高中語法高考chapter

高考語法Chapter9Non-FiniteVerbs不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.1.1

語態(tài)及時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式to+動(dòng)詞原形(towrite)tobe+過去分詞(tobewritten)進(jìn)行式tobe+現(xiàn)在分詞(tobewriting)_完成式tohave+過去分詞(tohavewritten)tohavebeen+過去分詞(tohavebeenwritten)完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞(tohavebeenwriting)_不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.1.1我們什么時(shí)候會(huì)考慮使用那些不同的時(shí)態(tài)？不管如何，明確一點(diǎn)不能靠不定式自己的變化表明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間。取用何種不定式的時(shí)態(tài)，取決于它與謂語的時(shí)間關(guān)系。不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1不定式的一般式1.與謂語幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生2.在謂語動(dòng)作之后不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.11.與謂語幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生Ihavecomeheretowork,nottoplay.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1Hedidn’tknowwhethertogo.2.在謂語動(dòng)作之后不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1不定式的完成式1.不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前2.一些特別詞的講解不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.11.不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前I’msorrynottohavecomelastnight.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1hope2.一些特別詞的講解一些表示愿望、打算、意圖的動(dòng)詞meanwantplanpromisesupposeexpectintendthink不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1Weplannedtohavefinishedtheworkbeforesupper.2.一些特別詞的講解上述動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)+動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表示希望發(fā)生在過去的事情，但因故未能實(shí)現(xiàn)完成Itisthefirsttime過去完成nosooner等倒裝未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望將來完成現(xiàn)在完成主將從現(xiàn)的替換對可能完成的動(dòng)作的推測FlashbacktoChapter1請看P52.3.12P42.3.8嘗試區(qū)分下列句子的含義Whatdoyouintendtodowithyouroldbicycle?你打算怎么處置你的舊自行車。Iintendedtobeadoctor.我曾打算當(dāng)醫(yī)生。（結(jié)果不明）IintendedtohavegonetoParis.我本打算去巴黎。不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1不定式的進(jìn)行式謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1It’snicetobelyingonthebeach.不定式的進(jìn)行式ThefactoryissaidtobeproducingiWatch.Thebossdoesn’tlikeyoutobealwayscominglateforwork.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1不定式的完成進(jìn)行式在謂語動(dòng)作之前一開始進(jìn)行的行為，到謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，可能停止，也可能會(huì)持續(xù)。不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.3.1Heappearedtohavebeensleeping.Heissaidtohavebeenreadinganovel.不定式的完成進(jìn)行式請完成P146-147Exercise&實(shí)考鏈接P146-147翻譯Booksarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereadingroom.Theroomseemstohavebeencleanedalready.書籍不允許帶出閱覽室。這個(gè)房間似乎已經(jīng)整理過了。P146-147翻譯Alargeseaareaissaidtohavebeenpolluted.MarkseemedtohavebeenwatchingTV.據(jù)說大片海域已經(jīng)遭受污染。(alargeseaarea)馬克好像一直在看電視。ItseemedthatMarkhadbeenwatchingTV.P146-147翻譯JKRowlingissaidtohavefinishedthe10HarryPotterseries.據(jù)說JK羅林已經(jīng)寫完了10部哈利波特。(besaidto)不定式的特殊用法2.1.2特點(diǎn)不定式作獨(dú)立成分不定式與疑問詞相結(jié)合不定式符號“to”的省略分裂不定式坦白地說tobefrank當(dāng)然，肯定tobesure確切地說tobeexact公平地說tobefair首先tobeginwith說得輕松些tosaytheleast不定式作獨(dú)立成分更不用說tosaynothingof…不用說needlesstosaytomakealongstoryshorttomakemattersworse長話短說更糟的是不定式作獨(dú)立成分“疑問詞+不定式”除保持原有的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)之外，不定式與疑問詞相結(jié)合也有了名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可做主語表語賓補(bǔ)同位語必要時(shí)，疑問詞前面還可以加介詞。不定式與疑問詞相結(jié)合Shelackedwordswithwhichtoexpressherthanks.定語她沒法用語言來表達(dá)自己的謝意。why和if之后不要直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式。請完成P147-148Exercises&實(shí)考鏈接P147Exercise下一步做什么Whattodonext_____________hasn’tbeendiscussed.如何處理Thebiggestproblemishow__________thewastepaper.Thebiggestproblemiswhat_________thewastepaper.todealwithtodowithP147Exercise走還是不走whethertogoornotHaveyoudecided_________________.何時(shí)出發(fā)Pleasetellme___________.whentostart不定式符號“to”的省略P148省略的情況感官動(dòng)詞but/except/besides固定句型why固定詞組前有do，后省tobut/except/besides當(dāng)兩個(gè)或或者兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞不定式由and,but,except,or,than等連接時(shí)，這些詞后面的省略to。Wehadnothingtodoexceptreadnewspaper.It’seasiertopersuadepeoplethanforcethem.最好做hadbetter/bestdosth.寧愿wouldrather/soonerdosth.thandosth.donothingbut/exceptdosth.do(no)morethan除了做…別無它法不僅僅/只能固定句型中的省略“to”P148P146Exercise寧愿had/wouldratherdosth.寧愿做A而不做BprefertodoAratherthandoBcannothelp/choosebutdosth.情不自禁/別無選擇P146ExercisedonothingthanI'dratherdonothingthandosomethingIdon'tlove.我寧愿什么都不做也不去做我不熱愛的事情。It'ssomucheasiertodonothingthansomething.不做比做要容易多了請完成P148ExercisesP148ExerciseShepreferstotravelratherthanattendthewedding.Shewouldrathertravelthanattendthewedding.She’drathertravelthanattendthewedding.她寧愿去旅行也不愿意參加這個(gè)婚禮。Heinsistedongoingbacktohisworkratherthanstayinhospital.Youcandonothingbut/thanwait.他堅(jiān)持要回去工作而不愿待在醫(yī)院。P148Exercise你只能等待。表示這一動(dòng)作是沒有意義的whydo提出建議whynotdowhyP148但是如果在句子中出現(xiàn)了主語“you”就不能用省略“to”的不定式Whydon’tyoudothatrightnow?假裝makebelieve將就makedo(with)letgo 放開、放棄固定詞組補(bǔ)充聽人說起hearsay/tell不再被關(guān)心gohangletfly發(fā)射固定詞組補(bǔ)充那些男孩裝扮成宇航員。Theboymadebelievetheywereastronauts.Example你必須在沒有任何外界幫助的情況下設(shè)法應(yīng)付。Youmustmakedowithoutanyhelp.你們要每天練習(xí)英語，不要把它荒廢了。PracticeyourEnglisheveryday,youshouldnotletitgohang.ExampleExample我時(shí)常聽人說起這種事情。Haveyoueverheardtellofsuchthings?我時(shí)常聽人說起這種事情。Ihaveveryoftenheardsaysuchthings.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1形式物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞人稱代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞普通格+動(dòng)名詞人稱代詞賓格+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1四個(gè)需要注意的點(diǎn)1.若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是無生命的“物”，而不是“人”時(shí)，最好用普通格。我怕夜里帳篷倒塌了。

I

was

afraid

of

the

tent

falling

down

during

the

night.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1四個(gè)需要注意的點(diǎn)2.若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語由較長的一組詞構(gòu)成時(shí)，最好用普通格。你還記得約翰和他的父親去年圣誕節(jié)來看我們嗎？

Do

you

remember

John

and

his

father

coming

to

see

us

last

Christmas？動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1四個(gè)需要注意的點(diǎn)3.若動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，則最好用所有格或物主代詞。湯姆、他的晚歸使他媽媽擔(dān)心。Tom’s/His

coming

home

late

worries

his

mother．動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1四個(gè)需要注意的點(diǎn)4.若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為somebody,someone,that,this,anybody,anyone,nobody,none時(shí)，后面不需要加’s。他不同意對簡的這種說法。HedisapprovedofthatbeingsaidaboutJane.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1四個(gè)需要注意的點(diǎn)4.若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為somebody,someone,that,this,anybody,anyone,nobody,none時(shí)，后面不需要加’s。他被街上有人歌唱的聲音弄醒了。Hewasawakenedbysomebodysinginginthestreet.請完成P149Exercises&實(shí)考鏈接P149Exercise1. ___________insuchahurryisveryrisky.她這樣匆忙離去很危險(xiǎn)。a．主語前2. ____________________willgetyounowhere.你否認(rèn)一切不會(huì)對你有好處。HergoingoffYourdenyingeverythingP149Exercise3. Ithasbeenagreathonor___________________.你來看我們真是不勝榮幸。a．主語前yourcomingtovisitusP149Exercise1. Ihate______________.我不愿意你走掉。b．賓語前2. Forgive________________soearly.原諒我這么早給你打電話。yourgoingawaymyringingyouupP149Exercise3. Youcan’t_________________hisownmoney.你不能阻止他花自己的錢。preventhisspendingb．賓語前P149Exercise1. Istronglyobjectto______________.我強(qiáng)烈反對你說這話。c．介詞賓語前2. I’mnotsurprisedat______________________.我并不為你誤會(huì)我而感到奇怪。yoursayingthatyourmisunderstandingmeP149Exercise3. Ineverdreamtof____________.我絕沒有想到它會(huì)傷你的心。c．介詞賓語前4. Therewasnochanceof___________________.他沒有機(jī)會(huì)得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。itshurtingyouhisgettingscholarships動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.2.1主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendoneExample他不承認(rèn)已經(jīng)收到我的信。Shedidn’tacknowledgehavingreceivedmyletter.他被控犯罪。Hewasaccusedofhavingcommittedacrime.被人忽視，往往比被人批評更糟糕。Beingignoredisoftenworsethanbeingcriticized.動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式Hehates___________________.他不愿意被人打斷。beingIobjectto___________________________________.我反對別人對我這樣講話。interruptedbeingtalkedtolikethis請完成P150Exercises&實(shí)考鏈接P150Exercise1. Henarrowlyescaped____________.他差點(diǎn)被車壓了。beingrunover2. Iappreciate__________thisopportunity.我很感謝給了我這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。beinggivennarrowly以毫厘之差P150Exercise3. Iremembered_________________Parisasasmallchild.我記得小時(shí)候曾被帶到巴黎。havingbeentakento4. Graceresented___________ababy.格雷斯討厭別人叫他小寶寶。beingcalled5. Hejustmissed___________.他差點(diǎn)沒被抓住。beingcaught動(dòng)名詞的完成式動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)需要完成形式，可作動(dòng)詞的賓語或介詞的賓語如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作沒有明確的表示出時(shí)間是與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，還是在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，用動(dòng)名詞的一般式。關(guān)鍵還是看與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系P150一起做1. Weareinterestedin___________.下棋...playingchess2.__________willbeofgreathelptous.他來...HiscomingP150一起做3. ______________asaVIPisinsistedbytheboss.他被當(dāng)做貴賓對待...Hisbeingtreated4. Hedenied__________there.他不承認(rèn)到過那里。havingbeenP150一起做5. Icouldnotrecall___________anyonesaythatbefore.我不記得以前聽人說過這話。havingheard請完成P151ExercisesP150Exercises1. Iregretted_________Montreal.我后悔離開了蒙特利爾。2. Hereported_________onlyacyclist.他報(bào)告說只碰到一個(gè)騎車的人。havinglefthavingmet3. Sheadmits__________us.她承認(rèn)見到了我們。4. Idon’tremember___________yousaythat.我不記得聽你說過這話。havingseenhavingheardP150Exercises動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征名詞特征有復(fù)數(shù)有修飾語可用代詞指代動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征有復(fù)數(shù)Ineversawsuchdoings.我從未見過如此做法。動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征修飾語——冠詞Ihaveasinginginmyears.我有耳鳴。動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征修飾語——形容詞Thereishardlyanyeffectiveadvertisingtohelpshoppers.對購物者有實(shí)際幫助的廣告是極少的。動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征修飾語——指示詞Ihateallthisuselessarguing.我很不喜歡這一切無謂爭論。分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)2.2.3主動(dòng)被動(dòng)進(jìn)行doingbeingdone完成havingdonehavingbeendone≈done請選擇完成P151翻譯Afterworkinginastate-ownedcompanyfor5years,hedecidedtoquit.在國企工作了五年以后，他決定辭職。P151翻譯(Havingbeen)rejectedbyHRsinforeigncompanies,hehadtolookforajobinastate-ownedcompany.遭到了外企HR的拒絕，他不得不去國企找工作。Walkingonthestage,hefeltthousandsofpeoplestaringathim.當(dāng)他在舞臺上走時(shí)，他感覺到數(shù)以千計(jì)的人在盯著他看。P151翻譯Theplanbeingdiscussedwillbeannouncedonthethirddayofthemeeting.正在討論中的計(jì)劃將于大會(huì)的第三天正式公布。Ifgivenachance,shecanprovesheisright.如果被給予一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，她會(huì)證明她是正確的。P151翻譯獨(dú)立主格2.4absolutestructure1.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同2.名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。獨(dú)立主格2.41.名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞

He

seating

himself

at

the

desk,

his

mother

began

to

tell

him

a

story.

表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。獨(dú)立主格2.42.名詞（或代詞）

+

不定式（短語）

He

suggested

going

for

a

picnic,

Mary

to

provide

the

food.

不定式表示將來的動(dòng)作。獨(dú)立主格2.43.名詞（或代詞）

+

過去分詞He

was

listening

attentively

in

class,

his

eyes

fixed

on

the

blackboard.

過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作。獨(dú)立主格2.44.名詞（或代詞）

+

形容詞（短語）

The

floor

wet,

we

had

to

stay

outside

for

a

while.

形容詞（短語）在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)。獨(dú)立主格2.45.名詞（或代詞）

+

副詞

The

meeting

over,

we

all

went

home.

副詞在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。獨(dú)立主格2.46.名詞（或代詞）

+

介詞短語

A

robber

burst

into

the

room,

knife

in

hand.

當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何修飾成分。獨(dú)立主格2.47.

with的情況

with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)形容詞副詞介詞短語現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞不定式獨(dú)立主格with

With

his

son

so

disappointing,the

old

man

felt

unhappy.

with+形容詞

The

boy

was

walking,

with

his

father

ahead.with+副詞獨(dú)立主格withHe

stood

at

the

door,

with

a

computer

in

his

hand.

with+介詞短語The

little

boy

looks

sad,

with

so

much

homework

to

do.with+不定式獨(dú)立主格withWith

his

homework

done,

Peter

went

out

to

play.

with+過去分詞The

girl

hid

her

box

without

anyone

knowing

where

it

was.with+現(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立主格所起的作用Hisvoicedrownedbythenoise,thespeakerinterruptedhislecture.原因狀語Hewentoff,knifeinhand.伴隨狀語獨(dú)立主格所起的作用Hishomeworkdone,Jimdecidedtogoandseetheplay.時(shí)間狀語Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.原因狀語獨(dú)立主格所起的作用Weatherpermitting,thebasketballgamewillbeheldonWednesday.條件狀語請完成P152Exercises&實(shí)考鏈接___________________________(汽車轉(zhuǎn)過拐角),wecaughtthesightofthespiresofthechurch.P150翻譯_______________(河水被污染了),thefarmerscouldonlydrinkwellwater.ThecarturningaroundthecornerTheriverpolluted_____________(時(shí)間允許的話),Iwillreplytoyouinaweek.P150翻譯Helefthishometown,______________.(心卻留在了這里)TimepermittinghisheartlefthereThatbosslookedinmydirection,_________________________.(他的助手對他耳語著什么)P150翻譯hisassistantwhisperingtohim長難句分析Theill-balanced,ill-cooked,hastilyeatenfarehurtphysicalfitness.Thestudysupportseffortstobanorregulateadvertisingormarketingofhigh-calorie,low-nutrientfoodsandbeveragesdirectedtoyoungchildren.食物、飯菜fare匆忙的；倉促而就的hastily長難句分析Theill-balanced,ill-cooked,hastilyeatenfarehurtphysicalfitness.Thestudysupportseffortstobanorregulateadvertisingormarketingofhigh-calorie,low-nutrientfoodsandbeveragesdirectedtoyoungchildren.不平衡的，烹飪有缺陷的，匆匆吃下的食物會(huì)傷害身體健康。這項(xiàng)研究支持的努力禁止或限制針對兒童的高熱量低營養(yǎng)的食品和飲料的廣告或營銷。長難句分析Manystudieshavelinkedobesitytowatchingtelevisionandthatlinkislikelyduetoinactivity,Hirschsaid.Butperhapsentertainingshowsarealsoco