EBP-for-CP-腦癱兒的康復(fù)

EBP-for-CP-腦癱兒的康復(fù)第一頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。CerebralPalsyChronicchildhoodmotorimpairmentdisorder,functionalcharacteristics（慢性兒童運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙和功能性特征）Hallmarks(標(biāo)志)Limitationsinmobility/handuse（動(dòng)手能力受限）Neurologicaldysfunctionsigns（神經(jīng)機(jī)能障礙的表現(xiàn)）Characteristics:Impairedcontrolofmovement/posture（對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)/姿勢(shì)的控制力減低）Non-motorimpairments（非運(yùn)動(dòng)性損傷）Vision（視力）Hearing（聽力）Visual-perceptual（視覺感知）Intellectualimpairment（智能障礙）OtherMedicalconditions（其他表現(xiàn)）第二頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。TypesofCerebralPalsySpastic:（痙攣型）ThemostcommontypeofCP.Mostobviouswhenthechildtriestomove.（最常見的類型，當(dāng)寶寶嘗試著運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)最容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)）Athetoid/Dyskinetic:（徐動(dòng)型/不隨意運(yùn)動(dòng)型）

Uncontrolledmovements.Leadstoerraticmovementswhenthechildmoves.（不隨意的運(yùn)動(dòng)，當(dāng)寶寶運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生奇怪的動(dòng)作）Ataxic（共濟(jì)失調(diào)型）:TheleastcommontypeofCP.（最少見）MixedTypeCerebralPalsy（混合型）Thistermisusedwhenmorethanonetypeofmotorpatternispresentandnoonepatternispredominate.（指同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩種及以上的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙，但沒有哪一種障礙是占主導(dǎo)的）第三頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。CategorizedbyBodyPartQuadriplegia（四肢麻痹）:allfourlimbsareaffected.Themusclesofthefaceandmouthmayalsobeaffected.（四肢都被影響，同時(shí)面部肌肉也會(huì)受到影響）Diplegia（雙側(cè)癱瘓）:allfourlimbsareaffected,butthelegsmoresothanthearms.（四肢都嚴(yán)重受損，同時(shí)下肢重于上肢）Hemiplegia（偏癱）:onesideofthebodyisaffected.（一側(cè)肢體被影響）Paraplegia（截癱）:bothlegs,butneitherarmisaffected.（雙側(cè)下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)失能，但雙手正常）第四頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。AssociatedDifficulties

腦癱相關(guān)缺陷Visual（視覺）

Themostcommoneyeproblemisasquint（斜視）.Thismaybecorrectedwithglassesorinseverecasesanoperation.Moreseriouseyeproblemsaremuchlesscommon.（最常見的眼部障礙是斜視，可以通過(guò)戴眼鏡糾正，或者更嚴(yán)重的需要手術(shù)糾正，而更加嚴(yán)重的就不常見了）Hearing（聽覺）

Allchildrenwithcerebralpalsyshouldbeseenbyaspecialisttocheckforhearingproblems.（經(jīng)過(guò)專業(yè)的聽覺測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)所有腦癱兒童都有聽力障礙）Speech（語(yǔ)言）Speechdependsontheabilitytocontrolmusclesinthemouth,tongue,palateandvoicebox（言語(yǔ)依賴于口、舌、上顎和喉頭肌肉的正常功能）.第五頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。AssociatedImpairments

腦癱相關(guān)損傷Spatialperception（空間感、立體感）

Somechildrenwithcerebralpalsycannotperceivespaceandrelateittotheirownbodies(forexample,distances)orthinkspatially（一些腦癱兒不能辨別空間，也無(wú)法將空間與自身聯(lián)系起來(lái)，也沒有空間想象能力）Epilepsy（癲癇）

maydevelopinapproximatelyoneinthreeofallchildrenwithcerebralpalsy.（腦癱兒約1/3可見癲癇發(fā)生）

第六頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。AssociatedDisabilities

腦癱相關(guān)障礙Intellectualorlearningdisability智能或?qū)W習(xí)能力障礙

Thereisawiderangeofintellectualabilityinpeoplewithcerebralpalsy.（腦癱兒的智能分布很廣泛）Oftenitisdifficulttoassesslearningabilityintheearlyyears.(而在早期評(píng)估智能是很困難的)Severephysicaldisabilitydoesnotindicateintellectualdisability.（嚴(yán)重的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙和智能障礙并不對(duì)等）Incaseswhereitisknownthatthereisintellectualdisabilitythiswillrangefrommildtosevere（嚴(yán)重的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙所對(duì)應(yīng)的智能障礙從輕度到重度不等）.60%ofchildrenhavesomeformofCI,ID.（約60%的孩子有不同形式的腦損傷或是智能障礙）第七頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。Assessment評(píng)估TheGrossMotorFunctionClassificationSystem(GMFCS，粗大運(yùn)動(dòng)功能分級(jí))andtheManualAbilityClassificationScale(MACS，手動(dòng)能力分級(jí)量表)areassessmentsdesignedtoquantifythelevelofmotorfunctioninchildrenwithCP.（這兩個(gè)量表是用來(lái)量化腦癱兒的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況的）AIMS（AbnormalInvoluntaryMovementScale，不自主運(yùn)動(dòng)量表）QualityofLifeAssessments（生活質(zhì)量評(píng)估）CerebralPalsyQualityofLife(CPQOL)—ChildorTeenChildren’sAssessmentofParticipationandEnjoyment&PreferencesforActivitiesinChildren(CAPE/PAC)（參與、享受、偏好活動(dòng)的兒童評(píng)估）PediatricEvaluationofDisabilityInventory（小兒殘疾評(píng)估）SchoolFunctionAssessment（學(xué)校日常生活評(píng)估）第八頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。MACSAssessment

手動(dòng)能力分級(jí)量表LevelDescriptionofFunctionalAbilitiesLevelIHandlesobjectseasilyandsuccessfully.Atmosttimes,handlesobjectswithbothhands.Mayhavelimitationsspeedandaccuracy.DoesnotrestrictADLperformance.（雙手能輕易地操作物品，但言語(yǔ)和精確性可能不足，日常生活不受限）LevelIIHandlesmostobjectsbutwithsomewhatreducedqualityand/orspeedofachievement,avoidanceofcertainactivities,achievedwithsomedifficulty.Donotusuallyrestrictindependenceindailyactivities.

能夠操作大多數(shù)物品，但完成的質(zhì)量和速度方面受到影響，會(huì)避免進(jìn)行哲學(xué)行動(dòng)，但日常生活受影響不大LevelIIIHandlesobjectswithdifficulty;needshelptoprepareand/ormodifyactivities.Thechild‘sperformanceisslowandachievedwithlimitedsuccessregardingqualityandquantity.Thechildcannotperformcertainactivitiesandhisorherdegreeofindependenceisrelatedtothesupportivenessoftheenvironmentalcontext.（操作物品困難，需要幫助準(zhǔn)備或者調(diào)整活動(dòng)，孩子操作的表現(xiàn)很慢完成質(zhì)量和數(shù)量也不高，他們的獨(dú)立性和環(huán)境支持相關(guān)）LevelIVHandlesalimitedselectionofeasilymanagedobjectsinadaptedsituations.Thechildperformspartsofactivitieswitheffortandwithlimitedsuccess.Requirescontinuoussupportandassistanceand/oradaptedequipment,forevenpartialachievementoftheactivity.在調(diào)整的情況下可以操作有限的簡(jiǎn)單物品，需要連續(xù)的支持LevelVDoesnothandleobjectsandhasseverelylimitedabilitytoperformevensimpleactions.Requirestotalassistance.不能操作物品，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單活動(dòng)的能力受限第九頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。ClassificationofMotorFunction

運(yùn)動(dòng)功能分級(jí)GMFCS-GrossMotorFunctionClassificationSystem粗大運(yùn)動(dòng)分類系統(tǒng)Level1=Walkswithoutrestrictions能不受限制的行走Level2=Walkswithoutdevice,restrictedcommunitymobility不需要輔助器械，但在社區(qū)行走受限Level3=Walkswithassistivedevice需要輔助器械協(xié)助行走Level4=Limitedself-mobility-powermobility自我移動(dòng)的能力受限，孩子需要被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)或者依賴電動(dòng)輔助器械Level5=Selfmobilityextremelylimited自身運(yùn)動(dòng)完全受限第十頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。Interventions-EBPsupport

循證干預(yù)Currentevidencesuggeststhat:近來(lái)的證據(jù)表示：Positioning,casting,andorthoticprogramshelptominimizemuscletone‘sadverseeffectsonjointalignment.擺位、塑形、骨科手術(shù)有助于減少肌肉緊張度對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)對(duì)位的負(fù)面影響Earlyintervention早期干預(yù)Functionalandgoaldirectedtraining,workonfunctionalskills功能性和目標(biāo)驅(qū)動(dòng)的訓(xùn)練，在功能性的技能中顯得特別重要Motor運(yùn)動(dòng)Motorcontrol運(yùn)動(dòng)控制CIMT,bimanualtraining雙手訓(xùn)練Hippotherapy馬術(shù)治療Physicalexercise,fitness,homeexercises物理訓(xùn)練，適應(yīng)性和家庭訓(xùn)練Bracing,splinting,casting&positioning支撐、加班、擺位、塑形AdaptiveEquipment適應(yīng)性裝備Seating&Positioning坐姿和塑形AssistiveTechnology輔助技術(shù)第十一頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)。Intervention-MedicalthatcomplimentstherapyNeurocognitiveprothetics神經(jīng)認(rèn)知修復(fù)Implantedelectrodes,cochlearimplants,deepbrainstimulation(DBS)電極植入、人工電子耳蝸、大腦深部電刺激Nerveblocks,motorpointblocks,botulinumtoxin（神經(jīng)阻滯，運(yùn)動(dòng)點(diǎn)阻滯、肉毒素）Loc