VIBRAZIONI振動(dòng)器中英文

VIBRAZIONI振動(dòng)器VIBRAZIONI振動(dòng)：mechanicaloscillationgeneratedbythepressurewavesthatpropagatethroughsolids.氣壓波通過固體傳播產(chǎn)生機(jī)械振動(dòng)。Theoscillationisamovementthatperformsamovingpointaroundanequilibriumposition;振動(dòng)是圍繞平衡位置的一種往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。Thetimethatelapsesbetweentwosuccessivestepstotheequilibriumpointissaidperiod(T,[s])whilethenumberofcycles(periods)tosecondissaidvibrazionifrequence。連續(xù)兩次通過平衡點(diǎn)位置所用的時(shí)間稱為周期（T，[S]），每秒的運(yùn)動(dòng)周期次數(shù)稱為振動(dòng)頻率（Hz,S-1）。Inadditiontothefrequency,thevibrationsarecharacterizedbytwoparameterscloselyconnectedtoeachother:除頻率外，振動(dòng)還有兩個(gè)密切彼此相關(guān)的參數(shù)：theamplitudeAofthedisplacement[cm]振幅：位移A[cm]acceleration[m/sec2]加速度：[m/sec2]Theaccelerationisthemostimportantparameterfortheassessmentofbodyresponsetovibration,ashefeelsmorethevariationofastimulusthatitscontinuation加速度是評(píng)估物體對(duì)振動(dòng)響應(yīng)的最重要的參數(shù)，因?yàn)樗歉惺艿酱碳ふ駝?dòng)變化而延續(xù)進(jìn)行。Thevibrationphenomenacantakeondifferentaspects:sinusoidal,random,shock.振動(dòng)現(xiàn)象可以呈現(xiàn)出不同的形式：正弦曲線，隨機(jī)的，沖擊。Thesinusoidalaspectistherepresentationofvibrationwithfrequencyandamplitudeshiftconstants;正弦曲線形式是指具有恒定頻率和振幅位移的振動(dòng)。randomvibrationsrandomvibrationsarecharacterizedbycomplexoscillationswhichhavarecharacterizedbycomplexoscillationswhichhaveabroadeabroadspectrumoffrequenciesandamplitudesofdisplacement,whicharearrangedinanunpredictablemannertothedifferentfrequencies;隨機(jī)振動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)是它是一種復(fù)雜的震蕩，具有寬幅的頻率和變換的位移，以不可預(yù)知的方式變換不同的頻率。aspectsshockarecharacterizedbylargeamplitudevibrationsintheshortduration,foroccasionalaccelerations沖擊形式的特點(diǎn)是它以不時(shí)的加速度在短時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生大振幅振動(dòng)。FrequencyandAmplitude頻率和振幅Eachbodycanbeputintovibrationbyanexcitationexternaltoit,developingwhocallthemselvesforcedoscillations.每個(gè)物體都可以由外部刺激置于振動(dòng)中，產(chǎn)生它們自稱的強(qiáng)迫震蕩。Themechanicalsystems,aswellasourbody,havetheabilitytodamptheoscillationsreducingtheamplitude,intheuprightposture,thelegsdampenverticalvibrations;機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，以及我們的身體，可以減弱這種震蕩以致降低振幅，以直立的姿勢(shì)站立，腿部可以減弱垂直振動(dòng)。horizontalvibrations,whichcomemainlythroughthehands,arereducedgraduallyinthesamehands,elbowsandshoulders主要通過手部傳播的水平振動(dòng)，會(huì)在通過手部，肘部，肩部時(shí)逐漸減弱。verticalvibrations垂直振動(dòng)horizontalvibrations水平振動(dòng)hehumanbodycanbeconsideredasasystemwithndegreesoffreedom,sothatdoesnotvibrateasasinglemasswithasinglenaturalfrequency,buteachmass,everyorganandeveryindividual"segment",eachhavingitsownfrequencyresonance.人體可以被視為具有n個(gè)自由度的系統(tǒng)，所以它不會(huì)以一個(gè)單一的質(zhì)量和單一的自然頻率振動(dòng)，但是對(duì)于每一塊，每個(gè)器官和每個(gè)單獨(dú)的“部分”，都有其自身的共振頻率。EFFECTSOFVIBRATIONSpathophysiological振動(dòng)的病理生理影響Inordertoevaluatetheeffectofvibrationsonhumansisnecessarytoconsiderseveralparameterssuchas:為了評(píng)估振動(dòng)對(duì)人體的影響，需要考慮一些如下參數(shù)：1)theentranceregionofthevibrationsandtheirdirection

振動(dòng)的入口區(qū)和它們的方向2)thefrequency頻率3)theacceleration加速度4)theintensity強(qiáng)度5)thedurationofexposure持續(xù)時(shí)間Themechanicalvibrationisconsideredapotentialmethod,asthestimulusisavibratorysignalsuitablefortheproprioceptors,therefore,astimulusforelective"enter"inthecircuitsofmotorcontrol.機(jī)械振動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是一種電位法，因?yàn)榇碳の锸且环N適合自動(dòng)感應(yīng)器的振動(dòng)信號(hào)，所以選擇的刺激物可以進(jìn)入電機(jī)控制的線路。Thevibrationisamodeofpropagationofenergy,whetheritbeelectromagnetic,electrical,magnetic,thermalormechanical.Avibrationissimplyanoscillationamplitude,oftenperiodic,energy.Inourcaseitisapropagationofmechanicalenergy.Inourcaseitisapropagationofmechanicalenergy.振動(dòng)是一種能量傳播的方式，無論它是以電磁、電、磁、熱或是機(jī)械的形式。振動(dòng)就是簡(jiǎn)單的震蕩幅度，固定周期，能量。在我們的討論中，它是一種機(jī)械能量的傳播。Inthecontextofthebiologicalexperimentationaredistinguishedessentiallytwotypesofmechanicalvibration:在本文的生物實(shí)驗(yàn)中，機(jī)械振動(dòng)可以分為兩種基本的類型：TheWholeBodyVibration(WBV),themechanicalvibrationthat,startingforexamplefromthefeetorhands,hasabilitytoinvadethewholebody.Thefocalvibration,whichappliestoasinglemusclegroup.全身振動(dòng)（WBV）,這種機(jī)械振動(dòng)例如可以從手部或腳部開始，然后可以擴(kuò)散至全身。震源震動(dòng)，適用于單一的肌群。Thefocalvibration,iswidelyusedinresearchtoactivetheproprioceptivesystemofindividualmusclesorjoints.Ithaslongtriedtouseitfortherapeuticpurposes,itiswellknownitsactiononmusclespindles.Becausethesenervereceptorsaresensitivetoelongation,thistypeofvibrationisusedtoforcethemusclesequenceselongationsandshorteningsofatleast0.5millimeters,usually1-2mm,withfrequenciesbetween80-120Hz.震源振動(dòng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于研究激活個(gè)別肌肉或關(guān)節(jié)的本體感覺系統(tǒng)。很久以來都用它進(jìn)行治療目的，它因作用于肌肉紡錘體而著名。因?yàn)檫@些神經(jīng)受體對(duì)于延伸很敏感，這種類型的振動(dòng)可以用來強(qiáng)迫肌肉序列在頻率80-120Hz之間至少0.5毫米，通常為1-2mm的延長(zhǎng)和縮短。ITSFEATURESINCLUDENONITSFEATURESINCLUDENON--INVASIVENESSANDABILITYTOINVASIVENESSANDABILITYTOPERFORMANALYTICALWORKONTHEMUSCLES,ONTHETENDON,ONTHEBLOODSTREAM,ONTHELYMPHATICSYSTEMANDONTHEBONE’SMETABOLISM.其特點(diǎn)包括非完全擴(kuò)散以及它可以針對(duì)肌肉、肌腱、血液、淋巴系統(tǒng)和骨骼新陳代謝完成分析工作。VERYRECENTWORK,HOWEVER,CONVERGEONSOMENEWASPECTS:近期工作，主要集中在一些新的方面：

-themechanicalvibrationtohavepersistenteffectsmusttakeadequatetime(10-15minutes)(RosenkranzK,RothwellJC.JPhysiol2003;551.2:649-660;RosenkranzK,RothwellJC.JPhysiol2004,561:307-320)機(jī)械振動(dòng)必須有足夠的時(shí)間保障（10-15分鐘）才可以有持續(xù)的影響。--frequencyfortheproprioceptivesystemcircuitisparticularlyensitive(80-120hz/100-200hz).本體感覺系統(tǒng)電路對(duì)頻率特別敏感。--themotorcontrolsystemissusceptibletobeenhanthemotorcontrolsystemissusceptibletobeenhancedinitscedinitsfunctionsbytheapplicationofparticularsequencesofsensoryinputs(WolpawJR,TennissenAM(2001)AnnuRevNeurosci24:807-843).電機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的功能易被感官輸入特殊序列的應(yīng)用所加強(qiáng)。Thesearemethodsthatenhancephysiologicalmechanisms,astheycanonlyactivatephysiologicalmechanisms.這些是加強(qiáng)生理機(jī)制的方法，因?yàn)樗鼈冎豢梢宰饔糜谏頇C(jī)制。SOMESCIENTIFICSTUDIES一些科學(xué)研究

Theeffectsofthecontrolledadministrationofvibrationsonthebodyhumanareknownsince1949,whenthefirstscientificworkinthisspecificarea.1949年在此特殊領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的科學(xué)研究首次開展，到那時(shí)振動(dòng)控制管理對(duì)人體的作用才被人們所知。SCIENTIFICSTUDIES科學(xué)研究

In1989itwasscientificallyrecognizedthetherapeuticvalueofvibrationforwhatrelatedtotheirosteogeniceffect,whichjustifiestheirapplicationingeriatricmedicineijustifiestheirapplicationingeriatricmedicineingeneralandngeneralandsomespecificdiseaseslikeosteoporosis.(20-30hz).到1989年振動(dòng)治療對(duì)成骨細(xì)胞的影響的價(jià)值才被科學(xué)界公認(rèn)。在一般的老年醫(yī)學(xué)和一些特定疾病例如骨質(zhì)疏松癥（20-30hz）中證明了它的應(yīng)用。SOMEEXAMPLES…一些例子。。。。?！瑼FTER1WEEKOFTREATTAMENT治療一周后AFTER2WEEKSOFTREATTAMENT治療兩周后THELOCALIZEDMECHANO-ACOUSTICVIBRATIONINSPASTICITY痙攣狀態(tài)下局部機(jī)械聲波振動(dòng)

Objective:Theeffectsofanovelrepeatedmusclevibrationintervention(rMV;100Hz,90minover3consecutivedays)oncorticomotorexcitabilitywerestudiedinhealthysubjects.目的：一種新穎的反復(fù)肌肉振動(dòng)介入（rMV;100Hz,連續(xù)三天超過90分鐘）對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層興奮性的影響在健康者中進(jìn)行研究。Methods:rMVwasappliedovertheflexorcarpiradialis(FCR)duringvoluntarycontraction(experiment1),duringrelaxationandduringcontractionwithoutvibration(experiment2contractionwithoutvibration(experiment2).Focaltranscranialtranscranialmagneticstimulation(TMS)wasappliedbeforerMVandonehour,andone,twoandthreeweeksafterthelastmusclevibrationintervention.Ateachofthesetimepoints,weassessedthemotormapareaandvolumeintheFCR,extensordigitorumcommunis(EDC)andabductordigitiminimi(ADM).Short-intervalintracorticalinhibition(SICI)andfacilitation(ICF)weretestedfortheflexor/extensormusclesalone.方法：rMV應(yīng)用于橈骨腕屈?。‵CR）當(dāng)其主動(dòng)收縮時(shí)（實(shí)驗(yàn)1），當(dāng)其在沒有振動(dòng)下放松和收縮時(shí)（實(shí)驗(yàn)2）。集中于經(jīng)顱的磁力刺激（TMS）在rMV前和肌肉振動(dòng)介入后1小時(shí)、1周、2周和3周時(shí)應(yīng)用。在每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，我們?cè)u(píng)估FCR，普通指伸?。‥DC）和小指外展肌（ADM）的運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍和量。短間隔皮層抑制（SICI）和促進(jìn)（ICF）只用來測(cè)試屈肌/伸肌肌肉。Long-termeffectsonmotorcorticalexcitabilityinducedbyrepeatedmusclevibrationduringcontractioninhealthysubjects健康者肌肉收縮時(shí)反復(fù)的肌肉振動(dòng)會(huì)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層興奮性的較長(zhǎng)作用Two-dimensional(2-D)corticalmapsoftheFCRandEDCmusclesbeforeandatthedifferenttimepointsafterrMVintheVCgroup.MapvolumesoftheFCRandEDCmusclesareshownatthebaseline(pre-rMV),atpost-2andpost-3.AnevidentdecreaseintheFCRmapvolumecanbeseenatpost-2andpost-3,whiletheEDCmapvolumepatternisreversedatthesametimepoints.在VC組，在rMV之前和之后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)FCR和EDC肌肉二維（2-D）皮層圖。FCR和EDC肌肉圖像顯示基線上（rMV前）、后-2和后-3中。在FCR圖像后-2和后-3中可以看到一個(gè)明顯的下降，然而在EDC圖像中，相同的時(shí)間點(diǎn)與FCR相反。Results:FollowingrMVundervoluntarycontraction,weobservedasignificantreductionintheFCRmapvolumesandanenhancementintheEDC.結(jié)果：在rMV主動(dòng)收縮之后，我們觀察到在FCR圖像中有顯著的降低和在EDC圖像有顯著提高。SICIwasincreasedintheFCRandreducedintheEDC.Thesechangespersistedforuptotwoweeksandoccurredatthecorticallevelinthehemispherecontralateraltothesideoftheintervention.SICI在FCR中增加，在EDC中減少。這種變化持續(xù)長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩周，在介入側(cè)的對(duì)側(cè)半球皮層上發(fā)生。Conclusion:WeconcludethatrMV,appliedduringavoluntarycontraction,mayinduceprolongedchangesintheexcitatory/inhibitorystateoftheprimarymotorcortex.Thesefindingsmayrepresentanimportantadvanceinmotordisorderrehabilitation.結(jié)論：我們推斷出在主動(dòng)收縮時(shí)應(yīng)用rMV可能在初級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層興奮/抑制狀態(tài)下引起長(zhǎng)期變化。這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)可能代表著在運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙恢復(fù)上的一個(gè)重要進(jìn)步。IMPROVEMENTOFPOSTURESTABILITYBYVIBRATORYSTIMULATIONFOLLOWINGANTERIORCRUCIATELIGAMENTRECONSTRUCTION前交叉韌帶修復(fù)后用振動(dòng)刺激改進(jìn)姿態(tài)穩(wěn)定性。

O.BrunettiAEG.M.FilippiAEM.LorenziniAEA.LitiAER.PanichiAEM.RosciniAEV.E.PettorossiAEG.CerulliReceived:26September2005/Accepted:12January2006/Publishedonline:9June2006Themechanicalvibration(100Hzfrequencyand<20Imamplitude)ofthequadricepsmuscleinthelegthathasundergoneACLreconstruction.Inourtrials,stimulationwasperformedwhenthequadricepsmusclewaskeptisometricallycontracted.Ninemonthsaftertreatment,posturalstabilitywasreevaluatedwiththesubjectsstandingononelegwithopenandwithclosedeyes.股四頭肌的機(jī)械振動(dòng)（頻率100Hz，振幅<20Im）完成了前交叉韌帶修復(fù)。在我們的試驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)四頭肌保持等長(zhǎng)收縮時(shí)刺激起作用。在治療九個(gè)月后，受試者應(yīng)在單腳站立時(shí)睜眼和閉眼狀態(tài)下重新評(píng)估其姿態(tài)穩(wěn)定性。Cumulativevaluesofellipticarea(a)andvelocity(b)ofCoPofsubjectswhounderwentACLreconstruction.Filledcolumnrepresentsdataobtainedinclosedeyecondition(dark)andthedashedcolumnthoseobtainedinopeneyecondition(light).Subjectswerestandingonnon-operatedside(NO)oronoperatedside(O)andunderwenttrue(V)orfalse(NV)vibration.完成ACL修復(fù)的受試者紡錘體橢圓面積（a）和運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率(b)的累計(jì)值。填充柱代表在閉眼（暗夜）條件下獲得的數(shù)據(jù)，虛線柱代表在睜眼（明亮）條件下獲得的數(shù)據(jù)。受試者站在未運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)側(cè)（NO）或運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)側(cè)（O）來完成正確（V）或錯(cuò)誤（NV）的振動(dòng)。Theasterisksindicatethevaluesthatarestatisticallydifferentfromthoseobtainedwithsubjectsstandingonthecontra-lateralleg.*指統(tǒng)計(jì)中不同于受試者對(duì)側(cè)腿站立時(shí)所獲得的值。ThevibrationhaveeffectsonReceptoractivationofmusclespindles(musclespindlereceptors),bothatthelevelofthecomplexmuscle-tendondirectlyurged,thatofadjacentmusclegroups.振動(dòng)對(duì)肌梭（肌梭受體）的受體激活，直接對(duì)復(fù)雜的肌肉-肌腱以及周圍的肌肉組織均有作用。(HagbarthandEklund,1985;Seidel,1988)Thistypeofresponsefromthemuscleinthevibratorysolicitationisdefinedbytheterm"tonicvibrationreflex"(RTV)(HagbarthandEklund,1966).在vibratorysolicitation中的肌肉這種類型的反應(yīng)在專業(yè)術(shù)語中被定義為“肌肉緊張振動(dòng)反射”.

MUSCLEANDTENDON肌肉和肌腱

(10-200Hz)RTVinducesanincreaseincontractileforceofthegroupsmuscleinvolved(HagbarthandEklund,1966,Johnstonetal,1970;Arcangeletal.,1971,Armstrongetal.,1987;Matyasetal.,1986,Samuelsonetal.,1989;Woodsetal.,2000).RTV誘導(dǎo)參與的肌肉群收縮力增加RTVThemuscle-tendoncomplex,undervibrationsupportsmodest,butvibrationsupportsmodest,butsignificant,changesofitslength.(Kerschan-Shindletal.,2001),股肉-肌腱綜合體，在振動(dòng)下使它的長(zhǎng)度可以進(jìn)行適度的、但重要的改變。（Kerschan-Shindl等人，2001）Thevibrationsdetermineaseriesofconcentricandeccentriccontractionsofsmallamplitude(Rittwegeretal.,2001).Thisparticularmechanicalbehaviorcouldinduceafacilitationofspinalreflexexcitability(Burkeandetal,1996).振動(dòng)決定了一系列的小幅度內(nèi)的同心和偏心的收縮（Rittweger等人，2001）。這種特殊的機(jī)械行為誘導(dǎo)脊椎應(yīng)激性反射更為容易。(Burke等人，1996)(Burkeetal.,1976)advancethehypothesisthattheRTVoperatespredominantly,ifnotexclusively,throughthealphamotorneuronsanddoesnotusethesamepatternscorticalefferentsystemsusedwithinthevoluntarymovement.ButIncreasedthemotorunitsrecruitmentthroughactivationneuromuscularspindleandpatternsofpolysynapticactivation(DeGailetal.,1966)推進(jìn)這樣一種假說，在alpha運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元中，RTV運(yùn)行為主，但非完全，而且與自發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)中的皮層傳出系統(tǒng)不使用相同的樣式。但是通過激活神經(jīng)肌梭和突觸激活方式增加運(yùn)動(dòng)單位募集（DeGail等人，1966）Tonicvibrationreflex肌肉緊張振動(dòng)反射

Applyingavibratorystimulustothemuscle-tendonjunction,toensurethatthevibrationinvolvingafairlywideportionofthemuscle,intherangeof100-200Hz,makeachangeinreflectionofthemuscletoneundervibrationlimitedtothemuscleanditsantagonists,inagreementwiththemodelofthestretchreflex:excitationautogeneticandreciprocalinhibition(Hagbarth,1973).將振動(dòng)刺激運(yùn)用到肌肉-肌腱交界處，以保證振動(dòng)波及到大部分的肌肉，在范圍為100-200Hz內(nèi)，在振動(dòng)下改變肌肉張力的反射，限制到肌肉和它的對(duì)抗肌，與牽張反射的模式一致：激發(fā)自生和交互抑制（Hagbarth,1973）Avibratorystimulusappliedtoinitiallymusclerelaxedtendstoproduceainvoluntarytoniccontractioninthismuscle(Rushworthetal.,1966;Marsdenetal.,1969),,contractionwhichincreasesinintensitycontractionwhichincreasesinintensityastheconsiderationmuscleiselongated(Eklundetal.,1966,Johnstonetal.,1970),allofithappensuntilthevibrationisappliedandthesubjectremainspassive.應(yīng)用于最初肌肉放松的振動(dòng)刺激往往在該肌肉處產(chǎn)生非自發(fā)的肌肉緊張收縮（Rushworth等人，1966;Marsden等人，1969），考慮到延長(zhǎng)時(shí)收縮強(qiáng)度增加（Eklund等人，1966,Johnston等人，1970），使用振動(dòng)后目標(biāo)保持被動(dòng)，將會(huì)發(fā)生上述過程。PROPRIOCEPTORS自動(dòng)感知器

Thisparticularpropertythathasthevibratorystimulustoactivatethemajorityoftheterminationsspindleprimaryofamusclemakesthemechanicalvibratoraninstrumentwidelyusedtounderstandhowthecentralnervoussystemusestheproprioceptiveinformation(Gordoetal.,1995).這種特殊的屬性，可以使振動(dòng)刺激激活初級(jí)肌梭的大部分終端，使機(jī)械振動(dòng)儀得以廣泛使用以了解中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)如何獲得自動(dòng)感知的信息(Gordo等人，1995).THECORPUSCLESOFPACINI帕奇尼小體

FA-2(FastAdaptation-2),localizedinsubcutaneoustissueoccursintheindividualelderlyelevationofthevibratoryperceptionthresholdconcomitantwithalossthecorpusclesofPacini(CaunaandMannan,1958)FA-2（快速適應(yīng)-2）位于皮下組織，在年齡較大的人中發(fā)生，振動(dòng)感知界限的高度伴隨帕奇尼小體的損失而改變。（Cauna&Mannan,1958）Theperceptionofvibratorystimulation,wouldbeblamedprimarilytoPacini'scorpuscles,whichshowavibrationalfrequencyoptimumhigherthan100Hz,rangespansreceptorfrom90to600Hz(LoewensteinandSkalak,1966).振動(dòng)刺激的感知主要?dú)w于帕奇尼小體，帕奇尼小體的振動(dòng)頻率最高可達(dá)100Hz，接收范圍幅度從90到600Hz（Loewenstein&Skalak,1966）。,alwayslocatedintheepidermis,correspondtothediscsofMerkelorSA-1(SlowAdaptation-1).通常位于上皮中，與Merkel觸盤或SA-1(慢適應(yīng)-1)一致Showreceptivityandtowardsthemovement,thatinrespectintensityofmechanicalstimulitowhichtheyaresubjected.對(duì)他們受到的機(jī)械刺激強(qiáng)度有關(guān)的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)出敏感。MECCANOCETTORSSLOWADAPTATIONMECCANOCETTORS慢適應(yīng)

motionsensitivelocatedinthederma,callMeissner'scorpuscles,otherwiseknownasFA-1(FastAdaptation-1)vibratorystimulioflowfrequency,valuebetween5and40Hz(LaMotte,andMountcastle,1975)位于真皮的運(yùn)動(dòng)感知，稱為麥納斯小體，或者FA-1（快適應(yīng)-1）低頻振動(dòng)刺激，數(shù)值為5-40Hz(LaMotte&Mountcastle,1975)Meissner'scorpuscles麥納斯小體

FLUTTER擺動(dòng)thevibrationsoflowfrequency,aroundavalueof40Hz,Manifestfeelingoftremor,otherwisedefinedbytheterm"flutter“(Talbotetal.,1968)40Hz周圍的低頻振動(dòng)，明顯感覺到震顫，另有術(shù)語定義為“擺動(dòng)”(Talbot等人，1968)Reflexeffectsofvibrationonposture姿勢(shì)振動(dòng)中的反射效應(yīng)

Thecontributionofproprioceptiveinputtotheposturaladjustmentinhumanswasdemonstratedalsothankstotheevocationofperceptualillusions(Hayetal.,1996;Rolletal.,1998),bymeansofthevibrationappliedtothedifferentmusclesferentmusclesinvolvedintheposture(Eklund,1969).Thedirectionofthebody’smovementisdependentbythesiteofthevibration(Eklund,1969;Kavounoudiasetal.,1999,2001).已證實(shí)本體輸入對(duì)人體姿勢(shì)調(diào)整的貢獻(xiàn)也歸功于感性幻想的激發(fā)。（Hay等人，1996;Rolletal.,1998），通過應(yīng)用于參與姿勢(shì)調(diào)整的不同肌肉振動(dòng)（Eklund,1969）。身體運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向由振動(dòng)位點(diǎn)決定（Eklund,1969;Kavounoudias等人，1999,2001）Thevibratorystimulationappliedtothemuscleswhichactontheanklesinducestheillusionofmovingintheoppositedirectiontothesiteofthevibrationandcausesanimbalanceintheoppositedirectiontothissensation;adjustmentreflectedintendedtooffsettheillusionofstretchingofthemusclebyshaking.作用于腳踝的肌肉上的振動(dòng)刺激，產(chǎn)生反方向運(yùn)動(dòng)的錯(cuò)覺，并導(dǎo)致不平衡感；調(diào)整反射以抵消由搖動(dòng)引起的肌肉伸展的錯(cuò)覺。Thevibrationmuscleduringtheuprightpositionofthetypicalreactionsevokesmuscle(Eklund1972;Lackneretal.,1979).Thevibrationofthemuscletibialisanterior(TA)resultsinasubstantialforwardleanofthebody,thevibrationoftheAchillestendonsinduces,however,thedisplacementofthebodybackward,becausethesubjectmeans(contractingthesoleus)reactingtheillusiontofallforward,signaledbylengtheningofthetricepssural,tovibrationstimulus(TesioTesio1993).Thevibrationofthehamstringmuscles(HS)causesthebackwardtiltofthetrunkandsimultaneouslyaforwardextensionofthelegbytheankleandkneeflexion.Whilethestimulusvibrationappliedtothequadriceps(Q)doesnotdetermineanysignificanttheposturalresponse,becausethevibrationofthemusclesofthethighdoesnotsignificantlychangethepositionofthecenterofmassofthebody(Ivanenkoetal.,2000a).直立時(shí)振動(dòng)肌肉會(huì)喚醒肌肉(Eklund1972;Lackner等人，1979)。脛骨前肌的振動(dòng)引起身體向前傾斜，而跟腱的振動(dòng)引起身體向后運(yùn)動(dòng)。因?yàn)檫@意味著（比目魚肌收縮）會(huì)引起向前傾倒的錯(cuò)覺，以三頭肌腓側(cè)的伸長(zhǎng)為信號(hào)，引起振動(dòng)刺激（Tesio1993）。腘繩肌肌肉的振動(dòng)（HS）引起身體向后傾斜，同時(shí)大腿通過腳踝和膝蓋彎曲向前伸展。當(dāng)刺激振動(dòng)作用于四頭?。≦）時(shí)對(duì)身體姿勢(shì)的反應(yīng)沒有任何影響，因?yàn)榇笸燃∪庹駝?dòng)不改變身體重心的位置。（Ivanenko等人，2000a）tibialisanteriortheAchillestendonshamstringmusclesVIBRATIONINPAINTERAPHY疼痛治療中的振動(dòng)

Antalgic……..,thepainofcephalicorigin(Ottosonetal.,1981;Lunderbergetal.,1983),inmusculoskeletalpain(Lunderberg,1984;Lunderbergetal.,1984;Lunderbergetal.,1987),undersomepainfuldisordersofneurogenicorigin(Lunderberg,1984;Lunderbergetal.1987)andinlowbackpain(Lunderbergetal.,1984;CasaleandTiengo,1985;Casaleetal.,1985).鎮(zhèn)痛...，始于頭部的疼痛（Ottoson等人，1981;Lunderberg等人，1983），肌肉與骨骼中的疼痛（Lunderberg,1984;Lunderberg等人，1984;Lunderberg等人，1987），神經(jīng)紊亂引起的疼痛（Lunderberg,1984;Lunderberg等人，1987）以及腰痛（Lunderberg等人，1984;Casale&Tiengo,1985;Casale等人，1985）physiologicalparameterswhichvibrationscanactonisthebloodstream,canresultfromareductionoftheviscosityofbloodandanincreaseoftheaveragespeedofthecirculatoryflow(Kerschanetal.,2001).振動(dòng)可作用的生理參數(shù)是血流，起因于血液粘質(zhì)性的減少，以及環(huán)流的平均速率增加（Kerschan等人，2001）THEBLOODSTREAM血流

THEVASOCOSTRICTION血管收縮Thevibratorystimulusalsowouldbeabletoactivateasympathetichypertonus

whichdeterminesanvasocostrittoryeffect,probablyresultingfromtheactivitiesofcorpusclesPaciniasthesensoryreceptorsoftheafferentbranchofthereflex(Kerschanetal.,2001).振動(dòng)刺激也可激活交感神經(jīng)壓力過高，可導(dǎo)致VASOCOSTRITTORY效應(yīng)，可能由帕奇尼小體作為反射傳入侵權(quán)的感應(yīng)接收器的活動(dòng)引起的。（Kerschan等人，2001）causesanincreaseinconcentrationofTESTOSTERONEandgrowthhormone(GH)simultaneouslytoadecreaseintheconcentrationofCORTISOL(Woodsetal.,2000).導(dǎo)致睪丸激素和生長(zhǎng)激素（GH）的增加，同時(shí)降低皮質(zhì)醇的濃度（Woods等人，2000）PHYSICALANDCHEMICALEFFECTSOFVIBRATION振動(dòng)的物理化學(xué)作用

TheincreaseofTandGHisduetotheactionofmetaborecettorimuscle(Kjaer,1992),whilethedecreaseintheCORTISOLisprobablytobeattributedtoinsufficientstimulatoryeffectofcentralmotorcommandandFeedbacknervousskeletalmuscle(KniggeandHays,1963;Woodsetal.,2000).T和GH的增加是由于metaborecettori肌肉的活動(dòng)引起的（Kjaer,1992），而皮質(zhì)醇的減少可能歸因于運(yùn)動(dòng)中樞指令和神經(jīng)骨骼肌反饋的刺激作用不足（Knigge&Hays,1963;Woods等人，2000）。EFFECTSOFVIBRATIONONSKELETALMUSCLESYSTEM骨骼肌系統(tǒng)的振動(dòng)效應(yīng)

Ithasbeenshownthatthe"applicationofmechanicalvibrationsofhighintensityandshortdurationproducepositiveeffectsonthebonestructure,muscleandjointsothatboththemass,thatthestrengthofthetissues,aremaintainedatahighlevel,withaconsequentreductionlossofmuscleandbone。高強(qiáng)度短時(shí)間的機(jī)械振動(dòng)的應(yīng)用會(huì)對(duì)骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)，肌肉和關(guān)節(jié)產(chǎn)生積極的作用，以致組織的強(qiáng)度都保持在高水平，隨之肌肉和骨骼的損失減少。itwouldappearthatonlyosteoblastscellsareprovidedwithmechanoreceptorsandthat,preciselyforthisreason,theyareabletorespondpositivelyagainstanincreaseofthecompressiveforces.Adecreaseofthelatterisabletodecreasethe"osteoblasticactivity,leavingunchangedtheprocessofboneresorption.只有成骨細(xì)胞提供給機(jī)械感受器，正是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因，它們能夠?qū)毫υ黾幽軌蜃龀龇e極響應(yīng)。壓力的降低可以減少造骨細(xì)胞的活性，使骨吸收過程不會(huì)發(fā)生改變USINGVIBRATIONSINTHEPREVENTIONOFOBESITYANDOSTEOPOROSIS振動(dòng)在預(yù)防肥胖和骨質(zhì)疏松癥中的應(yīng)用(ProfessorC.Rubin-2009),Themechanicalsignalsoflowintensity(LMMS,lowmagnitudemechanicalsignals)areabletosuppressthegrowthofsubcutaneousfatandvisceralwhilepromotingboneregeneration.Theseprocessestakeplacethankstothedirectstimulation,bythemechanicalsignals,ofpluripotentmesenchymalstemcells(MSCs),whichareimmaturecellswiththeabilitytoself-renewandtodifferentiateintospecializedcellscontinuouslytissue--specific.Infact,originatefromthesecells,differentiatingbetweenthemanyways,the"elosteoblastogenesi"adipogenesis,leadingtotheformationofosteoblastsandadipocytes,respectively.(ProfessorC.Rubin-2009),低強(qiáng)度的機(jī)械信號(hào)（LMMS）能夠抑制皮下和內(nèi)臟脂肪的增長(zhǎng)并同時(shí)促進(jìn)骨再生。由于通過機(jī)械信號(hào)多能性間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSCs)的直接刺激，會(huì)產(chǎn)生上述過程。這些細(xì)胞是具有自我更新能力的未成熟細(xì)胞，可以不斷的分化成特定組織的特定細(xì)胞。事實(shí)上，正是源于這些細(xì)胞，成骨細(xì)胞和脂肪細(xì)胞的形成也就導(dǎo)致了骨生長(zhǎng)和脂肪生長(zhǎng)。GERIATRICS老年保健學(xué)NEUROLOGY神經(jīng)學(xué)SPORTSMEDICINE運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)ORTHOPEDICSANDTRAUMATOLOGY矯形和創(chuàng)傷學(xué)

BIOMECHANIC生物力學(xué)PEDIATRICS小兒科FIELDSOFUSEOFTHEVIBRATIONS會(huì)使用振動(dòng)的領(lǐng)域THEEVMWiththeTunakeyyousetupakindofwaveinflux.Thistypeofwavekeepsthereceptorsystemtoitsfullcapacity,asitallowsthistoadapttoarepeatedstimulus.可以用“Tuna”鍵在不斷的變化狀態(tài)下設(shè)置各種波。這種波可以使受體保持在滿負(fù)荷狀態(tài)，從而使受體適應(yīng)這種反復(fù)的刺激。Thisfeatureisveryusefulforrelaxing,analgesic,lymphatic,andvasomotoreffect.此功能對(duì)放松，止痛，無力和血管收縮非常有效。WiththemaxTkeyyoucanresetthemachine.Itgoesinsearchofbettervibrationexercisableonthestructure可以用“maxT”鍵重置機(jī)器。以此來搜索更好的適用于組織結(jié)構(gòu)的振動(dòng)。Thescreenshowsthefunctionkeys(F1-F2-F3,etc.)Clickingonthembringsupthefunctionshownabovethekey.Withthenumberkeyscanbesetfrom1to4levelsofpowerthatcorrespondstotheamplitudeofthesinusoid.WiththeF3key,youcansetthefrequencyinHz(usingthe+/-).YoupressEntertoactivatethesettingsyoujustentered.功能鍵（F1-F2-F3等）顯示在操作面板上。點(diǎn)擊功能鍵可啟動(dòng)在鍵上顯示的功能。用數(shù)字鍵可以設(shè)置從1到4不同功率的等級(jí)，每一等級(jí)對(duì)應(yīng)著不同的正弦振幅。用F3鍵可以設(shè)置不同Hz的頻率（用+/-）。按Enter鍵啟動(dòng)您剛才輸入的設(shè)置。TheEVMmachinepresentsonthebackface14connectors.Canconnectthecablesalltogetheroroneatatimeasneeded.Thisallowsyoutobreakfreefromthemachineanddosomethingelse.Whentheconnectoristurnedhorizontallyisclosed,whenitisturnedverticalpositionisopen.Thereisn’tsignificantlossofstrengthiftheconnectorsareappliedsimultaneously.Thecolorindicatesthelengthofcablesandnothingelse.在EVM機(jī)背面有14個(gè)連接器。根據(jù)需要，可以將電纜連接在一起也可以一次只連接一個(gè)。當(dāng)連接器在水平位置時(shí)機(jī)器關(guān)閉，此時(shí)您可以從機(jī)器中出來做其它事情。當(dāng)連接器在垂直位置時(shí)機(jī)器開啟。連接器同時(shí)應(yīng)用不會(huì)造成重大的力量損失。顏色僅表示電纜長(zhǎng)度。Therearedifferenttransducersthattakedifferentformsinrelationtotheareatobetreated.Theshapeofacuphasbeenspeciallydesignedtocreatethemaximumamplificationofthevibrationwiththelowestenergyexpenditure.Inadditiontoitscharacteristicformallowsyoutonotwasteenergyandthereforedoesnotcausediseasetooperator不同的傳感器對(duì)不同的治療部位起作用。這種杯子的形狀是專門設(shè)計(jì)用來以最小的能量產(chǎn)生最大的振幅。它不會(huì)造成能量浪費(fèi)，也不會(huì)對(duì)操作者構(gòu)成危害。Moreoverthissystemistheonlypossibilityofgeneratingavibrationofabodywithouttheinterpositionofsomerigidstructures.Thisisahugetendedtoregardthenon-invasiveoftheEVM.在沒有剛性結(jié)構(gòu)干預(yù)下，身體產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)的唯一可能就是該系統(tǒng)。EVM非損傷性的特點(diǎn)將是一個(gè)巨大的趨勢(shì)。TheEVMisalsoequippedwithahandpiecewhichallowstheoperatortointeractwiththepatientandinparticularwiththestructurethatonewantstowork.EVM同時(shí)還裝配了手持件，從而可以使操作者可以與患者進(jìn)行互動(dòng)，尤其是可以與想使其工作的結(jié)構(gòu)組織互動(dòng)。Thisallowsamoreselectiveandatthesametimemoreelectivebecauseittakesaccountofthedirectionofvibrationappliedtothebody.Theoperatorcan,dynamically,managethehandpieceinrelationtothedirectionofthethisaccommodation,thedepth,andtheimpedance(theresistanceofthetissuesrelativetoitspressure).這樣就有了更多的選擇性，在同一時(shí)間也有了更多的選擇，因?yàn)樗紤]到了應(yīng)用于身體時(shí)振動(dòng)的方向。操作者可以根據(jù)適應(yīng)的方向，深度，阻抗（組織相對(duì)于其壓力而產(chǎn)生的阻力）來動(dòng)態(tài)地使用手持件。Averyinterestingfieldofapplicationisthatvisceral.內(nèi)臟是一個(gè)有趣的應(yīng)用區(qū)域。Inmanyneurologicaldiseases(Parkinson,MultipleSclerosis,etc.,)thesphincterdysfunctionbecomesstrictlyimportant.Theoriginofmanypostureisavisceraldysfunction(cecum,sigmoidcolon,kardias,therootofthemesentery,etc.,).Workingatlowfrequenciesthankstothesensitivityoftheoperatorandthedirectionalityofthevibration,wecanworktospasmodiczones,contractzones,sowecanrestoreabettervisceralfunction.在許多神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾?。ㄅ两鹕C合癥，多發(fā)性硬化癥，等）中，括約肌功能障礙是其重要原因。內(nèi)臟功能失調(diào)（盲腸，乙狀結(jié)腸，kardias，腸系膜根等）是許多情況的起因。在低頻率下工作時(shí)，由于操作的靈敏性和振動(dòng)的方向，可以作用至痙攣區(qū)域，感染區(qū)域，因此我們的內(nèi)臟功能可以恢復(fù)的更好。Wecanworkeverysinglemuscleormusclegrouptoworkselectivelywithrespecttothejointthatwetreated.Inadditionwecanworktogethermorejointsormusclesinrelationtotheirmembershipinthekinematicchains.Thisisonlypossibolthanksthe14chanels。對(duì)于我們要治療的關(guān)節(jié)，我們可以選擇性的作用于其每一塊肌肉或肌肉群。另外還可以作用于其運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈上相關(guān)的關(guān)節(jié)或肌肉。14條線路可以完成這些工作。MUSCOLSAPPLICATION肌肉應(yīng)用

LevetorScapulae提肩胛骨Origin：theLevatorscapulaemuscleariseswithfourtendonsfromtheposteriortubercleofthetransversesprocessesofthefirstfourcervicalvertebrae.起源：提肩胛骨隨著最上面四個(gè)頸椎橫突的后結(jié)節(jié)的四個(gè)肌腱一同升起。Insertion:thelevatorscapulaemusclerunsinferiorlyandlaterallytothescapulaandisinsertedontothesuperiorangleofthescapula.植入：提肩胛骨肌肉向下和向后移動(dòng)到肩胛骨，使它嵌入肩胛骨較上的角度。TRAPEZIUS斜方肌

起源：斜方肌肌肉降低的部分起源于枕骨較上方第三塊項(xiàng)線，也起源于枕骨的枕外隆突以及聯(lián)結(jié)在刺突上和上方六塊頸椎刺突間韌帶上的項(xiàng)韌帶。斜方肌肌肉的橫肌部的發(fā)生是通過一個(gè)平坦的肌腱，由第七塊頸椎的刺穿以及上面三塊胸椎引起。斜方肌肌肉的上升部分是由其余頸椎的刺穿引起。植入：斜方肌肌肉下降的部分植入到鎖骨肩峰端的后緣。斜方肌肌肉的橫肌部分進(jìn)一步置于鎖骨同一端的側(cè)面，并且與肩峰伸出的程度一樣遠(yuǎn)。斜方肌肌肉的上升部分以一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形的肌腱終止，該肌腱植入到肩胛脊椎的下邊緣。LATISSUMUSDORSI背闊肌

起源：背闊肌由寬腱膜，胸腰筋膜引起，由下面的六塊胸椎的刺突引起，由腰椎的刺突引起，由薦骨的中間骶神經(jīng)嵴引起，以及由髖骨的后面第三塊髂嵴引起。植入：背闊肌肌肉橫向向上運(yùn)動(dòng)，通過一個(gè)平的肌腱植入到肱骨小結(jié)節(jié)的頂部。RHOMBOID長(zhǎng)斜方形

起源：菱形大肌起源于刺突以及最開始四個(gè)胸椎的棘上韌帶。植入：菱形大肌呈現(xiàn)橫向運(yùn)動(dòng)的