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諺語是人民群眾口頭上流傳的通俗而含義深刻的固定語句，它是人們對生產(chǎn)經(jīng)行分類提出了消除的策略以此來提高人們對于英語諺語以及生活中女性：女 ；英語諺語；文Aproverbisasimpleandconcretesaying,popularlyknownandrepeated,thatexpressesatruthbasedoncommonsenseorthepracticalexperienceofhumanity,anditisthecollectivewisdomofthemasses.Likeothercountries’proverbs,Englishproverbsarepartoftheessenceoflanguage.ItisatreasureofBritishandAmericanlitureandart.Women’sdiscriminationinEnglishproverbsisatruerepresentationofgenderdiscriminationinsociety.Thephenomenonofdiscriminationagainstwomeninsocietyisinevitablyreflectedintheuseoflanguage.IthasgreatsignificanceinEnglishlearningandAlargenumberofwomen’sdiscriminationexistsinEnglishproverbs.Itismainlycausedbyculturalandotherfactors.ThepurposeofthisthesisistointroducethefeaturesofEnglishproverbsandtherelationshipbetweenEnglishproverbsandculturebymeansofysis,comparison,statistics,inductionanddeductionandalsotodiscusstheculturalfactorsofthewomen’sdiscriminationinEnglishproverbs,suchas:theinfluenceofhistory,religion,conventionalideas,patriarchsystemsandcourtesy.Onthisbasis,thisthesisclassifiesthewomen’sdiscriminationinEnglishproverbsandalsomakesanattempttosuggestsomefeasiblestrategiestoeliminateoratleastweakenthewomen’sdiscriminationinEnglishproverbs.Thefinalaimofthisthesisistodeepentheunderstandingofwomen’sdiscrimination,andeventuallyleadtotheharmoniousdevelopmentofsocietyandlanguage,withmorevaluableadviceforfurtherresearch.:women’sdiscrimination;Englishproverbs;摘 ChapterOne Research Outlineofthe ChapterTwoEnglishProverbsand Definitionof FeaturesofEnglish TheRelationshipBetweenEnglishProverbsand ChapterThreeAStudyonWomen’sDiscriminationinEnglishProverbsfromtheofCulture CulturalFactorsofWomen’sDiscriminationinEnglish TheInfluenceof TheInfluenceof TheInfluenceofConventional TheInfluenceofPatriarchSystemsand Women’sDiscriminationinEnglish AboutWomen’sWisdomand AboutAppleof About ChapterFourSuggestedStrategiesofReformingWomen’sDiscriminationinEnglishProverbs StrivingforGenderNeutralizationinEnglish ImprovingWomen’sSocial ChapterFive ChapterOneThegenderdiscriminationinlanguagehasremainedaseriousconcernamonghumanisticscholars.Althoughgreatprogresshasbeenmadesincethe17thcentury,genderdiscriminationremainsinlanguagelittleimproved.Withthedevelopmentofhumansociety,manyscholars,athomeandabroad,havebeenattemptingtoexploretheessentialreasonsforgenderdiscriminationinlanguageandfindaneffectivewaytoeliminateit,andgainingsignificantadvancementsinthefield.Asanimportantpartoflanguage,proverbsareactuallycommoncarriersofcultureandinparticularsomeessentialfactorsofculture.ThisthesisaimsatinvestigatinggenderdiscriminationcontainedinEnglishproverbstorevealthoseculturalfactorscontributingtothislinguisticculturalphenomenon.ThroughacarefulysisofthegenderdiscriminationinEnglishproverbs,inthisthesis,thatconventionalculturesaretheessentialfactorsfortheshaofisminEnglishproverbs,andtheseculturalfactorstakeeffectsonthesociety.Aslanguageitselfisneutral,itisenduedwithsocialandculturalvaluesbythepeoplewhocreateanduseit.Genderdiscriminationinpeople'smindsandbehaviorisnaturallypermeatedintothelanguagewhichtheydependontoexpressideas,thoughts,feelingsandmanners.Asaresult,proverbsasanimportantpartoflanguagecometobeapermanentvehicleofgenderbiasinhumansociety.istlanguageistheembodimentofinequalitybetweenmenandwomeninsociallife.Thus,weakeningoreliminatingthegenderdiscriminationinproverbsdependsonpromotingasenseofequalityandcarryingonsocialreformessentially.Itisonlywhenwomenhaveabsoluteequalitywithmenthatdiscriminationagainstwomencanbeweakenedandthencompleyeliminated.Meanwhile,theauthortakestheviewthattherewillbelessorevennogenderdiscriminationinlanguage,especiallyproverbs,duetotheimprovementsofwomen’sstatuswhichdependslargelyonsocialdevelopmentinthenearfuture.Withthesocialadvance,women’ssocialstatuswillbeimproved.Thoseoldproverbswhichcontainismwilldisappeargraduallyandsomenewproverbswilltaketheircetoencouragewomen’simportantrolesinsociety.Thisthesisconsistsoffivechapters.Chapteroneisanintroductionpart.Chaptergivesthedefinitionsofrelatedtermssuchasproverb,cultureandsoon,andthenmakesabriefreviewoftherelationshipbetweenEnglishproverbsandculture.Chapterthreemakesadetailedysisofwomen’discriminationinEnglishproverbs.ChapterfourfocusesonsuggestionStrategiesofreformingwomen’sdiscriminationinEnglishproverbs.Andchapterfiveistheconclusionpart.Itisuniversallyacceptedthatlanguageandcultureareinterrelated.Women’sbeinganimportantandspecialgroupinoursocietymakestheirlanguagebywhichwemeanbothlanguageusedtodescribewomenandlanguagetypicallyusedbywomen-revealcertainsocialandculturalbackgrounds.Unfortunay,genderdiscriminationagainstwomeninEnglishhaslongbeenneglectedbythemostofhumanisticstudies.Thus,thisstudycanhelpdeepenpeople'sunderstandingofthecompactofcultureoneverydayspeech,andalsotakeanall-roundviewofisminlanguageaswellasculture.Alltheseattemptscanstimulateourconcernwithwomen’slivingconditions.Women’sdiscriminationinlanguageisaseriousissueinresearchfield.Thisthesischoosestostudythe isminproverbsfromacultural,mainlybecauseproverbsareanessentialpartoflanguageandproverbsareactuallyatypicalcarrierofculture.Theyareamorerepresentativeandmorepersuasivevehicleofresearchingongenderdiscriminationinlanguageandculture.Throughinvestigation,theauthortriestoshowlanguageincludingproverbshasacloserelationwithconventionalculture,thatismwhichwillscluestotheweakeningoreliminatingofthewomen’sdiscriminationinlanguageaswellasproverbs,andalsocontributeanewtofurtherresearchonthisissue.ChapterTwoEnglishProverbsandAsanimportanttoolforhumancommunication,languageandcultureareinseparable.Women’sdiscriminationinEnglishproverbsreflectsinequalitybetweenmenandwomen.DanishlinguistJespersenpointsoutthatEnglishisthemostmasculinelanguageintheworldheisfamiliarwithinhisbookDevelopmentandtheStructureofEnglish.Spendergeneralizedthatinequalityphenomenoninthelanguageisasfollows:"unlessthereareexceptionstoprove,theworldistheworldofmen,theunmarkedformofmale,womenaremarkedform."DefinitionofForthepurposesoffurtherdiscussionconcerningtheproverb,thetwotermsmustbecarefullydefinedfirst.Thetermlanguage,aswehavealreadyknow,referstothecomplexBycomparison,alanguagereferstoanyoneoftheseveralthousandsystemsoforalcommunicationusedbydifferenthumansocieties.Puttingitsimply,languagereflectstheideas,customsandbehavioroftheirsociety.Itisthesymbolicrepresentationofapeopleanditcomprisestheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundaswellastheirapproachtolifeandtheirwaysoflivingandthinking.Proverbsexistinallhumanlanguages.Althoughweareveryfamiliarwithproverbs,itishardtomakeacorrectdefinitionfortheterm"proverb".Andmanyauthoritativedictionariesprovidevariousdefinitions.AccordingtoOxfordAdvancedLearner'sEnglish-Dictionary(edition),aproverbis"ashortwell-knownsayingthatstatesageneraltruthorgivesadvice".CollinsCOBUILDAdvancedLearner'sEnglishDictionary'sdefinitiongoeslikethis"Aproverbisashortsentencethatpeopleoftenquote,whichgivesadviceorlsyousomethingaboutlife."Basedonthevariousdefinitionsofferedbydifferentdictionaries,wecandrawaconclusionthataproverbisakindoftraditionalsayingwhichusuallyexpressesatruthbasedoncommonsenseortheagelesshumanexperienceofthepeople.Itispopularlyknownandrepeatedbypeoplefromgenerationtogeneration.FeaturesofEnglishAsafullypolishedlanguageform,proverbincludesrichculturalconnotation.ItnotonlyreflectstheculturebutalsospreadthecultureTheproverbrepresentstheculturalfeatures,includingsocialcustoms,habitsandvalues.Customisaspecificsocialcultureareathatallpreviousdynastiespeopleabidebypatternsofbehaviororspecifications.Customsaffectedeverylifeinthewayofpeople'semotionandbehavior.Includemanyaspects,customsareassociatedwithmanysocialside,anownameandmarriagecustom.Everylanguageisareflectionofacertainculture,theyaresubordinationandsubjecttocertainculture,andeverylanguageandculturecanreflectcertainvalues.Valuesandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageculturesasobjectiverelationship.Proverbsaretheessenceoflanguageblind-part,everycountryandnationhasitsownproverbs,theyareconcise,conditionsandcustoms,andpeople'svariousexperienceandwisdom,itisthenationalcultureofcolorfulgems.WesternvaluesarealsoreflectedintheEnglishproverbs.Tosumup,EnglishproverbsareessentialpartsofBritishandAmericanlanguageandculture.Itisabeautifultreasureofnationalculture.CulturalvaluesreflectsomeBritishandAmericansocietywhichisbasedonindividualismculturevalues.Specificbodynowthetimevalues,valuesofindividualism,moneyworshipvaluesandvaluestoforgeahead.ConceptofvalueofwesterncultureintheEnglishproverbsprojectionfromonesidetoremindpeopleincontactanduse.Englishproverb,whichcontainsimplicitvaluestoconsider,wemustraisetheirsensitivitytoculturalvalues,todistinguishtheculturalvaluesofpositivefactorsandnegativefactorsconsciously.TheRelationshipBetweenEnglishProverbsandForthepurposeofmakingafurtherdiscussionconcerningtherelationshipbetweenEnglishproverbsandculture,wemusttakeafewwordstodefinethetermcultureandalsotherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguagefirst.Thetermculturereferstoallthematerialandspiritualwealthcreatedandaccumulatedbyhumanbeingsinthecourseofsocialdevelopment.Andbothmaterialandspiritualcultureyanimportantroleininfluencingpeople'sthoughtsandbehavior.Itisuniversallyrecognizedthatcultureandlanguagearecloselyrelated.Ontheonehand,languageisanessentialpartofculture,andisconsideredtobethecarrieraswellasrepresentationofculture.NowcometotherelationshipbetweenEnglishproverbsandculture.Asmentionedabove,languageandculturehaveanintimaterelationship.Ontheonehand,languageisinfluencedbyculturegreatly,andisconsideredtobethecarrieraswellasrepresentationculture.Ontheotherhand,languageexertsaninfluentialinctiononculture.SinceEnglishproverbspossessanessentialpositioninlanguage,itisclearthatEnglishproverbsalsohaveacloserelationwithculture.Theyarealsoconsideredasareflectorofculture.Differentnationshavedifferentbeliefs,traditionalvalues,andlifestylesandsoon,andthesedifferenceswillbeembodiedintheirlanguagesseparay.Likewise,itleadstotheuniquenessofEnglishproverbsineachculture.Forinstance,Britainisanislandcountrywhichisencircledbythesea,anditspeoplemainlyliveonfishingandsailing.Thus,thereexistabundantEnglishproverbsrelatedtoit,suchas"Giveamanafish,andyoufeedhimforaday;showhimhowtofish,andyoufeedhimforalife.","Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandysthegame."andsoon.AlltheseexamplesshowthatcultureinfluencesEnglishproverbs,andEnglishproverbsembodycultureinreturn.ChapterThreeAStudyonWomen’sDiscriminationinEnglishProverbsfromtheofCultureTheInfluenceofIntheWest,religiouslanguageandtraditionshaveoftenexcluded,discriminatedagainst,andnegativelydefinedwomen.Theoldtestamentofthebible,genesis,godfirstcreatedthemanAdam,afraidofthemanfeellonely,justmadeoneofman'sribsintothewomaneve,sothewomanjustattachedto"he”.Godcreatedtheirownhandsmanisthesourceofallthings,isthemasteroftheworld,thedominant,andnaturallywomenmadebyAdam’sribsinruledce.Moreover,evecouldn'tresistthetemptationofSatantostealtoeattheforbiddenfruit,makehumaninsuffering,womenhavesinceand"simple,irrational,betrayal,deception,closelyconnectedtoevil,andnegativetemptation."TaketheisminthepatriarchalBibleas"ThisisthebookofthegenerationsofAdam.InthedaywhenGodcreatedman,hemadehiminthelikenessofGod.Hecreatedthemmaleandfemale,andheblessedthemandhenamedthemManinthedaywhentheywerecreated."---Genesis"Wives,besubjecttoyourhusbands,astotheLord.AsthechurchissubjecttoChrist,soletwivesalsobesubjectineverythingtotheirhusbands."---Ephesians"AsinallthechurchesofGod'speople,thewomenshouldkeepquietinthemeetings.Theyarenotallowedtospeak;astheJewishLawsays,theymustnotbeincharge."---Corinthians"Letawomanlearninsilencewithfullsubmission.Ipermitnowomantoteachortohaveauthorityoveraman;sheistokeepsilent.Adamwasformedfirst,thenEve;andAdamwasnotdeceived,butthewomanwasdeceivedandbecameatransgressor."---Inshort,theBibleisbynomeansgender-neutral.Itpresentsfrombeginningtoendathoroughly"androcentric",anditoftenleavesittothereadertodecidewhatapplicationtowomenorwhatinclusionofwomenisimplied.TheHolyBibleisactuallyabookofmen.AsChristianityissuchapowerfulreligioninWesterncountries,itisunreasonabletodenythishelpstosetandconsolidatetheinferiorpositionofwomen.Tosumup,thereligioninwesterncountrieshaveundoubtedlyattributedtotheisminEnglish.TheInfluenceofInthematriarchalsocietywomenyanimportantroleinmaterialproduction,laidthefoundationtheyrespectedbysocialeconomy.Butwiththedevelopmentofproductivityandtheemergenceofprivateownership,men’seconomicstatusrisequickly,matriarchalsystemisrecedbythepatriarchalclansystem.Manbecamethedominateroleofthesociety,womanisman'saccessories,asabreedingmachine.EngelsintheFamily,PrivateOwnershipandNationalOrigin,alsopointsoutthatbecauseofthe"matriarchyoverturned...husbandalsomasteredtheauthorityinthehome,thewifebeendiminished,enslaved,easlavetoherhusband, etoolstogivebirthchildren.""Inthefamily,thehusbandisequivalent,whilethewifeisproletariat."Widespreadprejudiceagainstwomen,thinkwomenareweak,vanity,ignorance.Societywithmoralityandlaw,maintainandsupportsocialphenomenonofdiscriminationagainstTheInfluenceofConventionalSocietyysakeyroleinisminEnglish. ingmenandwomenisaquestionthatgoesbeyondbiology.Socializationbeginsatbirthshamaleandfemalechildrentobehavethemselvesinappropriateways.Childrenreceivedifferenteducationaccordingtotheiresathomeaswellasintheschools.Tobebornfemaleinthisculturemeansthatyouareborn"tainted,"thatthereissomethingintrinsicallywrongwithyouthatcanneverchange,thatyourbirthrightisoneofinnateinferiority.Thefamilyisgenerallyseenasacentralsitewherechildrenconstructtheirsenseofself.Manyfamiliesarestilltraditionalintermsoftheirdivisionoflaborby.Choresgiventochildrenorperformedbyparentsprovidecluesaboutwhatadultsconsiderappropriateforeach.Atayoungagechildrenarealreadypracticingforadultrolesofmaleandfemale.Fromthetimetheirchildrenareborn,mothersandfatherstreatmalesandfemalesdifferently.Parentshavedifferentexpectationsofboysandgirls.Eveninsomechildren’sliture,boysarepicturedasstrong,braveandadventurous,whilegirlsarepicturedaskind,gentleandweak.InAmerican,womenaretheequalsofmenineverywaytheoretically.ManyforeignersvisitingtheUnitedStatesforthefirsttimetendtobelievethatAmericanwomenareonthetopoftheworldwhentheyseewomenintheUnitedStatesactivelyparticipatinginallwalksoflife.Butinfact,anynumbersofstudiesshowthatAmericanwomen,nomatterhowbrilliant,arenottakenasseriouslyasmen.ThroughoutthehistoryofU.S.A,womenhavebeenfacedwithbalancingtheproductiveandreproductivework.Regardlessofcontributionstothefamilyandthesociety,theirsocialstatusremainedessentiallyunchanged.NumericallyamajorityofwomeninAmericahaveexperiencedandarestillexperiencingunequaltreatmentinsignificantways.Theyareassignedprescribedroles,anddonotasoftenworkinthemostprestigiousoccupations,orearnasmuchmoney,orenjoypositionsofequalsocialstatusasmen.Biasedsocialattitudescontinuetokeepwomenintheirtraditionalce,andmenandwomenngthesamejobsarenotpaidequally.TheInfluenceofPatriarchSystemsandDowomenhavethesamedegreeofchoiceconcerningmarriageasmendo?Inmanycountriesmarriagesarearranged,andneitherspousehasagreatdealofchoice;buttherealsoaremanycircumstancesinwhichwomen-particularlyyounggirls-aredbytheirfamiliestomarrymenwhohavebeenchosenforthem.Insomecultures,leviratemarriage(marriageofawidowtoherhusband'sbrother)isstillpracticed,andthequestionarisesastowhetherthewidowistorefuse.Thelackofemploymentopportunitiesforwomenandcomparativelyloweconomicstatusalsoysignificantrolesinthedecisiontomarry.Inmostsystems,whenchildrenwereborntomarriedcouples,fatherstraditionallyhadsolerightstomakedecisionsconcerningthem.Day-to-dayresponsibilityforcareofthechildren,however,frequentlyrestedwiththemother.Inthewesterncountries,itseemsimpolitetocongratulateonanengagedfemalebecauseitmaymakehermistakethecongratulationforthethoughtthatitisdifficultforhertofindarightmantobeengaged.Butifthesamecongratulationisgiventotheengagedmale,hemaynothaveanymisunderstandingsatall.Attheweddingceremonyinthechurchinthewesterncountries,thepriestinthechurchalwayssays,"Inowpronounceyoumanandwife,"insteadof"husbandandwife".Woman eman'swifeaftermarriageandlostherdependentstatuswhilemanremains"man"butnot"husband"aftermarriageandstillkeepshisdependentstatus."Ladyfirst"isapopularformincrossgendercommunicationinthewesterncountries.Menareoftensupposedtohelpwomeninmanyaspects,suchas:openthedoor,removethechairandcallthetaxi,etc.Thetraditionalformalityseemstogiveaprioritytowomen.Infact,itderivesfromtheconceptthatwomenareweakerandneedprotection.Thisformalityenswomen’sawarenessofpassivityanddependence.TheproverbsisthegenesofthelanguageandhascloserelationstoculturethattrulyreflectthecolorfullifeofpeoplethroughouthistoryThatareshortsayingsoffolkwisdomofwell-knownfactsortruthsexpressedsuccinctlyandinawaythatmakesiteasytoremember.Itmayprovideinterestinglittleglimpsesorcluestopeople'sgeographyhistorysocialorganization,socialviews,andattitudes.Proverbs,asacomponentofthelanguageandaproductofculture,willundoubtedlyreflecttheinequalityofmenandwomen.Itportraywomenas"idlechatterbox""weak""lous""stupid"greedyandfrail".ThisisevidencedinthefollowingmisogynousproverbsconcerneddifferentaspectsaboutwomeninEnglish.Intheolddays,women’ssocialroleandstatuswereneverimportant.Womenwereconsideredastheattaentandpropertyofmen.Theyhaveno e,sotheyhavetoeconomicallydependontheirhusbands.Inthecolonialperiodandthepre-industrialyearsaftertheindependenceoftheRepublic,thehouseholdwasthebasicunitofproductioninAmericansociety,basedonprivateproperty,forexample,asmallshoporapieceofland.Self-sufficientagriculturewastypicalofeconomythen.VastmajorityofAmericanfamilieslivedinisolatedruralareas,wheremostadultmenwerefarmersandmostwomenfarmwives.Inthattypeoffamily,husbandandwifehadclearlydefinedroletoy.Thehusbandtoiledinthefieldswhilethewifebustledabouthouseholdchores.Bothwerecentraltothemaintenanceofthedomesticeconomy.Thehusbandshadtontandcultivatefields,buildfences,chopwoodforthefirece,harvestandmarketcrops,andbutchercattleandhogstoprovidethehouseholdwithmeat.Astheheadofthefamily,thehusbandmanagedthefinancesandheldlegalauthorityovertherestofthefamily.Thewife'schores,ontheotherhand,wereenormouslycomplexandarduous.Shewasexpectedtoprepareandservemeals.Thecuringofmeatandthepicklingandpreservingofvegetablesandfruitswereherresponsibilities,aswerethegarden,dairy,andpoultryyard.(ZhangCongyi,2005)Thefollowingaresomefamousproverbsreflectingwomen’ssocialroleinThefootonthecradleandthehandonthedistaffisasignofagoodIfthehusbandwerenotathome,thereisIfyousellyourpursetoyourwife,giveyourbreechesintotheAwoman’sworkisneverAmanofstrawisworthofawomanofAboutWomen’sWisdomandTheexclusionofwomenfromeducationandthusfromlicyisnotsimplyaside-effectofeconomiccircumstances,butawayofkeethefemaleinherce一dependentanddomesticated,bothphysicallyandmentallyBeingdeprivedoftherighttoreceiveeducation,womenwererelatedto"stupid"and"shortofwit"inEnglishproverbs,despitetheirgreatcontributionstothescienceandliture.Whenanassclimbsaladder,wemayfindwisdominWomen,windandfortuneareeverNothingdriessofastasawoman'sWomeninstateaffairsarelikemonkeysinglassAwoman'sadviceisnevertoSevenwomenintheirrightsensesaresurpassedbyamadAbouttheAppleofMythsoffemaleevilarefoundintheearlystrataofhumanculture.Inmanymyths,thefemaleisseenastheenemyofharmony,goodorder,andfelicityinhumanaffairs.Malemythologynotonlymakeswomanresponsiblefortheadventofevilintheworld,butitalsotranslatesfemaleevilintoanontologicalprinciple.Thefemalecomestorepresentthequalitiesofmateriality,irrationality,carnality,andfmitude,whichdebasethe"manly"spiritanddragitdownintosinanddeath.ItseemsthatwomenweretroublemakersandincarnationofevilinEnglishproverbs.WomenarethedevilsofMan,woman,anddevilarethethreedegreesofNowarwithoutaNodevilwassobadasshe-WomenarethesnaresofAbouttheInthepastaswellasatpresent,marriagestatusdoesmeanmoretowomenthantomen,andmarriageysamuchmoreimportantroleinwomen’slifethaninmen’slife.Inthepast,womenhadlittleaccesstoworkandtheywereconsiderednoteligibletoworkoutside.Theywereeconomicallydependentontheirhusbands.Theywereinsomesensesubordinatetotheirhusband.Eventoday,inmostfamilies,menstillyamoreimportantrole.Althoughwomencanworkoutside,ingeneral,theybringhomeonthewhole,themoneymadebyawifeisabout60%thatofherhusband's.Therefore,ahusbandisstillamoreprominentfigureinafamily.Marriageisbeneficialtomen.Whencomparingmarriedtounmarriedmenonpsychological,physicalandsocialwell-being,themarriedcomeoutforsuperior.Marriageisthepreferredlifestyleformen.Thisisconformedbystatisticsindicatingthatwhilewivesaretwiceaslikelytoseekdivorceashusbands,bothdivorcedandwidowedmenaremorelikelytoremarry.Ifmaritaloccurs,thewifeshouldalwaysgiveintoherhusbandbecauseafterall"Godnnedforwomantobeunderherhusband'srule".Womanusuallyacceptsherhusband,admireshim,adaptstohimandappreciateshim.MarryyoursonwhenyouwillandyourdaughterwhenyouDaughtersanddeadfisharenokeeAmarriedwomanhasnothingofherownbutherweddingringandherHethatmarriesforwealthsellshisChapterFourSuggestedStrategiesofReformingWomen’sDiscriminationinEnglishProverbsStrivingforGenderNeutralizationinEnglishShouldtheistlanguagebechangedintonon-istone?Theauthortakestheviewthatlanguageandsocietyareinctive.Languageisthereflectionofthesocietyanditalsocaninfluencethesociety.Sotheimportanceofthelanguageweshouldnotbeneglect.Strivingforgenderneutralizationonlanguageatleastcanarousemoreattentiononthesocialreformwhichistherealbasisofeliminatingisminlanguage.Gender-neutrallanguage(gender-generic,gender-inclusive,non-ist,or-neutrallanguage)isnotlanguagethatattemptstorefertomalesnorcan’tfemaleswhendiscussing orhypothetical whoseotherwisebedetermined.Itinvolvesrecastingwordsandsentencessothatallterminologyisneutral.Forinstance,inanon-istformulationmankind eshumanity,craftsman esartisan,spaceman astronaut,forefathers eancestorsandchairman eschair orchair.Theyisemployedasasingularindefinitepronounandgenericpronounsareavoidedwherepossible,eitherbyrecastingassentenceorbypluralizing.(DeborahCameron,1985)Thefollowingaresomesuggestedstrategiestoweakenoreliminateismin1.thewordtheyisusedasasingular-Usingthemasculinepronounstorefertoanindefinitepronoun(everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone)alsohastheeffectofexcludingwomen.Inallbutstrictlyformaluses,pluralpronounshave eacceptablesubstitutesforthemasculinesingular.Oneshouldavoidtheuseofamasculineorfemininepronounwhenreferencemaybetomembersofbothes.2.theuseofheorshe一Despitethechargeofclumsiness,double-pronounconstructionshavemadeacomeback:"Tobeblackinthiscountryissimplytoopervasiveanexperienceforanywritertoomitfromherorhiswork,wroteSamuelR.DelanyOveruseofthissolutioncanbeawkward,however.3.PluralizingAwritercanoftenrecastmaterialintheplural.Forinstance,insteadof"Asheadvancesinhisprogram,themedicalstudenthasincreasingopportunitiesforclinicalwork,"try"Astheyadvanceintheirprogram,medicalstudentshaveincreasingopportunitiesforclinicalwork."EliminatingPronouns一Avoidhavingtousepronounsatall;insteadofafirstgradercanfeedanddresshimself,"youcouldwrite,"afirstgradercaneatandgetdressedwithoutAvoidingtheuseofman一Althoughmaninitsoriginalsensecarriedthedualmeaningofadulthumanandadultmale,itsmeaninghascometobesocloselyidentifiedwithadultmalethatthegenericuseofmanandotherwordswithmasculinemarkersshouldbeavoided.Wordsreferringtomalesbutusedtoincludebothwomenandmenarenowbeingrecedbygender-neutralwordsorphrases.Thus,manpower,man-made,menofgoodwill,mankind,manandthebestmanforthejobhavebeengivingwaytohumanenergy,manufactured,peopleofgoodwill,humanity,officerandthebest forthejobAvoidingtheuseofgender-suffixes.Thegender-neutralizationtrendinvolvestheeliminationofthesuffixedformforfemaleprofessionalandoccupationalnounsandtheuniversaladoptionofthemasculine/genericforminstead.Theresultisthatthecreationofatruly"gender-neural"formwhichcanbeusedinanon-discri