托福寫作核心知識點解析

目錄

一、托福寫作介紹和獨立寫作評分標準..................................................................................................2

二、題目分類.........................................................................................................................7

三、Essay結(jié)構(gòu).......................................................................................................................9

四、論證角度........................................................................................................................14

五、文章展開方式....................................................................................................................16

六、中間段落展開...................................................................................................................22

七、題目串講........................................................................................................................29

八、綜合寫作........................................................................................................................29

九、語言............................................................................................................................32

一、托福寫作介紹和獨立寫作評分標準

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知識點細化內(nèi)容

綜述IndependentWriting

考試界面截圖、字數(shù)、時長

獨立寫作是argumentativeessay,和GREAnalyticalWriting和SAT作文相同。

評分標準

RubricsEffectivelyaddressesthetopicandtask

（1）有效的回答了題目和任務

Effectively

addressestheTopic

topicandtask題目

Inthemodernsociety,theabilitytospeakwellismoreimportantthantheabilitytowritewell.

Task

任務

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?

Whichdoyouprefer?（機經(jīng)中很少出現(xiàn)）

Whydoyouthink?（機經(jīng)中不再出現(xiàn)）

例1：Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Inthemodernsociety,theabilitytospeakwellis

moreimportantthantheabilitytowritewell.

Addressthetopic:Formostpeople,speakingabilityismoreimportantthanwritingability.

Failtoaddressthetopic：Speakingabilityplaysavitalroleinaperson'ssuccess.

評分標準well-organized

Rubrics良好的組織

(2)兩重意義：

well-organized整體well-organizedo要求:整篇文章分為introduction>body和conclusion；Thesisstatement一般位于

introduction最后；Body分bodyparagraphs；用transitionalwords或者repetition銜接bodyparagraphs；

conclusion重申thesisstatement0

段內(nèi)well-organizedo要求：topicsentence盡量置于段首，段內(nèi)的每個sentence支持topicsentenceo

評分標準well-developed

Rubrics兩重意義：

(3)1.Thesisstatement得至ijwell-developed,意味著bodyparagraph(subpoint)的數(shù)量不能過少。

well-developed

2.每個topicsentence得到充分展開。

每個subpoint(bodyparagraph)的字數(shù)不能過少。經(jīng)驗表明，主要段落的字數(shù)不低于8o字。

評分標準Unity

RubricsIntroduction>Body>Conclusion必須完整；

（4）每個bodyparagraph支持thesisstatement；

Unity每個bodyparagraph中每個sentence支持topicsentenceo

評分標準Progression

RubricsBodyparagraphs使用transitionalwords和重復上文(repetition)。

(5)Bodyparagraphs中從抽象(topicsentence)到具體(exemplification)。

Progression

評分標準Coherence

Rubrics正確的使用代詞。

(6)人稱代詞(they/she/he)

Coherence指示代詞(this/those/that)

關(guān)系代詞(which/that/who/whom/where/when)

評分標準syntacticvariety

Rubrics

(7)長短結(jié)合

syntactic

variety變化句子開頭（狀語提前、倒裝、形式主語it的使用）

強調(diào)句、分詞作狀語等（參見語言部分）

評分標準appropriatewordchoice

Rubrics合適的用詞

(8)

appropriate符合語境和習慣用法。

wordchoice使用搭配詞典(co-builddictionary)和語料庫。

字典：靈格斯

OxfordCollocationDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish

CollinsCo-BuildDictionary

CambridgeLearnersDictionary

語料庫

BritishNationalCorpus

TheCorpusofContemporaryAmericanEnglish

評分標準Idiomaticity

Rubrics地道

(9)

Idiomaticity1.正確的搭配(勤查搭配詞典OxfordCollocationDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish)

例如：decreasethequalityORreducethequality

2.使用idiomoIdiom指無法從字面含義看出實際含義的表達(Aspeechformoranexpressionofagivenlanguage

thatispeculiartoitselfgrammaticallyorcannotbeunderstoodfromtheindividualmeaningsofitselements),

如：keepupwitho

Appropriate和idiomaticity的區(qū)別：

Appropriate:Istayedlateintothenight.

Idiomaticity:Istayedup.

Appropriate:Watchingtelevisionexcessivelyharmschildren'shealth.

Idiomaticity:Watchingtelevisionexcessivelytakesatollonchildren'shealth.

設計練習教師搜集1篇高分范文，向?qū)W生展示并分析評分標準中的得分點

二、題目分類

分類(1)按背景分

按背景分parentsandchildren

分類應使用機經(jīng)。

不要使用TWEschooleducation

185題庫。campuslife(dorm)

teachers

按背景分類是為extracurricularactivities

了準備詞匯和例thevalueofsubjects(artandmusic,history,sciences,secondarylanguage,economicclasses)

證。sportsandphysicalexercise

按背景分，類別之jobchoice

間重合較多，很難

做到彼此互斥Technology

(mutually(computergames...)

exclusive)和窮盡

所有(collectivelyMassMedia

exhaustive)television,movies,advertisements

government

investment

factorsinsuccess

creativeness,planning,theabilitytoread,theabilitytowrite,realityandambition

happiness等

分類（2）按是否包含比較關(guān)系分

按是否包含比較?單一事物類

關(guān)系分[2007-12-01]Peopleshouldnotpayforpublictransportation.

?比較選擇類

[2009-02-27]Itisbettertohaveajobwithmorevacationsbutlowersalariesthanajobwithlessvocationsbut

highersalaries.（比較類文章需要涉及到另外一方的壞處或者好處）

分類（3）按是否包含絕對詞分

按是否包含絕對包含絕對詞的題目

詞分[2008-05-12]Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universityeducationisthemost

importantfactorinpeople'ssuccess.（包含絕對詞匯的題目?般的文章結(jié)構(gòu)是讓步+轉(zhuǎn)折）

不包含絕對詞的題目

設計練習教師向?qū)W生展示15-20道機經(jīng)題目，讓學生辨識類別。教師需將09-10年題目按關(guān)鍵詞分類，逐題辨識類別。

三、Essay結(jié)構(gòu)

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知識點細化內(nèi)容

總論Essay分為三大部分：Introduction>Body和Conclusion。

Introduction和conclusion不重要，body是得分關(guān)鍵。

Introduction方法較多，但實用的很少。一定要分清應試作文和平時作文的差別：很多開頭方法只適用有充分時

間準備的平時作文，如：故事法、引言法。因此，開頭盡量簡潔。

Conclusion應盡可能簡單處理，留出時間proofread,或?qū)ody部分進行進一步展開。

Introduction(1)Introduction最重要的是thesisstatemento

綜述直接表明thesisstatement顯得十分突兀。因此，thesisstatement前面往往加上一個引出。引出一般有三種方法：

反方觀點、雙方爭議和設問。引出之前往往加上一個背景background。

文獻引用：

Fromthewriter'spointofview,beginningmeansannouncingandlimitingthesubject,indicatingaplan,

catchingthereader'sattention,andestablishinganappropriatetoneandpointofview.(OxfordEssential

GuidetoWriting)

方法1先列反方觀點

Inrecentyears,thereisagrowingtendencythatparentsgivesomehelpswhentheirchildrenaredoing

homeworkassignedbyschoolteachers.However,thisideanowisquestionedbysomepeople,whothinkthat

letchildrendotheirschoolworkaloneismuchbetter.Asforme,Ibelievethatencouragingchildrendowork

independentlyisgoodforthechildren'sgrowth.

方法2雙方爭議

Somepeoplebelievethatitisimportanttohavephysicalactivitiesaspartofachild'severydaycurriculumat

school.Othersdisagree,andarguethatstudentsshouldspendalloftheirtimeonacademicstudies.

Personally,Ibelievethatphysicaleducationisavitalpartofaneducationasitteacheschildrentotakecareof

theirbodies,howtoworkasateam,andgivesthemamethodofreleasingtensionandaggression.

方法3設問

Whichlearningstyleismoreproductive,studyingindividuallyorstudyingwithagroupofstudents?Some

wantindependentthinkingandaflexiblepace,whileothersvaluegroupdiscussion.Giventhechoice,Iprefer

tostudywithagroupofstudentsforthefollowingreasons.

Introduction(2)Thesisstatement

Thesisstatement回答topic,表明自己的傾向或觀點

暗示下文走向

Thesisstatement實際是前置的conclusion

文獻引用：

Makesanargumentativeassertionaboutatopic;itstatestheconclusionsthatyouhavereachedaboutyour

topic.

Makesapromisetothereaderaboutthescope,purpose,anddirectionofyourpaper.

Isgenerallylocatedneartheendoftheintroduction(/Handbook/thesis_def.html)

設計練習教師給出5-10個題目，讓學生嘗試用3種方式開頭，寫出明確的主題句。教師準備好范例

Body⑴Body由bodyparagraphs組成。

BodyParagraphs

Bodyparagraphs的數(shù)量：

一般情況下3個。2個bodyparagraphs可能無法對thesisstatement充分展開。4個bodyparagraphs由于時間

所限，可能無法充分展開。

Bodyparagraphs的字數(shù)：

每個paragraphs以80字為下限，保證充分展開；字為上限，保證不寫廢話。

當然，這是一般原則，實際操作中往往存在例外。

Bodyparagraphs不重合(mutuallyexclusive)

Bodyparagraphs的銜接：

使用Transitionalwords使用repetition

Bodyparagraphs的結(jié)構(gòu)：

topicsentence+develop

Body(2)常用transitionalwords

Transitionalwords表順序；Firstly,secondly,finally(lastbutnoleast)

表并列：besides,also

表對比：incontrast,incomparison

表遞進：moreimportantly,furthermore,moreover,inaddition

也可以通過重復上文，實現(xiàn)bodyparagraphs的銜接。

常用句型：Notonly...butalso...

經(jīng)典文本：

Loveandknowledge(重復上兩個bodyparagraphs),sofarastheywerepossible,ledupwardtowardthe

heavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktotheearth.Echoesofpainreverberateinmyheart.Childrenin

famine,victimstorturedbyoppressors,helplessoldpeopleahatedburdentotheirsons,andthewholeworld

oflongliness,poverty,andpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.Ilongtoalleviatetheevil,butI

cannot,andItoosuffer.(BertrandRussell)

Body(3)Topicsentence支持thesisstatement；

TopicSentenceTopicsentence易于展開，不宜過寬、過窄、過于抽象；

Topicsentence是bodyparagraphs的主要結(jié)論

Topicsentence要前置

Topicsentence簡潔

經(jīng)典文本：

TheBigBullMarketwasdead(主要結(jié)論、前置、簡潔).Billionsofdollars*worthofprofits-andpaper

profits-haddisappeared.Thegrocer,thewindow-cleaner,andtheseamstresshadlosttheircapital.Ineveiy

towntherewerefamilieswhichhadsuddenlydropped'fromshowyaffluenceintodebt.Investorswhohad

dreamedofretiringtoliveontheirfortunesnowfoundthemselvesbackoncemoreattheverybeginningofthe

longroadtoriches.Daybydaythenewspapersprintedthegrimreportsofsuicides.

Body(4)段落中每個sentence支持topicsentence

Topicsentence例：在這個例子中，作者沒有做到每個sentence支持topicsentenceo

(12)Solivingindependentlyatanearlyageisnotsuitableforallyoungadults,(13)someyoungadultsmay

needtotakemoretimetopreparethemselvesbeforegoingouttostruggle.(14)Youngadultsneedtobeready

tosupportthemselves.(15)Takingtimetogetmoreeducationandlivingwithfamiliesforalongertimemay

leadthemtoabetterindependentlifebecausetheywillbewellpreparedforthehardlifeoutside.(16)Still,

livingwiththeirfamiliesfor“too”longwillnotbeagoodideabecausetheycouldgetusedtoitandtendtobe

lessindependent.

設計練習給學生io個thesisstatement,每個thesisstatement要求學生給出3個topicsentencec教師提前準備好范例。

由易到難。

給學生10個bodyparagraphs,讓學生總結(jié)出合適的topicsentencea教師提前準備好范例。

Conclusion(1)總結(jié)上述理由+重申論點+(提出建議)

重申thesisInsum,itisinappropriatetoreckonthatadvertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthyeatinghabitbecauseheavy

statementworkloadandgoodtasteofjunkfoodsareanothertworeasons.Ihopeeveiyonecansaynotothejunkfoods,

reduceworkinghoursandenjoyamorehealthylife.

文獻弓1用：Beginyourconclusionwithaparaphraseofyourthesis.Aconclusionshouldnotbe

lengthy.WritingPowerbyKaplanEducationCenter

設計練習給學生5個thesisstatement,要求學生改寫成結(jié)尾重申句。教師提前準備好范例。

四、論證角度

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知識點細化內(nèi)容

綜述論證角度有2個：利弊分析、列舉例證

包含應該(should)、必要(necessary)、重要(important)的題目大多是利弊分析

涉及抽象的價值觀和證明現(xiàn)象是否存在的題目多是列舉例證

利弊分析常用角Cost

度Convenience

Safety

Health

Stress

Academicperformances

Knowledgeandinformation

Character

Personalrelationship

Eco-friendly

范例Shouldcollegestudentstakepart-timejob?

Agree:Cost/Knowledge/Personalrelationship

Disagree:Academicperformances/Stress/Safety

練習設計給學生5-1。個題目，進行利弊分析

列舉證明（1）涉及抽象的價值觀和證明現(xiàn)象是否存在的題目一般來說用列舉不同方面證明會比較好寫。

涉及抽象的價值為了讓例證更有普適性，采用分類（拆分）列舉的方法。常分的類有：學習、工作、生活或者政治、經(jīng)濟、文

觀化等等

基本價值觀：Doyouagreeordisagreethatwiththefollowingstatement?Nowadays,itisnotnecessaryfor

peopletobepolitebecausetheyarebusy.

分類列舉：Takecampuslifeforexample.

Takepoliticsforexample

Takethebusinessworldforexample.

列舉證明（2）證明現(xiàn)象存在：

證明現(xiàn)象存在Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentstodaydonotunderstandtheirchildrenas

welltheydidfiftyyearsago.

分類列舉：Considermusic.Today'schildrenareintogenresofmusicwhichtheirparentsfinddisagreeable

andevenrepellent.

Considerlanguage.Toda/schildrenhasdevelopedandusedavernacularwhichtheirparentscanhardly

makeanysenseof.

Considerclothing.

練習設計給學生3-5個題目，進行分類列舉

五、文章展開方式

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知識點細化內(nèi)容

綜述(1)對于argumentativeessay而言，常用的文章展開方式有4種。

1.絕對論證(純立論)

?不考慮任何不利內(nèi)容，不考慮任何例外

?又稱“一邊倒”

2.立論+駁論

?考慮不利內(nèi)容，對不利內(nèi)容進行反駁

?又稱“欲擒故縱”“以退為進”“2減1”

?優(yōu)勢：駁倒不利內(nèi)容，增加了觀點的說服力。利于在找不到第3個分論點時擴充文章內(nèi)容

3.駁論+立論

一般用于絕對詞匯題，先讓步承認此觀點有一定合理性，但其最高級形式不成立，還有其他觀點更合理或同樣合理

4.分情況討論(dependon)的

?不同情況，給出不同觀點

?又稱“中立”

絕對觀點Ifyouneedtodiscussupsettingorcontroversialproblemswithothers,willyouusee-mail/text

例題和范文分messagingORusetelephone/voice-messaging?

析

Whenitcomestowhichway,e-mailortelephone,isbetterfordiscussingupsettingorcontroversial

problemswithother,peoplewouldhardlyhavethesameopinion.Frommyperspective,theusing

ofe-mailisabettermethodasitcanstimulatein-depthdiscussionontheissue,avoidany

unnecessaryemotionalinfluenceandseemmoreformalinthefirstplace.

Writingdownwhatwewanttosayandwhatwethinkinheadcanmakeusseemoreclearlyonthe

controversialissue.Wewouldclarifyourstandbywritingthesupportingreasonsdown,andeven

developideaswhatwethinkisreasonable.Whafsmore,assometimeswejustarguewithother

peopleoutofprejudiceandpresumptions,wemaycorrectourownpointofviewandmakesome

modificationthroughwriting.Ouropponentwouldcertainlyrespondtowhatwewriteandmake

someconcession,too.Inthisway,thedisagreementwouldbesettledmoreeasily.

Debatingthroughe-mailisalsoapeacefulwaytosolvetheproblems.Theremaybesomewordsor

sentencesthatwouldcauseunpleasantfeelingatfirst,butafterreviewingandediting,wecan

finallypresentanobjectiveandlessoffendinglettertotheadversary.Incontrast,itisharderto

controlourmoodwhenmakingaphonecalltodisputewithothers.Theargumentcouldturninto

anunreasonablequarrel,achievingnodesiredresult.

Moreover,writingisusuallyformalcomparedtoaphonecallorvoicemessage.Itistime

consumingtoorganizewords,sentencesandparagraphsintoacompleteletter.Whenfinallythe

debategoesintoawrittenform,ouropponentswouldtakeitmoreseriously.Withbothsides'

efforts,theproblemswillbesolvedmorequickly.

Inconclusion,Ithinkthatpeopleshouldusee-mailinsteadoftelephonewhendealingwithsome

controversialproblems,aswi'itingmakesthedebatemorespecific,objectiveandformal.

立論+駁論Peopleholdingdifferentviewscannotachievesuccessasateam.

例題和范文分

析Isittruethateveryoneinateamshouldhavethesameopinionsinordertoachievesuccess?From

myperspective,itisnotthecase.Peopleholdingdifferentviewscanalsoachievesuccessasateam.

Sometimes,itisevennecessaryforpeopleinateamtooffertheirindividualideas.

Firstofall,itisimpossibleforpeopleinagrouptothinkexactlythesame.Weallknowpeopleare

differentduetotheirpersonalexperienceandgrowingenvironment.Thereprobablywouldbe

differentpointofviewsevenonasubtlefactor.Forinstance,Irememberwetriedtoorganizea

footballteaminmyclassduringhighschool.Weallwantedtobuythesameuniformtolooklikean

integrategroup.However,opinionsvariedonwhichuniformweshouldchoose.Somelikedthe

uniformofLoyalMadrid,whileotherspreferredtheoneofManchesterUnited.Wedidarguefora

whilebeforewefinallyreachedanagreementtobuytheuniformofMU.Thoughtheclassmates

wholikedLoyalMadrid'suniformwerekindofdepressedatfirst,westillfoughttogetherasa

strongteamduringtheleaguematchofschoolandfinallygotthefirstprize.So,aslongasweacted

asateamwhencompetinginmatch,itdoesnotmatterifwehaddifferentviewsonsomeirrelevant

aspects.

What'smore,havingdifferentviewsissometimesakeyfactorforateamtoreachitsgoal.

Obviously,themoreideaswehave,thebetterchoicewewouldmake.Ifpeopleinateamonlyhad

oneview,littleprogresswouldbemade.Thisisespeciallythecaseincreativerealm.Considerthe

designergroupofAppleCompany.Everytimethegroupwantstodesignsomenewkindofproduct

toastonishtheworld,suchasi-phone,i-pad,cantheysucceedbypromoteonlyonedesignidea?

Impossible!Everyoneinthegroupshouldattributeasmanyideasaspossibleforthedesignplan.

Onlybythatwaycanthegroupdecidewhichdesignideasarethebest,orcombinesomebrilliant

ideastogethertoformanexcellentone.Asaresult,wecanseethesignificancetoholddifferent

opinionsfortheultimatesuccessofthegroup.

Admittedly,itisunwisetoclaimthatateamwouldgetsuccesseasilywhenthegroupmembers

cannotreachabasicconsensus.Teamworkspiritisanindispensiblefactorforanygrouptoenjoy

success.Wecaneitherdisagreeonsomeunimportantaspectsorhavevariousopinionsatfirst,but

assoonaswebegintotakeaction,wemustabandonourpersonalthoughtsandactasone.

駁論+立論Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Advertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthy

例題和范文分eatinghabits.

析

Manyexpertshavewarnedusagainstsomediseasescausedbyunhealthyeatinghabits,andthensomepeople

attributethoseinappropriatehabitstocommercials.AlthoughIconcedethatadvertisingisoneofthefactors

accountingforpeople'sunhealthyeatinghabits,it'stooexaggeratedtosaythatadvertisingistheonlyreason,

becausethereareanothertwoelementsthatcannotbeneglected.

Admittedly,advertisingmaybeonecauseofunhealthyeatinghabits,fortheadvertisementsofjunkfoodsare

oftendesignedquitetemptinginordertoattractbuyers.Forexample,thecommercialofKFCistypicallya

combinationofmelodiousmusic,fancypicturesandasloganof“WedochickenrightJ,,luringpeopletopurchase

theunhealthyfood.However,itisanoverstatementtoassertthatadvertisingistheonlyreasonsincethetwo

followingreasonsexist.

Heavyworkloadkeepspeoplefromhavingtheirmealsregularly,whichisconsideredasoneofunhealthyeating

habits.Nowadays,peoplehavetoworkreallyhardtosurviveinthehighlycompetitivesociety,sotheybarelyhave

timetositatthetableandhavedinners.Takeabusinessmanforexample.Hemaykeepworkingforover8hours

adaytogetallhisworkdoneandhavenotimeforlunch.Consequently,heonlyhasonemealaday.Itis

definitelyanunhealthyeatinghabit,whichresultfromtoomuchbusinessandalongworkingtime.

Besides,theso-calledjunkfoods,suchasfriedchicken,cheeseburgersandcola,areindeedmoredelicious,

especiallyforchildren.Commonly,friedchickenwingsareusuallyspicyandcrispy,soitiseasytounderstand

whythosejunkfoodscansoonbecomepopularamongyoungchildren.However,thefriedwings,cornsandchips

aretoooily,containingexcessivefatandevensomepoisonousingredients,allofwhichdoharmtopeople's

health.SoIbelievethespecialtasteandflavorexplainwhypeoplelovethoseunhealthyfoods.

Insum,itisinappropriatetoreckonthatadvertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthyeatinghabitbecauseheavy

workloadandgoodtasteofjunkfoodsareanothertworeasons.Ihopeeveryonecansaynotothejunkfoods,

reduceworkinghoursandenjoyamorehealthylife.

分情況討論的Somepeoplethinkthattheycanlearnbetterbythemselvesthanwithateacher.Othersthink

Dependonthatitisalwaysbettertohaveateacher.Whichdoyouprefer?Usespecificreasonsto

例題和范文分developyouressay.

析

Ateacheristoanewsubjectjustasatourguideistoanunknowncity.Whenwecometoanunknowncity

forthefirsttime,wedefinitelyneedatourguide.Wemighthaveadetailedmap,butitisunlikelyfunctional

一itisn'tsurprisedthatwecanhardlyinterpretthosemysterioussymbols.Likewise,whenwearebeginners,

itiswisetolearnwithteachers.Theycantelluswheretobeginwith,whatweshoulddo,andwhich

referenceweshouldchoose.Whenweconfrontdifficulties,wecanaskthemforhelp,andtheiradviceswill

alwaysbetremendouslyhelpful.Withteachers,assistance,wemightlearneasier,faster,andmore

interestingly.

Afteraperiodoftime,wehavelearnedalot.Wenowknowthecityprettywell,eventhoughtherestillare

manyplaceswehaven'tbeen.Itdoesn'tmatter.Nowthatweareabletorecognizethosemysterioussymbols

onthemap,whatweneedperhapsisnotatourguidebutamoredetailedmap.Similarly,weneedricher

referencesforlearning.Yes,therearestillmanyfieldsunexplored;theyare,nevertheless,nolongerpuzzling.

Thetaskissimple:wewillexplorethemonebyone,littlebylittle.Ifweareworkingonacertainskill,

practicemore;ifwearepreparingatest,practicemore;whateverwearelearning,justremember,likepeople

alwayssay,practicemakesperfect.

Afteranotherperiodoftime,wemighthavebecomeothers*tour