AmericanNaturalism美國(guó)文學(xué)自然主義

AmericanNaturalism美國(guó)文學(xué)自然主義演示文稿目前一頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)NaturalismItisamoredeliberatekindofrealism,involvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Thenaturalistwritersattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity（遺傳）.RepresentativewritersareStephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondonandTheodoreDreiser.

TheRedBadgeofCouragebyCraneSisterCarriebyDreiser目前二頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)AmericanNaturalism

1.Origin(1)Industrialism:createdalargegroupofverypoorpeople;livedinslumsandcouldnotcontroltheirlives;self-reliancedisappearedinthefastdevelopmentofeconomy(2)TheOriginofSpecies(CharlesDarwin,1859)godlessworld,humanbeast,thesurvivalofthefittest,cruelnaturallawcorrespondwithcruelsocialrealities目前三頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)AmericanNaturalism

(3)HerbertSpencer:SocialDarwinism(humancontrolledbyheredityandoutsidesocialpower)(4)Howells’“smilingaspect”realismseemstoogenteelandevenfalse.Theterm“naturalism”wascreatedbyFrenchwriterEmileZola,whoinfluencedofFrenchnaturalism;TolstoyandTurgenevcametoAmericanliterature.2.Naturalismisapessimisticformofrealism,aharsherone,withdeterministicviewofmanandsociety.目前四頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)AmericanNaturalism

3.Naturalistsattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Theworldwasamoral,andpeoplehadnofreewill.4.Significance(1)Breakingthroughsomeforbiddenareainliterature(violence,death,sex,etc.)(2)Greatlyinfluencingthe20thcenturywriterssuchasHemingwayandFaulkner.目前五頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)StephenCrane(1871-1900)

ThePioneerofAmericannaturalism1893Maggie:AGirloftheStreets,theFirstAmericanbookwithoutproviding“wayout”ormoralizingonsocialinjustice(resistanceofherslumlifeandatlastsuicide)1894TheRedBadgeofCourage(HenryFlaming,ayoungfarmerboy,thechangesofayoungman’spsychologicalstateintheCivilWar)目前六頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)StephenCrane1895TheBlackRiders(poemcollection)1897“TheOpenBoat”,“TheBlueHotel”1898poems:“WarIsKind”,etc.CraneandEmilyDickinsonweretwoforerunnersofImagism.Basicmotif:environmentandheredityoverwhelmmen目前七頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)AManSaidtotheUniverse

Amansaidtotheuniverse:

"SirIexist!"

"However,"repliedtheuniverse,

"Thefacthasnotcreatedinme

Asenseofobligation."目前八頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)AManSawaBallofGoldAmansawaballofgoldinthesky;

Heclimbedforit,

Andeventuallyheachievedit--

Itwasclay.Nowthisisthestrangepart:

Whenthemanwenttotheearth

Andlookedagain,

Lo,therewastheballofgold.Nowthisisthestrangepart:

Itwasaballofgold.

Aye,bytheheavens,itwasaballofgold.目前九頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)ISawaManIsawamanpursuingthehorizon;

Roundandroundtheysped.

Iwasdisturbedatthis;

Iaccostedtheman.(招呼，搭訕)

"Itisfutile,"Isaid,

"Youcannever--"

"Youlie,"hecried,

Andranon.目前十頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)IWalkedinaDesertIwalkedinadesert.

AndIcried,

"Ah,God,takemefromthisplace!"

Avoicesaid,"Itisnodesert."

Icried,"Well,But--

Thesand,theheat,thevacanthorizon."

Avoicesaid,"Itisnodesert."

目前十一頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)IntheDesertInthedesert

Isawacreature,naked,bestial,

who,squattingupontheground,

Heldhisheartinhishands,

Andateofit.

Isaid,"Isitgood,friend?"

"Itisbitter--bitter,"heanswered;

"ButIlikeit

Becauseitisbitter,

Andbecauseitismyheart."

Bestial['bestj?l]

adj.殘忍的，野蠻的，缺乏智慧的

目前十二頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)TheOpenBoatHumanbeingsinfrontofnaturaldisasterNatureandman:indifferentBrotherhood目前十三頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)FrankNorris(1870-1902)AleaderoftheNaturalismmovement.Norrisbelievedthatanovelshouldserveamoralpurpose."Thenovelwithapurpose,"heexplained,"bringsthetragediesandgriefsofotherstonotice"and"prove(s)thatinjustice,crime,andinequalitydoexist."1899McTeague,tellshoweconomiccircumstances,alcoholism,heredity,andchancecompelamantobecomeamurderer.目前十四頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)Wheattrilogy：TheOctopus:AStoryofCalifornia(《章魚》1901):theconflictofpowerofNature(thefarmers)andthemechanicforces(therailroad),andthefarmersaredefeatedby“inevitable”economicforcesThePit:AStoryofChicago(《深淵》1902)

Hischaractersareoftenunabletocontroltheirownlives.Theyaremovedaroundbypassionsorbyfate.Thewholeworld,naturalandhuman,isabattlefieldbetweenuncontrollableforces.TheWolf:AStoryofEurope(unfinished)目前十五頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)TheodoreDreiser(1871–1945)Life(1)Indiana,German-speakingfamily(2)Extremelypoorchildhood(3)WorkedasareporterandhisfirstbookSisterCarriewasrejectedmanytimes(4)Inhislaterlife,heturnedtoCommunism.目前十六頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)Works(1)SisterCarrie(CarrieMeeber,Drouet,Hurstwood,Ames;nocontrolofherownlife;drivingblindlytocatchallopportunitiestomakelifebetter)(2)AnAmericanTragedy,themasterpieceofDreiser

(ClydeGriffiths)(3)CowperwoodtrilogyHisinfluenceisevidentintheworksofSherwoodAnderson,SinclairLewisandErnestHemingway目前十七頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)Analysis(1)SocialDarwinism(manonlydrivebydesire;onlyfittestcanliveinthesociety)(2)Style:formless,dull,crude(粗糙的),solemnandponderous(笨重的),“theworld’sworstgreatwriter”(3)PowerfuldepictionofAmericansociallifeandmovingcharacters目前十八頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)JackLondon

(1876–1916)LifeborninSanFranciscolivedinthelowestpartofsocietyinhisyouthdecidedtochangehislifebyintellectualefforthisworkswererejectedmanytimesatlastsucceededandbecameamillionaireFameandupperclasslifemadehimfeelboring;committedsuicide目前十九頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)Works1903TheCalloftheWild(storyofBuck,adog)WhiteFang(storyofawolf)1904TheSeaWolfMartinEden,autobiographicalAsolidcraftsman,esp.ofshortstories“Loveoflife”目前二十頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)3.Analysis(1)SocialDarwinism,Neitzcheansuperman,socialistdoctrinesofMarx(2)NaturalismmingledwithRomanticism(3)Limitations:formless,clumsyyetvigorousstyle;stiffandstereotypedcharactersanddialoguesSympathetictreatmentoftheconvictandtramp,hencecalledthe“spokesmanoftheworkingclass”目前二十一頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)O.HenryOriginalname:WilliamSidneyPorterHewasgoodatwritingclevershortstoriesandemployNewYorkCityasthebackground.Hisstoriesshowedhissympathywiththelowerclass.Healwayscreatedthespecialeffectdescribedas“tearswithsmile”forhisstoriesandalwayswithsurprisingendings.Hisfamousstoriesinclude“TheGiftoftheMagi”,“TheLastLeaf”and“TheCopandtheAnthem”.HisshortstoriesaresomewhatlikethoseofFrenchwriterMaupassant.目前二十二頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)E.A.Robinson(1896-1935)1896ChildrenoftheNight1910TheTowndowntheRiver“ErosTurannos”(meansinGreek:Love,theTyrant)“RichardCory”“MiniverCheevy”目前二十三頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)RichardCoryWheneverRichardCorywentdowntown,Wepeopleonthepavementlookedathim:Hewasagentlemanfromsoletocrown,Cleanfavored,andimperiallyslim.

Andhewasalwaysquietlyarrayed,Andhewasalwayshumanwhenhetalked;Butstillheflutteredpulseswhenhesaid,"Good-morning,"andheglitteredwhenhewalked.

Notes:“cleanfavored”mayimplyboththatCoryiswellgroomedandthatheisclearlyamanofprivilege.Conservativelybutverywelldressed目前二十四頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)Andhewasrich—yes,richerthanaking—Andadmirablyschooledineverygrace:Infine,wethoughtthathewaseverythingTomakeuswishthatwewereinhisplace.

Soonweworked,andwaitedforthelight,Andwentwithoutthemeat,andcursedthebread;AndRichardCory,onecalmsummernight,Wenthomeandputabulletthroughhishead.目前二十五頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)Questions:WhatkindofmanisRichardCory?Whatkindofmanisthespeaker?Whatisthespeaker’sattitudetoRichardCory?WhathappenedtoRichardCoryandwhy?目前二十六頁(yè)\總數(shù)二十九頁(yè)\編于十點(diǎn)MiniverCheevy

MiniverCheevy,childofscorn,Grewleanwhileheassailedtheseasons;(猛烈攻擊)Heweptthathewaseverborn,Andhehadreasons.

Miniverlovedth