoreadbooksthataretooeasy,andtheirreadingneedsclosermonitoringthanthatofgirls.Evenhigh-achievingreadersdonotchallengethemselvesenoughastheygrowolder."Thewordagigintheparagraph1maymeanA.fallingB.slowingC.hangingD.Wecanlearnfromtheparagraph2thatweakreadingabilityonceaffectedsomestudents‘thedatagatheredfromthesurveycannotbereadinghabitsdoinfluencesomestudents‘a(chǎn)cademicboysatthepresent-dayschoolovershadowgirlsinWhichofthefollowingstatementsisboys‘readingabilityincertaingradeiseclipsedbystudents‘readingdifficultydecreasesasgradegetsgirlspreferreadingbooksfullofwomanyoungkids‘a(chǎn)uthorsarenowmorepopularthanscienceItisimpliedintheparagraph6 thereasonofsomebooks‘popularitystillremainsboysarenotinterestedinwhatishappeninginfashionboysarekeenonreadingsomebooksrelatedtotheirpeopleinbooksareusuallynicerthanwhattheyreallyWhatisprobablythemostsuitabletitleofthisreadingmakesafullboysclosingreadinggapwithwellbegun,halfnotallthatglittersisTextThoughWilliamShakespeareoncewrotethatalltheworld‘sastage,theonlineworldisnowevolvingintoaseriesofgamesinstead.Gamification,theintegrationofgamedesignconceptsintonon-gamescenarios,isgrowingincreasinglypopularinthebusinessworld.Thoughstillanexperimentalbusinessstrategy,gamificationisexpectedtobeusedby70%oftheworld‘s2000largestcompaniesinsomeformby2014andgenerate$2.8billioninconsumerspendingby2016.Ifyou‘veeverrackedupfrequentflyer,checkedtherewardpointsonyourcreditcard, ethemayorofalocalrestaurantonFoursquare,you‘vealreadyparticipatedinabasicformofgamification.Butcompaniesarefindingnewwaystointroducegameelementsthatwillchangehowweshopandhowwework.―Gameshavebeenaroundaslongashumancivilizationhasbeenaround.Theytapintosomeverydeepandfundamentalaspectsofourpsychology,‖saysKevinWerbach,authorofthegamificationbookFortheWin.―Ifyoucanbuildsomethingusingthatstructureofgames,withfeedbackandanabilitytoprogresstowardmastery,ithasaverypowerfulresonanceforManybig-namecompanieshavealreadygottenintothegame,asitwere.LastyearCoca-ColalaunchedaHpinsQuest‖throughitsvendingmachinesinJapan.PeoplecanusetheirsmartphonestoscanaQRcodeonthemachines,whichwillthencreateavirtualvendingmachineavatar.yerscanthenearnpointstocustomizetheirvending-machinecharacterbyscanningmoreCokemachines.Theycanalsoearnbadgesbyfindingmachinesonholidaysoratlunchtime.Smallercompaniesarealsogamifying.Sneakpeeq,adiscountonlineretailerthatspecializesinboutiqueitems,hasbuiltitsentireuserinterfacearoundgamificationbypartneringwithBadgeville,a thatprovidesgamemechanicstoolstobusinesses.Usersearnpointsonthesitebyflipoveravirtualpricetagto―peeq‖atthedealthewebsiteisofferingonaproduct.Gainmorepointstomoveuptheleaderboard,wherethetopusersarerewardedwithdeeperdiscounts.Userscanalsoearnbadgesformakingmultiplepeeqsorbuyingacertainnumberofitemsinamonth.Someofthebadgesleadtofurtherdealswhileothersarejustforvirtualbraggingrights.Justcasuallybrowsingthesiteleadsuserstoquicklystartaccumulatingpointsandbadges,whichSneakpeeq‘sdevelopershopewillenticeuserstoreturn.―WerealizethatoursiteisnotanAmazon,‖saysNeilGandhi,Sneakpeeq‘sseniorsoftwareengineer.―YougotoAmazonbecauseyouknowwhatyouwanttobuy.Onoursite,whatwe‘retryingtoencourageisforyoutoincreasediscoveryandincreasethetypeofproductsthatyoulookat.‖ThesayingofWilliamShakespeareinthebeginningisusedtoexinthereasonsofintroducethetopictobedescribeagreatandadmirabledepictvarioustechniquesinworkEnterprisesaredevisingnewgamefactors helppeopletoredefinetheirgivepeoplemoreconfidenceinbuyingandWecanlearnfromtheparagraph3 people‘sthinkingisgreatlyinfluencedbygamesandcivilizationareallindispensabletopeople‘sdesireforvictoryisusuallypeopleoftenechowithsomethingthatinspiresTheauthor‘sattitudetowardsonlinegamescanbedescribed A. B. C. D.Thebesttitleofthispassagemay LetbygonesbeTimeandtidewaitfornoHerecomesthenewgameHistoryalwaysrepast Irollthrougharedlightifandonlyifnopedestrianisinthecrosswalkandnocaristheintersection—thatis,ifitwillnotendangermyselforanybodyelse.Toputitanotherway,Itreatredlightsandstopsignsasiftheywereyieldsigns.Afundamentalconcernofethicsistheeffectofouractionsonothers.Myactionsharmnoone.Thismoralreasoningmaynotswaytheofficerwritingmeaticket,butitwouldpassthetestofKant‘scategoricalimperative:Ithinkallcyclistscould—andshould—ridelikeme.Coheniscertainlynotalone.StudiesinBrazilhavefoundthatnearlytwoinfivebikeridersinfringeonredlightlaws.In thatfigureiscloserto56percent.Sofarresearchershavefailedtoconnectthebehaviorwithincreasedcrashrates,butit'sbeennotedasamongthemostbothersomebehaviorstoothersontheroad,andakeycontributortonegativeportrayalsofbikeridingbythemedia.Sowhydoridersdoit?AgroupofAustralianresearchersrecentlyposedthatquestiontoroughly2,000people—manyconcentratednearMonashUniversity,inMelbourne—intheformofanonlinesurvey.Inan ingissueofthejournalAccidentysisandPreventiontheresearcherscitethreemainreasonsforthebehavior:theneedtoturn,thefailureofasignaltorecognizethematanintersection,andtheabsenceofothersontheroad.Alltoldthesurveyfoundthatroughly37percentofcyclistsinAustraliahadcommittedared-lightinfringement.Aboutathirdofthisgroupsaidtheyrantheredtoturnleft.(InAustralia,asinEngland,peopledriveontheleft,soaleft-turninthissurveyisequivalenttogoingrightonredintheUnitedStates.)Aboutaquarterinfringedbecausethelightneverrecognizedtheirpresenceatanintersectionandthereforeremainedredunnecessarily.Alittlemorethanaquartersaidtheyranreds,likeCohen,becausenooneelsewasaround—withabout17percentsayingtheykeepgoingthroughasignalwhenthereweren'tanycarsontheroad,andabout11percentsayingtheydothesameinacrosswalkiftherearen'tanypedestrians.Onlyafewrespondentssaidtheydiditbecausetheythoughtitwassafe(4percent)andveryfewsaidtheyalwaysranredsregardlessofthesituation(lessthan1percent).Asforbreakingalawyoudon'tagreewith,readersarelefttodecideforthemselveswhetherCohen'sactionsareindeedethical.Sure,someriderswillexercisegreatjudgmentandsavetime.Thenagainotherswillmakepoordecisionsandcreatemoreconfusion(and,towardbikeriders,resentment)thanalreadyexistsoncitystreets.Sometrafficlawsmaybeinefficientorjustinwrong,butlettingeveryoneontheroaddecidewhichonestohonordoesn'tseemallthatright.Itisimpliedintheparagraph1 harmlessimpactsonothersshouldnotberegardedasrollingthroughredlightsissomethingviolatingtrafficofficersarealwayswritingtrafficviolatorsticketsanythingthatdoesnotendangerothersshouldbeseenasWhichofthefollowingdescriptionsisTrueaccordingtotheparagraphmanypeopleviolatetrafficthereisnolinkbetweenthebehaviorandtrafficpedestriansaresickofthemediausuallygiveanegativedescriptionofTheword ing‖intheparagraph3may head-Itseemsthattheauthor‘sattitudetowardstrafficoffenses Thebesttitleofthepassagemay solutionsandactionsonnotorunningredyestonewgivemelibertyorgivemePartDirections:Readthefollowingtextsandanswerquestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Justrecently,weweretalkingaboutthebizarreclaimsbySherryTurklethatsocialnetworkingmakesusmorelonelybecausewespendlesstimealone(don'ttrytomakesenseofit).Soonafterthat,theAtlanticpublishedanequallyvapidfeaturearguingthatleadstoloneliness.Thesekindsofargumentsshowupeverysooften,andtheyalwaysseemsupportedbyanecdotalevidence.Perhapsthat'sbecausetheactualevidencesuggestsit'saloadofcrap.BoingBoingpointsustoagoodpiecebyClaudeintheBostonReviewnotingthattheideathatwe'relivinginanageofincreasinglonelinessiscompletehogwashandnotsupportedbythedataatall.First,thearticlenotesjusthowmanyarticlesandbookshavebeenclaimingtheopposite.Itseemsthatclaimingthatwe'reallgettingmorelonelyisalucrativenichesectorforthepublishingindustry.It'soneofthosethingsthatlotsofpeoplewanttobelieve,sobooksthatsupportthatworldviewareapparentlyquitepopular.hascompiledabunchofdatalookingattheirsocialconnectionsfrom1970to2010,andfindsthat"Overall,Americansreportednomorelonelinessinthe2000sthantheydidinthe1970s."Itistruethatthenatureofsocialrelationshipshaschanged,butthedifferenceisjustdifferent,not"bad."Theresults,whichIcompiledinStillConnected(2011),showthatsomeaspectsofsocialinvolvementhavechangedsincethe1970s.Inparticular,Americansthesedayssitdowntofewerfamilydinnersandhostguestsintheirhomeslessoften;eatingandsociabilitycontinues,butoutsidethehome.Americanscommunicatemorefrequentlywiththeirrelativesandfriends.CriticallyAmericansarenotdiscerniblymoreisolated—fewwereisolatedatanypointinthosedecades—andAmericansremainjustasconfidentofthesupportfamilyandfriendsprovide.Whattheresearchreallyshowsisthattechnologyisatool,andpeopleuseitforavarietyofpurposes.Someuseittoavoidcontactwithpeople,whileothersuseittoincreasetheircontactwithpeople.Youcan'tblamethetechnologyforhowpeopleuseit.Thetechnologyjustamplifiestheindividualaspectsofdifferentpeople:PeopleusingtheInternet,moststudiesshow,increasethevolumeoftheirmeaningfulsocialcontacts. municationsdonotgenerallyrecein-contact.True,seriousintrovertsgoonlinetoavoidseeingpeople,butextrovertsgoonlinetoseepeoplemoreoften.Peopleusenewmedialargelytoenhancetheirexistingrelationships—say,bysendingpicturestograndma—althougha ingstudyshowsthatmanymoreAmericansaremeetinglifepartnersonline.InternetdatingisespeciallyfruitfulforAmericanswhomayfaceproblemsfindingmates,suchasgaysandolderwomen.Finally,peoplelresearchersthatelectronicmediahaveenrichedtheiralrelationships.Dr.Leeassertsthatpeopletypicallyturnnewintodevicesforngwhattheyhavealwayswantedtodo.Andpeopleliketostayintouch.Acenturyago,Americans,especiallywomen,turnedtwonewmarketedforotherpurposes,theephoneandauto,into―ofsociability.‖DevelopersoftheInternetmeantittobeatoolforthemilitaryandforscholars,andonlyafewimagineditmightevenservebusiness.NowusershavemadetheInternetalargelysocialtechnology.AsTompointsout,t

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