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大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第三版第四冊(cè)課文及課文翻譯大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第三版第四冊(cè)課文及課文翻譯/NUMPAGES109大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第三版第四冊(cè)課文及課文翻譯大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第三版第四冊(cè)課文及課文翻譯大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第三版第四冊(cè)課文及課文翻譯Unit1TextTwocollege-ageboys,unawarethatmakingmoneyusuallyinvolveshardwork,aretemptedbyanadvertisementthatpromisesthemaneasywaytoearnalotofmoney.Theboyssoonlearnthatifsomethingseemstogoodtobetrue,itprobablyis.BIGBUCKSTHEEASYWAYJohnG.Hubbell"Yououghttolookintothis,"Isuggestedtoourtwocollege-agesons."Itmightbeawaytoavoidtheindignityofhavingtoaskformoneyallthetime."Ihandedthemsomemagazinesinaplasticbagsomeonebadhungonourdoorknob.Amessageprintedonthebagofferedleisurely,lucrativework("BigBuckstheEasyWay!")ofdeliveringmoresuchbags."Idon'tmindtheindignity,"theolderoneanswered."Icanlivewithit,"hisbrotheragreed."Butitpainsme,"Isaid,"tofindthatyoubothhavebeenpanhandlingsolongthatitnolongerembarrassesyou."Theboyssaidtheywouldlookintothemagazine-deliverything.Pleased,Ilefttownonabusinesstrip.BymidnightIwascomfortablysettledinahotelroomfarfromhome.Thephonerang.Itwasmywife.Shewantedtoknowhowmydayhadgone."Great!"Ienthused."Howwasyourday?"Iinquired."Super!"Shesnapped."Justsuper!Andit'sonlygettingstarted.Anothertruckjustpulledupoutfront.""Anothertruck?""Thethirdonethisevening.ThefirstdeliveredfourthousandMontgomeryWards.ThesecondbroughtfourthousandSears,Roebucks.Idon'tknowwhatthisonehas,butI'msureitwillbefourthousandofsomething.Sinceyouareresponsible,Ithoughtyoumightliketoknowwhat'shappening.WhatIwasbeingblamedfor,itturnedout,wasanewspaperstrikewhichmadeitnecessarytohand-delivertheadvertisinginsertsthatnormallyareincludedwiththeSundaypaper.Thecompanyhadpromisedourboys$600fordeliveringtheseinsertsto4,000housesbySundaymorning."Pieceofcake!"ouroldercollegesonhadshouted."Sixhundredbucks!"Hisbrotherhadechoed,"Andwecandothejobintwohours!""BoththeSearsandWardadsarefournewspaper-sizepages,"mywifeinformedme."Therearethirty-twothousandpagesofadvertisingonourporch.Evenaswespeak,twobigguysarecarryingarmloadsofpaperupthewalk.Whatdowedoaboutallthis?""Justtelltheboystogetbusy,"Iinstructed."They'recollegemen.They'lldowhattheyhavetodo."AtnoonthefollowingdayIreturnedtothehotelandfoundanurgentmessagetotelephonemywife.Hervoicewasunnaturallyhighandquavering.Therehadbeenseveralmoretruckloadsofadinserts."They'refordepartmentstores,dimestores,drugstores,grocerystores,autostoresandsoon.Somearewholemagazinesections.Wehavehundredsofthousands,maybemillions,ofpagesofadvertisinghere!Theyarecrammedwall-to-wallallthroughthehouseinstackstallerthanyouroldestson.There'sonlyenoughroomforpeopletowalkin,takeoneeachoftheeleveninserts,rollthemtogether,sliparubberbandaroundthemandslidethemintoaplasticbag.WehaveenoughplasticbagstosupplyeverytakeoutrestaurantinAmerica!"Hervoicekeptrising,asifworkingitswayoutoftherangeofthehumanear."Allthismustbedeliveredbyseveno'clockSundaymorning.""Well,youhadbettergetthoseguysbandingandslidingasfastastheycan,andI'lltalktoyoulater.Gotalunchdate.WhenIreturned,therewasanotherurgentcallfrommywife."Didyouhaveanicelunch?"sheaskedsweetly.Ihadhadamarveloussteak,butknewbetterbynowthantosayso."Awful,"Ireported."Somesortofsourfish.Eel,Ithink.""Good.Yourcollegesonshavehiredtheiryoungerbrothersandsistersandacoupleofneighborhoodchildrentohelpforfivedollarseach.Assemblylineshavebeensetup.Inthelanguageofdiplomacy,thereis'movement.'""That'sencouraging.""No,it'snot,"shecorrected."It'sverydiscouraging.They'rebeenasitforhours.Plasticbagshavebeenfilledandpiledtotheceiling,butallthishasn'tmadeadent,notadent,inthesituation!It'salmostasiftheinsertskeepreproducingthemselves!""Anotherthing,"shecontinued."Yourcollegesonsmustlearnthatonedoesnotgetthebestoutofemployeesbythreateningthemwithbodilyharm.ObtaininganaudiencewithsonNO.1,Isnarled,"I'llkillyouifthreatenoneofthosekidsagain!Idiot!Youshouldbeofferingabonusofadollareveryhourtotheworkerwhofillsthemostbags."Butthatwouldcutintoourprofit,"hesuggested."Therewon'tbeanyprofitunlessthosekidsenableyoutomakeallthedeliveriesontime.Iftheydon't,youtwowillhavetoremoveallthatpaperbyyourselves.Andtherewillbenoeatingorsleepinguntilitisremoved."Therewasashort,thoughtfulsilence.Thenhesaid,"Dad,youhavejustworkedaprofoundchangeinmypersonality.""Doit!""Yes,sir!"Bythefollowingevening,therewasmuchformywifetoreport.Thebonusprogramhadworkeduntilsomeonedemandedtoseethecolorofcash.Thensomeactivistontheworkforceclaimedthattheworkershadnobusinesssettlingfor$5andafewcompetitivebonuseswhilethebossedcollectedhundredsofdollarseach.Theorganizerhaddeclaredthatalltheworkerswereentitledto$5perhour!Theywouldnotworkanotherminuteuntilthebossesagreed.Thestrikelastedlessthantwohours.Inmediation,thepartiesagreedon$2perhour.Gradually,thehugestacksbegantoshrink.Asitturnedout,thejobwascompletedthreehoursbeforeSunday's7a.m.deadline.BythetimeIarrivedhome,theboyshadalreadysettledtheiraccounts:$150inlaborcosts,$40forgasoline,andalikeamountforgifts—boxesofcandyforsaintlyneighborswhohadvolunteeredstationwagonsandhelpindeliveryanddozenrosesfortheirmother.Thisleftthemwith$185each—abouttwo-thirdstheminimumwageforthe91hourstheyworked.Still,itwas"enough",asoneofthemputit,toenablethemto"avoidindignity"forquiteawhile.Allwentwellforsomeweeks.ThenoneSaturdaymorningmyattentionwasdrawntotheoddgoings-onofourtwoyoungestsons.Theykeptcarryingcartonaftercartonfromvariouscornersofthehouseoutthefrontdoortocurbside.Iassumedtheirmotherhadenlistedthemtoremovejunkforatrashpickup.ThenIoverheardthemdiscussingfinances."Geez,we'regoingtomakealotofmoney!""We'regoingtoberich!"Investigationrevealedthattheywereoffering"forsaleorrent"ourentirelibrary."No!No!"Icried."Youcan'tsellourbooks!""Geez,Dad,wethoughtyouweredonewiththem!""You'renever'done'withbooks,"Itriedtoexplain."Sureyouare.Youreadthem,andyou'redonewiththem.That'sit.Thenyoumightaswellmakealittlemoneyfromthem.Wewantedtoavoidtheindignityofhavingtoaskyoufor……"一個(gè)大學(xué)男孩,不清楚賺錢需要付出艱苦的勞動(dòng),被一份許諾輕松賺大錢的廣告吸引了。男孩們很快就明白,如果事情看起來(lái)好得不像真的,那多半確實(shí)不是真的。 輕輕松松賺大錢“你們?cè)摽纯催@個(gè),”我向我們的兩個(gè)讀大學(xué)的兒子建議道?!澳銈?nèi)粝氡苊庖驗(yàn)槔鲜窍蛉擞戝X而有失尊嚴(yán)的話,這興許是一種辦法?!蔽覍煸谖覀冮T把手上的、裝在一個(gè)塑料袋里的幾本雜志拿給他們。塑料袋上印著一條信息說(shuō),需要招聘人投遞這樣的袋子,這活兒既輕松又賺錢。(“輕輕松松賺大錢!”)“我不在乎失不失尊嚴(yán),”大兒子回答說(shuō)?!拔铱梢匀淌?,”他的弟弟附和道?!翱吹侥銈儌z伸手討錢討慣了一點(diǎn)也不感到尷尬的樣子,真使我痛心,”我說(shuō)。孩子們說(shuō)他們可以考慮考慮投遞雜志的事。我聽(tīng)了很高興,便離城出差去了。午夜時(shí)分,我已遠(yuǎn)離家門,在一家旅館的房間里舒舒服服住了下來(lái)。電話鈴響了,是妻子打來(lái)的。她想知道我這一天過(guò)得可好?!昂脴O了!”我興高采烈地說(shuō)?!澳氵^(guò)得怎么樣?”我問(wèn)道?!鞍魳O了!”她大聲挖苦道?!罢姘?而且這還僅僅是個(gè)開(kāi)始。又一輛卡車剛在門前停下?!薄坝忠惠v卡車?”“今晚第三輛了。第一輛運(yùn)來(lái)了四千份蒙哥馬利-沃德百貨公司的廣告;第二輛運(yùn)來(lái)四千份西爾斯-羅伯克百貨公司的廣告。我不知道這一輛裝的啥,但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然這事是你促成的,我想你或許想了解事情的進(jìn)展。”我之所以受到指責(zé),事情原來(lái)是這樣:由于發(fā)生了一起報(bào)業(yè)工人罷工,通常夾在星期日?qǐng)?bào)紙里的廣告插頁(yè),必須派人直接投送出去。公司答應(yīng)給我們的孩子六百美金,任務(wù)是將這些廣告插頁(yè)在星期天早晨之前投遞到四千戶人家去?!安毁M(fèi)吹灰之力!”我們上大學(xué)的大兒子嚷道?!傲賶K!”他的弟弟應(yīng)聲道,“我們兩個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)就能干完!”“西爾斯和沃德的廣告通常都是報(bào)紙那么大的四頁(yè),”妻子告訴我說(shuō),“現(xiàn)在我們門廊上堆著三萬(wàn)二千頁(yè)廣告。就在我們說(shuō)話的當(dāng)兒,兩個(gè)大個(gè)子正各抱著一大捆廣告走過(guò)來(lái)。這么多廣告,我們可怎么辦?”“你讓孩子們快干,”我指示說(shuō)。“他們都是大學(xué)生了。他們自己的事得由他們自己去做?!钡诙熘形?,我回到旅館,看到一份緊急留言,要我馬上給妻子回電話。她的聲音高得很不自然,而且有些顫抖。家里又運(yùn)到了好幾卡車的廣告插頁(yè)?!坝邪儇浌镜?,廉價(jià)商店的,雜貨店的,食品店的,汽車行的,等等。有些像整本雜志那么厚。我們這里有數(shù)十萬(wàn)頁(yè),說(shuō)不定是幾百萬(wàn)頁(yè)的廣告!我們家整個(gè)房子從東墻到西墻,從南墻到北墻統(tǒng)統(tǒng)堆滿了廣告,一堆又一堆,比你大兒子還要高?,F(xiàn)在只剩下一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)空間,剛夠一個(gè)人走進(jìn)去,從十一種插頁(yè)中各取一份,卷在一起,套上橡皮筋,再塞進(jìn)一只塑料袋內(nèi)。我們的塑料袋足夠供應(yīng)全美所有的外賣餐廳!”她越講聲音越響,幾乎震耳欲聾?!斑@么多的廣告必須在星期日早晨七點(diǎn)以前統(tǒng)統(tǒng)送出去?!薄班?,你最好讓孩子們盡快地捆扎裝袋,等會(huì)兒我再跟你談。我有個(gè)午餐約會(huì)?!蔽也秃蠡貋?lái),妻子又打來(lái)一只緊急電話?!澳阄绮统缘貌诲e(cuò)吧?”她用悅耳的聲音問(wèn)道。我吃的牛排好極了,但這次我學(xué)乖了,還是不說(shuō)為妙?!霸阃噶?,”我報(bào)告說(shuō)?!耙环N什么酸溜溜的魚(yú),我想大概是鰻鱺吧?!薄安诲e(cuò)嘛。你的大學(xué)生兒子已經(jīng)雇了他們的弟弟妹妹和兩三個(gè)鄰居的小孩幫忙,工錢一人五塊,建起了流水作業(yè)線。用外交術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō),事情‘有進(jìn)展’?!薄斑@確實(shí)令人鼓舞?!薄安唬⒎侨绱?,”她糾正說(shuō)?!跋喾?,非常叫人泄氣。他們干了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)了。裝好的塑料袋,一直堆到天花板,但一切努力收效很小。這些廣告宣傳品簡(jiǎn)直就像是不停地自行生產(chǎn)出來(lái)一樣!”“還有一件事,”她接著說(shuō),“你那上大學(xué)的兒子必須明白,威脅雇員,說(shuō)要揍他們,是不可能使他們賣力的?!蔽腋髢鹤右煌ㄉ显?,便咆哮道,“你如果再威脅那些孩子,我就對(duì)你不客氣了!白癡!你應(yīng)該給獎(jiǎng)金,對(duì)裝袋最多的工人每小時(shí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一塊?!薄翱赡且獪p少我們的利潤(rùn)啦,”他提醒道?!澳切┖⒆硬粠湍惆磿r(shí)將所有的廣告投送出去,你就什么利潤(rùn)也得不到。如果他們不干,你們倆就得親手搬走所有的廣告。而在把它們搬掉之前,你們吃不成,也睡不成?!彪娫捓锍霈F(xiàn)了短暫的沉默,他在思考。接著,他說(shuō),“爸爸,你剛才使我深受啟迪,令我恍然大悟?!薄澳蔷透砂?”“是,閣下!”到第二天傍晚,我妻子就有許多事報(bào)告了。獎(jiǎng)金計(jì)劃行之有效,可后來(lái)有人對(duì)能否兌現(xiàn)表示懷疑,提出把錢拿出來(lái)給大家看看。接著工人隊(duì)伍里的一位活動(dòng)家聲稱,老板每人拿幾百塊錢,工人們決沒(méi)有理由滿足于每人五塊外加一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的獎(jiǎng)金。勞工組織人宣布,所有工人的工資都應(yīng)該達(dá)到每小時(shí)五塊錢!在老板答應(yīng)之前,他們不再干活兒,一分鐘也不干。罷工持續(xù)了不到兩小時(shí)。通過(guò)調(diào)解,雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議,每小時(shí)兩塊。漸漸地,大堆的廣告開(kāi)始減少。結(jié)果,全部工作比最后限期星期日早晨七點(diǎn)提前三個(gè)小時(shí)完成。等我回到家里,孩子們已經(jīng)結(jié)了賬。勞務(wù)支出150元,汽油費(fèi)????40元,還有40元買禮品——幾盒糖果,送給樂(lè)于助人的鄰居,他們主動(dòng)開(kāi)出自家的車幫助投遞,還有一打玫瑰送給他們的母親。除去以上開(kāi)支,他們每人得到185元——大約相當(dāng)于他們所干的91小時(shí)的最低工資的三分之二。雖然如此,可正如一個(gè)兒子所說(shuō),那還是“足夠”他們花一陣子,使他們“避免那種有失尊嚴(yán)的事。”幾個(gè)星期過(guò)去了,一切都很好。后來(lái),一個(gè)星期六的上午,我們兩個(gè)小兒子的奇怪舉動(dòng)引起了我的注意。他們不停地將一個(gè)又一個(gè)的紙箱從房屋四處的角落里搬出,經(jīng)過(guò)前門,送到人行道邊。我以為他們的媽媽在指揮他們清除破爛,好讓垃圾車運(yùn)走呢。正在這時(shí),我聽(tīng)到他們?cè)谧h論經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題?!皢眩覀儠?huì)賺許多錢呢!”“我們要發(fā)財(cái)啦!”經(jīng)查問(wèn)發(fā)現(xiàn),他們正在把我們的全部圖書(shū)“出售或出租”?!安怀?不成!”我叫道?!安荒馨盐覀兊臅?shū)賣了!”哎唷,爸,我們以為你用不著它們了呢!”“書(shū)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)'用'不著的,”我盡力解釋道?!澳憧隙ㄓ貌恢?。你都看過(guò)了,再也不用了。沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。既然不用,還不如賣點(diǎn)錢。我們想避免那種有失尊嚴(yán)的事,不再伸手向你要……”Unit2TextIsthereanythingwecanlearnfromdeer?Duringthe"energycrisis"of1973-1974thewriterofthisessaywaslivinginnorthernMinnesotaandwasabletoobservehowdeersurvivewhenwinterarrives.Thelessonshelearnsabouthewaydeerconserveenergyturnoutapplicabletooureverydaylife.DEERANDTHEENERGYCYCLESomepersonssaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisn'tlove;it'smoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.Itisfairlywellknownthatwildanimalssurvivefromyeartoyearbyeatingasmuchastheycanduringtimesofplenty,thesummerandfall,storingtheexcess,usuallyintheformoffat,andthenusingthesereservesoffattosurviveduringthehardtimesinwinterwhenfoodisscarce.Butitisprobablylesswellknownthatevenwiththeirstoredfat,wildanimalsspendlessenergytoliveinwinterthaninsummer.Agoodcaseinpointisthewhiter-taileddeer.Likemostwildlife,deerreproduce,grow,andstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenthereisplentyofnutritiousfoodavailable.Aphysicallymaturefemaledeeringoodconditionwhohasconceived懷孕inNovemberandgivenbirthtotwofawnsduringtheendofMayorfirstpartofJune,mustsearchforfoodforthenecessaryenergynotonlytomeetherbody'sneedsbutalsotoproducemilkforherfawns.Thebestmilkproductionoccursatthesametimethatnewplantgrowthisavailable.Thisisgoodtiming,becausemilkproductionisanenergyconsumingprocess—itrequiresalotoffood.Thecostcannotbemetunlesstheregionhasamplefoodresources.Asthesummerprogressesandthefawnsgrow,theybecomelessdependentontheirmother'smilkandmoredependentongrowingplantsasfoodsources.Theadultmalesspendthesummergrowingantlersandgettingfat.Bothmalesandfemalescontinuetoeathighqualityfoodinthefallinordertodepositbodyfatforthewinter.Inthecaseofdoesandfawns,agreatdealofenergyisexpendedeitherinmilkproductionoringrowing,andfatisnotaccumulatedasquicklyasitisinfullgrownmales.Fatreservesarelikebankaccountstobedrawnoninthewinterwhenfoodsuppliesarelimitedandsometimesdifficulttoreachbecauseofdeepsnow.Asfallturnsintowinter,otherchangestakeplace.Fawnslosetheirspottedcoat.Haironallthedeerbecomesdarkerandthicker.ThechangeinthehaircoatsisusuallycompletebySeptemberandmaximumhairdepthsarereachedbyNovemberorDecemberwhentheweatherbecomescold.Butinaddition,natureprovidesafurthersafeguardtohelpdeersurvivethewinter—aninternalphysiologicalresponsewhichlowerstheirmetabolism,orrateofbodilyfunctioning,andhenceslowsdowntheirexpenditureofenergy.Thedeerbecomesomewhatslowanddrowsy.Theheartratedrops.Animalsthathibernatepracticeenergyconservationtoagreaterextremethandeerdo.Althoughdeerdon'thibernate,theydothesamethingwiththeirseasonalrhythmsinmetabolism.Deerspendmoreenergyandstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenfoodisabundant,andspendlessenergyandusestoredfatinthewinterwhenfoodislessavailable.Whenthe"energycrisis"firstcamein1973-1974,IwaslivingwithmyfamilyinacabinontheedgeofanareawheredeerspendthewinterinnorthernMinnesota,observingthedeerastheirbehaviorchangedfrommoreactivityinsummerandfalltolessaswinterprogressed,followedbyanincreaseagaininthespringasthesnowmelted.Itwasinterestingandratheramusingtolistentotheadvicegivenontheradio:"Driveonlywhennecessary,"weweretold."Putonmoreclothestostaywarm,andturnthethermostatonyourfurnacedown."Meanwhilewewatchedthedeerreducetheiractivity,growawintercoatofhair,andreducetheirmetabolismastheyhaveforthousandsofyears.Itisbiologicallyreasonablefordeertoreducetheircostoflivingtoincreasetheirchanceofsurvivinginwinter.Noteverywinteriscriticalfordeerofcourse.Ifthewinterhaslightsnow,survivalandproductivitynextspringwillbehigh.Butifdeepsnowscomeandtheweatherremainscoldforseveralweeks,thenthedeermustspendmoreenergytomoveabout,foodwillbehardertofind,andtheymustthendependmoreontheirfatreservestopullthemthrough.Ifsuchconditionsgoonfortoolongsomewilldie,andonlythelargestandstrongestarelikelytosurvive.Thatisafundamentalruleoflifeforwild,freewanderinganimalsuchasdeer.Yes,life—anddeath,too--isacyclethatgoesroundandround,andwhenanimalsdietheirbodiesbecomefoodforotherlifeformstousebyconvertingthemintoenergy.Andthecyclecontinues.有什么是我們能從鹿身上學(xué)到的嗎?在1973-1974年的“能源危機(jī)”期間,本文作者正住在明尼蘇達(dá)北部,能夠觀察當(dāng)冬天來(lái)臨時(shí),鹿如何生存。他從鹿儲(chǔ)存能量的方法上得到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也能夠運(yùn)用到我們的日常生活中。鹿和能量循環(huán)有些人說(shuō),愛(ài)情驅(qū)使世界運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);另一些并不那么羅曼蒂克而更為注重實(shí)際的人則說(shuō),不是愛(ài)情,而是金錢。但真實(shí)情況是,能量驅(qū)使世界運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。能量是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的貨幣,只有當(dāng)食物轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟芰?,能量再用?lái)獲取更多的食物以供生長(zhǎng)、繁殖和生存,生命才成為可能。所有生命都維系在這一循環(huán)上。差不多眾所周知,野生動(dòng)物得以年復(fù)一年地生存下去,主要依靠在夏秋生長(zhǎng)旺季盡量多吃,通常將多余的部分以脂肪的形式儲(chǔ)存起來(lái),然后到了冬天食物稀少的艱難時(shí)期,就用這些儲(chǔ)備的脂肪來(lái)維持生命。然而,很可能鮮為人知的是,即使有儲(chǔ)備的脂肪,野生動(dòng)物在冬天消耗的能量比夏天要少。一個(gè)很好的例證是白尾鹿。與大多數(shù)野生動(dòng)物一樣,鹿在營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、食物充足的夏秋兩季,繁殖、生長(zhǎng)并儲(chǔ)存脂肪。一只成熟健壯的母鹿,在十一月份懷胎,五月底或六月初生下兩只幼鹿,這時(shí),它必須尋找食物以獲得必要的能量,這不僅是為了滿足自身的需要,而且也是為了給幼鹿生產(chǎn)乳汁。產(chǎn)乳的最佳期也正是植物生長(zhǎng)茂盛之時(shí)。這個(gè)時(shí)機(jī)選擇得很好,因?yàn)槿橹a(chǎn)是一個(gè)消耗能量的過(guò)程——它需要大量的食物,除非該地區(qū)具有豐富的食物資源,否則無(wú)法滿足這種消耗。夏季一天天過(guò)去,幼鹿日漸生長(zhǎng),它們變得較少依賴母鹿的乳汁,而更加依靠生長(zhǎng)中的植物為其食物來(lái)源。雄性成鹿在夏天生長(zhǎng)鹿角并養(yǎng)肥身體。在秋天,雄鹿和雌鹿都繼續(xù)進(jìn)食高質(zhì)量食物,貯存體內(nèi)脂肪,以備過(guò)冬。至于雌鹿和幼鹿,由于大量的能量用于產(chǎn)奶或生長(zhǎng),脂肪的積累速度不如完全成熟的雄鹿快。脂肪儲(chǔ)備如同銀行里的存款,供冬天食物來(lái)源不足時(shí)和有時(shí)由于雪深難以獲得時(shí),支取使用。隨著秋去冬來(lái),還會(huì)發(fā)生其他變化:幼鹿失去皮毛上的斑紋,所有鹿身上的毛長(zhǎng)厚,顏色變深。毛皮的變化通常持續(xù)到9月。到??11月或12月天氣變冷時(shí),毛長(zhǎng)得最厚。此外,大自然還為鹿提供進(jìn)一步的保護(hù)以幫助它們度過(guò)冬天——體內(nèi)生理機(jī)能作相應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié),放慢新陳代謝,亦即生理活動(dòng)的速度,從而降低能量的消耗。鹿變得有點(diǎn)動(dòng)作遲緩、嗜睡。它們的心率減慢。冬眠的動(dòng)物保存能量的習(xí)性勝過(guò)鹿。雖然鹿不冬眠,但他們隨季節(jié)改變新陳代謝節(jié)奏的習(xí)性則是一樣的。夏秋間,食物充裕的時(shí)候,鹿消耗較多的能量并儲(chǔ)存脂肪。在冬天食物匱乏時(shí),它們則消耗較少的能量并使用儲(chǔ)存的脂肪。1973-1974年間,第一次出現(xiàn)“能源危機(jī)”的時(shí)候,我正與家人住在明尼蘇達(dá)州北部一處鹿群過(guò)冬地方的邊緣地帶。我們住在一個(gè)小屋里,觀察鹿的生活習(xí)性,觀察它們是如何隨著冬季來(lái)臨從夏秋的活動(dòng)頻繁狀態(tài)而變得少動(dòng)的,而到春暖雪融時(shí),他們的活動(dòng)又是如何增多起來(lái)的。當(dāng)時(shí)廣播電臺(tái)常告誡我們:“沒(méi)有必要不開(kāi)車,”“多穿衣服好保暖,并請(qǐng)調(diào)低鍋爐上的恒溫器?!边@些話聽(tīng)起來(lái)既有趣又逗笑。因?yàn)榕c此同時(shí),我們一直注視著鹿減少活動(dòng),長(zhǎng)出越冬的厚毛,并減緩新陳代謝。幾千年來(lái),他們一貫如此。鹿減少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的機(jī)會(huì),從生物學(xué)角度來(lái)看是合情合理的。當(dāng)然,對(duì)鹿來(lái)講,并非每個(gè)冬天都處于危難之中。如果冬天雪下得少,存活率和次年春天的繁殖力就高。但如果雪積得深,天氣連續(xù)數(shù)周寒冷,鹿活動(dòng)起來(lái)就得花費(fèi)較多的能量,覓食會(huì)更難,這時(shí)它們就得更多地依賴其脂肪儲(chǔ)備度過(guò)寒冬。如果這種情況持續(xù)太久,有些鹿就要死亡,只有體型最大最壯的,才有可能存活。對(duì)于像鹿這樣四處自由奔走的野生動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō),這是一條根本的生存規(guī)律。的確,生命——還有死亡——周而復(fù)始,循環(huán)不已。當(dāng)動(dòng)物死亡的時(shí)候,他們的尸體轉(zhuǎn)化為能量,變成食物,供其他生命形式使用。如此循環(huán),永不止息。Unit3TextCanyouprovethattheearthisround?Goaheadandtry!Willyourelyonyoursensesorwillyouhavetodrawontheopinionsofexperts?WHYDOWEBELIEVETHATTHEEARTHISROUND?GeorgeOrwellSomewhereorother—IthinkitisintheprefacetosaintJoan—BernardShawremarksthatwearemoregullibleandsuperstitioustodaythanwewereintheMiddleAges,andasanexampleofmoderncredulityhecitesthewidespreadbeliefthattheearthisround.Theaverageman,saysShaw,canadvancenotasinglereasonforthinkingthattheearthisround.Hemerelyswallowsthistheorybecausethereissomethingaboutitthatappealstothetwentieth-centurymentality.Now,Shawisexaggerating,butthereissomethinginwhathesays,andthequestionisworthfollowingup,forthesakeofthelightitthrowsonmodernknowledge.Justwhydowebelievethattheearthisround?Iamnotspeakingofthefewthousandastronomers,geographersandsoforthwhocouldgiveocularproof,orhaveatheoreticalknowledgeoftheproof,butoftheordinarynewspaper-readingcitizen,suchasyouorme.AsfortheFlatEarththeory,IbelieveIcouldrefuteit.Ifyoustandbytheseashoreonaclearday,youcanseethemastsandfunnelsofinvisibleshipspassingalongthehorizon.Thisphenomenoncanonlybeexplainedbyassumingthattheearth'ssurfaceiscurved.Butitdoesnotfollowthattheearthisspherical.ImagineanothertheorycalledtheOvalEarththeory,whichclaimsthattheearthisshapedlikeanegg.WhatcanIsayagainstit?AgainsttheOvalEarthman,thefirstcardIcanplayistheanalogyofthesunandmoon.TheOvalEarthmanpromptlyanswersthatIdon'tknow,bymyownobservation,thatthosebodiesarespherical.Ionlyknowthattheyareround,andtheymayperfectlywellbeflatdiscs.Ihavenoanswertothatone.Besides,hegoeson,whatreasonhaveIforthinkingthattheearthmustbethesameshapeasthesunandmoon?Ican'tanswerthatoneeither.Mysecondcardistheearth'sshadow:Whencastonthemoonduringeclipses,itappearstobetheshadowofaroundobject.ButhowdoIknow,demandstheOvalEarthman,thateclipsesofthemoonarecausedbytheshadowoftheearth?TheansweristhatIdon'tknow,buthavetakenthispieceofinformationblindlyfromnewspaperarticlesandsciencebooklets.Defeatedintheminorexchanges,Inowplaymyqueenoftrumps:theopinionoftheexperts.TheAstronomerRoyal,whooughttoknow,tellsmethattheearthisround.TheOvalEarthmancoversthequeenwithhisking.HaveItestedtheAstronomerRoyal'sstatement,andwouldIevenknowawayoftestingit?HereIbringoutmyace.Yes,Idoknowonetest.Theastronomerscanforetelleclipses,andthissuggeststhattheiropinionsaboutthesolarsystemareprettysound.Iam,tomydelight,justifiedinacceptingtheirsay-soabouttheshapeoftheearth.IftheOvalEarthmananswers—whatIbelieveistrue—thattheancientEgyptians,whothoughtthesungoesroundtheearth,couldalsopredicteclipses,thenbanggoesmyace.Ihaveonlyonecardleft:navigation.Peoplecansailshiproundtheworld,andreachtheplacestheyaimat,bycalculationswhichassumethattheearthisspherical.IbelievethatfinishestheOvalEarthman,thougheventhenhemaypossiblyhavesomekindofcounter.Itwillbeseenthatmyreasonsforthinkingthattheearthisroundareratherprecariousones.Yetthisisanexceptionallyelementarypieceofinformation.OnmostotherquestionsIshouldhavetofallbackontheexpertmuchearlier,andwouldbelessabletotesthispronouncements.Andmuchthegreaterpartofourknowledgeisatthislevel.Itdoesnotrestonreasoningoronexperiment,butonauthority.Andhowcanitbeotherwise,whentherangeofknowledgeissovastthattheexperthimselfisanignoramusassoonashestraysawayfromhisownspecialty?Mostpeople,ifaskedtoprovethattheearthisround,wouldnotevenbothertoproducetheratherweakargumentsIhaveoutlinedabove.Theywouldstartoffbysayingthat"everyoneknows"theearthtoberound,andifpressedfurther,wouldbecomeangry.InawayShawisright.Thisisacredulousage,andtheburdenofknowledgewhichwenowhavetocarryispartlyresponsible.你能證明地球是圓的嗎?來(lái)試試看吧!你將依靠你自己的智力還是不得不引用專家的觀點(diǎn)呢?我們?yōu)槭裁聪嘈诺厍蚴菆A的?記得在什么地方——我想是在《圣女貞德》序言中——肖伯納評(píng)論說(shuō),今天我們比在中世紀(jì)時(shí)更加輕信,更加迷信。而作為現(xiàn)代輕信的例證,他舉出地圓說(shuō)這一廣為傳播的信念。肖伯納說(shuō),普通人舉不出一條理由來(lái)說(shuō)明為什么相信地球是圓的。他全盤接受這一理論,只是因?yàn)檫@一理論中有一種迎合20世紀(jì)心態(tài)的東西。當(dāng)然,肖伯納是夸大其詞了,但他說(shuō)的也確實(shí)有些道理,這一問(wèn)題值得進(jìn)一步探討,因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)幫助人們看清現(xiàn)代知識(shí)的真實(shí)情況。我們究竟為什么會(huì)相信地球是圓的呢?我說(shuō)的不是數(shù)千位天文學(xué)家、地理學(xué)家之類的人,他們可以用觀察到的事實(shí)或用理論上的根據(jù)來(lái)證實(shí)這一點(diǎn),我指的是如同你我之輩的報(bào)紙的普通讀者。至于“地平說(shuō)”,我相信我能夠加以駁斥。如果你在天氣晴朗的日子站立海邊,你可以看到船桅和煙囪沿著地平線移動(dòng)而不見(jiàn)船體本身。只有假設(shè)地球表面呈曲線狀,這一現(xiàn)象才能得到解釋。但不能由此推斷地球是球形的。設(shè)想另一個(gè)稱做“地球卵形說(shuō)”的理論吧,這一學(xué)說(shuō)聲稱地球形如蛋狀。對(duì)此,我能說(shuō)什么加以反駁呢?面對(duì)“地球卵形說(shuō)”者,我能打的第一張牌是,可以根據(jù)太陽(yáng)和月亮來(lái)類推?!暗厍蚵研握f(shuō)”者立即回敬道,我無(wú)法根據(jù)自己的觀察得知那些天體是球形的。我只能得知他們是圓的,而它們完全可能呈扁平的圓盤狀。我對(duì)此無(wú)言以答。此外,他還會(huì)說(shuō),我憑什么理由認(rèn)為地球一定與太陽(yáng)和月亮的形狀相同?對(duì)此,我同樣無(wú)法解答。我的第二張牌是地球的影子:月食期間,地球投在月亮上的影子看上去呈圓形物體狀。但“地球卵形說(shuō)”者馬上要問(wèn),我怎么知道月食是由地球的影子造成的呢?回答是,我并不知道,我只是照搬報(bào)刊文章和科普小冊(cè)子上的說(shuō)法而已。小小交鋒受挫,于是我打出一張王牌“Q”:專家的看法。英國(guó)格林威治皇家天文臺(tái)臺(tái)長(zhǎng)總該是權(quán)威了,他告訴我說(shuō)地球是圓的?!暗厍蚵研握f(shuō)”者用他的“K”牌壓倒我的“Q”牌。天文臺(tái)臺(tái)長(zhǎng)的話我檢驗(yàn)過(guò)沒(méi)有?再說(shuō),我知道怎么個(gè)檢驗(yàn)法嗎?這時(shí)候,我打出我的“愛(ài)司”。是的,我確實(shí)知道一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)方法。天文學(xué)家能預(yù)報(bào)月食,這一點(diǎn)表明他們關(guān)于太陽(yáng)系的看法是非??尚诺?。因此,令我高興的是,我接受他們關(guān)于地球形狀的論斷是有道理的。如果“地球卵形說(shuō)”者反駁道——我以為他反駁得有理——認(rèn)為太陽(yáng)繞地球轉(zhuǎn)的古代埃及人也能預(yù)言月食,那我的“愛(ài)司”牌便立刻化為烏有。我只剩下一張牌:航海。人們可以揚(yáng)帆繞地球航行而到達(dá)他們的目的地,其航程的計(jì)算,就是以地球是球形的假定為依據(jù)的。我相信這一下可以徹底擊敗“地球卵形說(shuō)”者了。不過(guò)即便如此,他還可能有某種回?fù)舻霓k法。由此可見(jiàn),我認(rèn)為地球是圓的,其根據(jù)是相當(dāng)不牢靠的。然而這卻是一點(diǎn)極其基本的知識(shí)。在別的大多數(shù)問(wèn)題上,我只得更早地依賴專家的理論,且更少有辦法檢驗(yàn)他的結(jié)論了。我們的知識(shí),其絕大部分都停留在這一水平上。它不是依靠推理或?qū)嶒?yàn),而是依賴權(quán)威??墒?,不這樣,又有什么別的法子呢?知識(shí)的范圍如此廣博,一旦越出其專業(yè)范圍,專家也會(huì)變成一無(wú)所知。對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō),如果要他們證明地球是圓的話,就連我上面概述的這些相當(dāng)無(wú)力的論據(jù),他們也不愿提供出來(lái)。他們一開(kāi)始就會(huì)說(shuō):誰(shuí)都知道地球是圓的。要是再加追問(wèn),就會(huì)生氣了。在某種程度上講,肖伯納是說(shuō)對(duì)了,如今是一個(gè)輕信的時(shí)代。究其緣由,部分在于,我們現(xiàn)今必須掌握的知識(shí)實(shí)在太多了。Unit4TextOnSeptember11,2001,aseriesofsuicideattacksontheUnitedStatestookplace.ForeignhijackerstookcontroloffourU.S.airliners.TwowerecrashedintotheWorldTradeCenter.ThethirdaircraftwascrashedintothePentagon.Thefourth,intended,itisthought,foranothergovernmenttarget,crashedintoafield,apparentlyafterpassengerresistance.ThisisthestoryofoneofthosepassengersFlight93:WhatIneverknowSunday,September9,2001,wasagooddayforthethreeofus.Emmywasjust11weeksoldandwewereenjoyingherenormously.Afterthreemiscarriagesintwoyears,shewasdoublyprecioustous.Myhusband,Jeremy,whowasthinkingofchangingjobs,hadgoneontwointerviewsandfelttheywentwell.SinceSundaywasrainy,wejustlayaroundourhouseinnorthernNewJersey.Welaughedalot,andwatchedEmmy,andthenwenttobedearly.Thenextday,September10,wasbusy,withJeremyduetoflyfromNewarktoCaliforniaonbusiness.IwouldtakeEmmyuptomyparents’houseinWindham,NewYork,andhecouldmeetustherewhenhereturned.ForsomereasonheparticularlywantedtotakecareofEmmythatmorning.Sohefedherandbathedanddressedher.Hepackedupbothourcars,madesureEmmywastuckedintohercarseat,andkissedher.Thenhestoodwavingaswedroveoff.WhenIgottoWindham,Jeremycalled.HisflighttoSanFranciscohadbeencanceled.Hedidn’twanttotakethenextavailableflightandgetinat2a.m.“Screwit,”hesaid.“I’mgoingtogohome,getagoodnight’ssleep,andgetupearlytomorrow.”HewouldgrabthefirstflightoutofNewark.UnitedFlight93.Tuesdaymorningfoundmeinthekitchen,fumblingwiththelidofthedoughnutbox,whenIheardmyfathersaysomethingabouttheWorldTradeCenter.IlookedinthelivingroomattheTV,andsawtheimageofthefirepokingthroughtheblackenedholesinthetower’ssilverskin.Thephonerang,andmydadsaidintoit,“Oh,thankGodit’syou.”Iranintothelivingroom.Heheldoutthephone,hisfacepale.“Jeremy,”hesaid.Igrabbedthephone.“Jer”Isaid.“Hi”hesaid.“Listen,therearesomebadmenontheplane.”“Whatdoyoumean?”“Thesethreeguystookovertheplane.Theyputontheseredheadbands.Theysaidtheyhadabomb.”Iwascryingnow.“Iloveyou,”hesaid.“Iloveyou,”Isaid.“onlyhavegoodthoughts”Iwasshakingandnauseated,butIalsoknewIcouldmakemyselfdowhateverwasnecessarytohelpJeremy.“Idon’tthinkI’mgoingtomakeitoutofhere,”hesaid.Andthen,“Idon’twanttodie.”Andhecursed.“You’renotgoingtodie,”Itoldhim.“Jer,putapictureofmeandEmmyinyourheadandonlyhavereallygoodthoughts.”“Yeah,”heanswered.“Don’tthinkaboutanythingbad,”Isaid.“You’vegottopromisemeyou’regoingtobehappy,”hesaid.“ForEmmytoknowhowmuchIloveher.Andthatwhateverdecisionsyoumakeinyourlife,nomatterwhat,I’llsupportyou.”Afterapause,Jeremysaidtome,“Apassengersaidthey’recrashingplanesintotheWorldTradeCenter.Isthattrue?”“Aretheygoingtoblowtheplaneuporaretheygoingtocrashitintosomething?”healmostscreamedatme.“They’renotgoingtotheWorldTradeCenter,”Isaid.“Becausethewholething’sonfire.”Hesaidthereweremaybe30or35passengers,herdedtotheback.Forsomereason,however,noonewasguardingthembackthere.“Whataboutthepilots?”Iaskedhim.“Hastherebeenanycommunication?”“No.Theseguysjuststoodupandyelledandranintothecockpit.Afterthat,wedidn’thearfromthepilots.”Justthen,wesawsomethingonTVaboutaplanecrashingintothePentagon,andIthought,thankGoditisn’tJeremy’splane.WhenItoldhimaboutthisnewattack,Jeremycursedagain.ThePentagonwasprobablythejoltthatmadehimseeclearlythathisfateandthatofhisfellowpassengersintherearoftheplanewerecompletelyintheirownhands.“Okay,I’mgoingtotakeavote,”hesaid.“There’sthreeotherguysasbigasmeandwe’rethinkingofattackingtheguywiththebomb.Whatdoyouthink?”“No,Ididn’tseeguns.Isawknives.”Hejoked,“Istillhavemybutterknifefrombreakfast.”Therewasapause,andthenhesaid,“IknowIcouldtaketheguywiththebomb.Doyouthinkit’sreallyabomb?”Idon’tthinkso.Ithinkthey’rebluffingyou.”“Okay,I’mgoingtodoit,”Jersaid“screamsinthebackground”“Ithinkyouneedtodoit,”Itoldhim.“You’restrong,you’rebrave,Iloveyou.”“Okay,I’mgoingtoputthephonedown,I’mgoingtoleaveithere,andI’mgoingtocomerightbacktoit,”Whenmyfatherputthephonetohisear,heheardnothingonthelinefortwoorthreeminutes.Thenheheardscreamsoffinthebackground.Andhethought,T
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