2018年考研英語真題及答案

2018年考研英語真題及答案（完整版）

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition

（1）manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother

hand,puttingyour（2）,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh（3）.

（4）,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.（5）people

placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease

oxytocin,ahormonethat（6）pleasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe

herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto（7）withoneanother.Scientists

havefoundthatexposure（8）thishormoneputsusinatrusting（9）:In

aSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthe

subjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramounts

ofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir（10）whoinhaledsomethingelse.

（11）forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay（12）

us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan

differentiate（13）acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers

wereeach（14）toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester

wouldask,“What’sinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,

andexclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook（15）.Half

ofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf（16）thecontainerwasempty-and

realizedthetesterhad（17）them.

Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere（18）

tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat

theytrustedhisleadership.（19）,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwith

the“（20）”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

1.A．onB．likeC．forD．from

2.A．faithB．concernC．a(chǎn)ttentionD．interest

3.A．benefitB．debtC．hopeD．price

4.A．ThereforeB．ThenC．InsteadD．Again

5.A．UntilB．UnlessC．AlthoughD．When

6.A．selectsB．producesC．a(chǎn)ppliesD．maintains

7.A．consultB．competeC．connectD．compare

8.A．a(chǎn)tB．byC．ofD．to

9.A．contextB．moodC．periodD．circle

10.A．counterpartsB．substitutesC．colleaguesD．supporters

11.A．FunnyB．LuckyC．OddD．Ironic

12.A．monitor．protectBC．surpriseD．delight

13.A．betweenB．withinC．towardD．over

14.A．transferredB．a(chǎn)dded．introducedCD．entrusted

15.A．outB．backC．a(chǎn)round．insideD

16.A．discoveredB．provedC．insistedD．remem

bered

17.A．betrayedB．wrongedC．fooledD．mocked

18.A．forced．willingBC．hesitantD．entitled

19.A．IncontrastB．AsaresultC．OnthewholeD．For

instance

20.A．inflexibleB．incapable．CunreliableD．unsuitable

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40

points)

Text1

Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat

willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What

happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat

highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,

withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs

likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-class

occupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have

arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill

befine.

Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological

upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution

didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized

looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs

thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost

productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers

fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers

mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe

SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.

Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocus

lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex

communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering

problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.

Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmake

extratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquire

newskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

Thechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedforthe

U.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompanies

mustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,

entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine

laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality

haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill

inventthem.

Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween

capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe

rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies

suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould

boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and

reduceinequality.

Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext

fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand

careersupendedbyautomation.

Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.

Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

A．Leadingpoliticians.

B．Low-wagelaborers.

C．Robotowners.

D．Middle-classworkers.

答案D

22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?

A．Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

B．Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

C．Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled

D．Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided

答案C

23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison_____.

A．creativepotential.

B．job-huntingskills.

C．individualneeds.

D．cooperativespirit.

答案A

24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat_____.

A．encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.

B．increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.

C．easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.

D．preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.

答案D

25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith_____.

A．pposingviewsonit.

B．possiblesolutionstoit.

C．itsalarmingimpacts.

D．itsmajorvariations.

答案B

Text2

AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof

youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.The

implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe

filteredthroughothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.

MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas

distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefup

theirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016

presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter

usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according

totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews

found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe

mediagiant.

Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore

skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundation

focus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundthey

use“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesand

prefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopen

aboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonal

responsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingout

opposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.

Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014survey

conductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof

Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedia

ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately

andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa

projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore

consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna

researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake

newsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesor

factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews

liesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocial

media.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybe

theheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonal

responsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,

editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,

theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoiceson

whentoshareonsocialmedia.

26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericans

castdoubtson

A．thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.

B．people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.

C．theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.

D．socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.

答案D

27.Thephrase“beerup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

A．sharpen

B．define

C．boast

D．share

答案A

28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople

A．tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.

B．verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.

C．havesstrongsenseofresponsibility.

D．liketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”

答案B

29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenews

problemis

A．readersoutdatedvalues.

B．journalists'biasedreporting

C．readers'misinterpretation

D．journalists'made-upstories.

答案C

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A．ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

B．ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

C．TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.

D．ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.

答案A

Text3

Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetween

Britain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby

acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneofthe

leadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialof

thisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadto

furtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthat

backgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,has

issuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustunder

theNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6million

patientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoo

littleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.

DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits

ways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHS

andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary

permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahas

beencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.

Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost

important.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,

sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely

“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing

andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedata

value.

Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthe

datathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptof

damagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.That

missesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofan

individualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataof

countlessmillionsmore.

Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels

slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itis

notenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit

patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivate

monopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware

promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe

expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthe

beginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohave

giganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoida

futureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.

31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?

A．Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

B．Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.

C．Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations

D．Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

答案B

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith

A．emptypromises.

B．toughresistance.

C．necessaryadjustments.

D．sincereapologies.

答案C

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

A．privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

B．leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.

C．makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.

D．thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit

答案D

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal

is

A．theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

B．theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

C．theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

D．themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

答案D

35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcare

is

A．a(chǎn)mbiguous.

B．cautious.

C．a(chǎn)ppreciative.

D．contemptuous.

答案B

Text4

TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported

anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearits

expenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120

billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirement

costs.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisina

historicsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently

decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,and

aregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits

operationstothenewreality

Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-card

makersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS’sultimate

overseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostal

Service,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisis

whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,

leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital

modernization.

Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,

thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—has

finallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthrough

theHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfive

years,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvival

measures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letter

permanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.

Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannually

pre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standing

complaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.

IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthrough

theSenate–wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountsto

thebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not

comprehensivereform.There’snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe

USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80

percentoftheagency’scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionof

eliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoys

widepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.But

postalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.

Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsare

gettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapse

attheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey’regettingseriousabout

transformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.

36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby_____.

A．itsunbalancedbudget.

B．itsrigidmanagement.

C．thecostfortechnicalupgrading.

D．thewithdrawalofbanksupport.

答案B

37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdue

to_____.

A．theinterferencefrominterestgroups.

B．theinadequatefundingfromCongress.

C．theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.

D．theincompetenceofpostalunions.

答案A

38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe

addressedby_____.

A．removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.

B．makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.

C．a(chǎn)doptinganewrate-increasemechanism.

D．a(chǎn)ttractingmorefirst-classmailusers.

答案A

39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith_____.

A．respect.

B．tolerance.

C．discontent.

D．gratitude.

答案C

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A．TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays

B．ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese

C．TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure

D．ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aid

答案D

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions

41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherent

articlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumbered

boxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselect

asiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment

Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangements

fortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpected

aGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheother

sideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyle

designbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto

houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.

B.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthe

firsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin

1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwith

carvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy

Departmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewalland

ceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeofthe

Secretary.

C.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,

housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimately

associatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicy

inthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe

twentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasan

internationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smost

significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany

historicevents.

D.Manyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedin

historicaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.

TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.

Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushall

hadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16

SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.

WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmet

herewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearl

Harbor.

E.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsa

uniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitectural

heritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectofthe

Treasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethe

growingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andis

consideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpire

architectureinthecountry.

F.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby

wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildingin

Washington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.

Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood

wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircases

ofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecapped

byfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.

G.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswere

laid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.

Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)and

overcrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury

Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasury

BuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.

【答案】41.(E)→C→42.(G)→43.(A)→F→44.(B)→45.(D)

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Shakespeare’slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodof

extraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.(46)Bythedateof

hisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,and

thecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyand

comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsand

performedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern

Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningto

makethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalor

medieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,

andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesire

fordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowentagrammarschool

couldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgave

glorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.

WhenShakes