胡壯麟語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程筆記、重點(diǎn)全解

《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》重難點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)提示第一章語(yǔ)言性質(zhì)語(yǔ)言的定義：語(yǔ)言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、移位、文化傳遞和互換性言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、詢問(wèn)、表達(dá)主觀感情、喚起對(duì)方的感情和言語(yǔ)行為語(yǔ)言的起源（神授說(shuō)，人造說(shuō)，進(jìn)化說(shuō)）等。第二章語(yǔ)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)定義；研究語(yǔ)言的四大原則（窮盡、一致、簡(jiǎn)潔、客觀言學(xué)的基本概念（口語(yǔ)與書(shū)面語(yǔ)、共時(shí)與歷時(shí)、語(yǔ)言與言學(xué)、語(yǔ)言能力與言行運(yùn)用、語(yǔ)言潛勢(shì)與語(yǔ)言行為語(yǔ)言學(xué)的分支（語(yǔ)音、音位、語(yǔ)法、句法、語(yǔ)義言學(xué)的應(yīng)用（語(yǔ)言學(xué)與語(yǔ)言教學(xué)、語(yǔ)言與社會(huì)、語(yǔ)言與文字、語(yǔ)言與心理學(xué)、人類語(yǔ)言學(xué)、神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)、數(shù)理語(yǔ)言學(xué)、計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué)）等。第三章語(yǔ)學(xué)發(fā)音器官的英文名稱；英語(yǔ)輔音的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法音學(xué)的定義；發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)；元音及輔音的分類；嚴(yán)式與寬式標(biāo)音等。第四章音學(xué)音位理論最對(duì)立體自由變異互補(bǔ)分布語(yǔ)音的相似性區(qū)別性特征超語(yǔ)段音位學(xué)；音節(jié)；重音（詞重音、句子重音、音高和語(yǔ)調(diào)）等。第五章詞學(xué)詞法的定義；曲折詞與派生詞；構(gòu)詞法（合成與派生定義；詞素變體；自由詞素；粘著詞素（詞根，詞綴和詞干）等。第六章詞學(xué)詞的定義；語(yǔ)法詞與詞匯詞；變?cè)~與不變?cè)~；封閉詞與開(kāi)放詞；詞的辨認(rèn)；習(xí)語(yǔ)與搭配。第七章句法句法的定義；句法關(guān)系；結(jié)構(gòu)；成分；直接成分分析法；并列結(jié)構(gòu)與從屬結(jié)構(gòu)；句子成分；范疇（性，數(shù)，格致；短，從句，句子擴(kuò)展等。第八章語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)義的定義；語(yǔ)義的有關(guān)理論；意義種類（傳統(tǒng)、功能、語(yǔ)用奇的語(yǔ)義分類；詞匯意義關(guān)系（同義、反義、下義子義關(guān)系。第九章語(yǔ)言變化語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展變化（詞匯變化、語(yǔ)音書(shū)寫文字、語(yǔ)法變化、語(yǔ)義變化第十章語(yǔ)言思維與文化語(yǔ)言與文化的定義；薩丕爾-沃夫假說(shuō)；語(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系；語(yǔ)與文化的關(guān)系；中西文化的異同。第十一章語(yǔ)用學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)的定義；語(yǔ)義學(xué)與語(yǔ)用學(xué)的區(qū)別；語(yǔ)境與意義；言語(yǔ)行為理論（言內(nèi)行為、言外行為和言后行為作原則。語(yǔ)的普遍特征：

任意性arbitrariness雙層結(jié)構(gòu)duality既由聲音和意義結(jié)構(gòu)多產(chǎn)性productivity移位性displacement:我能用語(yǔ)言可以表許多不在場(chǎng)的東西文化傳播性transmission。語(yǔ)言的功能：傳達(dá)信息功能informative人濟(jì)功能：行事功能：表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娛樂(lè)功能recreatinal元語(yǔ)言功能metalingual語(yǔ)學(xué)：括六個(gè)分支語(yǔ)音學(xué)音位學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)Morphology句法學(xué)語(yǔ)義學(xué)語(yǔ)用學(xué)pragmatics現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)創(chuàng)始人de提出語(yǔ)言學(xué)中最重要的概念對(duì)之一語(yǔ)言與言語(yǔ)language語(yǔ)言之語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)的整體，言語(yǔ)則只待某個(gè)個(gè)體在實(shí)際語(yǔ)言使用環(huán)境中說(shuō)出的具體話語(yǔ)語(yǔ)創(chuàng)始人Chomsky提出概念語(yǔ)言能力與語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用andperformanceWhichoffollowingstatementscanbeuseddescribeoneofuniquepropertiesa.wecanteachourchildrenlearncanand'tree'tosamething.uselanguagetotonotcansentencesthathavebefore.thefunctionoflanguage?rmativeof"Aday,isn'tit?"isainformativedistinctionbetweencompetenceproposedbyahalliday

chomskypragueWhoputdistinctionbetweenlanguageparole?a.saussurechomskyhalliday第二節(jié)語(yǔ)音發(fā)音器由聲帶vocalcords和個(gè)回聲腔組成輔音：thereisanairstreamvocaltract.輔音的音方式爆破音obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞輔音obstruction擦音破擦音affricates等輔音清特征voicing輔音的送氣特征aspiration元音分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舌翹位置，舌高和嘴唇的形狀元音有音渡vowelglidesArticulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.pertiesproducedinspeechperceptionoftheofproductionofdistinctionbetweenvowelsconsonantsina.placeofarticulationobstructionfairstreamthetongueshapeofiscommonthreesounds:kta.spreadc.voicedd.nasalfeaturedistinguishthepinandthepina.voicingaspiration5.Whichoffollowingisnotdistinctivefeatureina.voicing

b.nasalaspirationphonologicalfeaturesofkarea.stopvoicelessfricativevoicelessfricative7.piskina.ofshapeoftheofvocalpalceof8.Vibrationofthecordsresults__a.b.nasalityobstructionvoicing第三節(jié)音位音位學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)的區(qū)別：語(yǔ)音學(xué)著重于語(yǔ)音的自然屬性，主要關(guān)注所有語(yǔ)言中人可能發(fā)出的所有聲音位則強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)音社會(huì)功能對(duì)象是某一種語(yǔ)言中可以用來(lái)組合成詞句的那些語(yǔ)音。音位phoneme：小語(yǔ)音單位音位變allophones:音差別對(duì)比性布：如果兩個(gè)音段出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中，而且產(chǎn)生了兩個(gè)不同的單詞，互補(bǔ)性布；如果兩個(gè)基本相似的音段絕不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在相同的語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中，那么它們之間就是互補(bǔ)性分布的關(guān)系，如送氣p絕會(huì)出現(xiàn)在之，送氣的p絕不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在詞首音節(jié)，為節(jié)首，峰，節(jié)尾輔音群一作為音節(jié)節(jié)首的輔音群不能超過(guò)三個(gè)福音，節(jié)尾不能超過(guò)4個(gè)最小語(yǔ)對(duì)minimalIntroductionisaarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.is語(yǔ)學(xué))3.SomeBasicDistinctions(區(qū)分)inLinguistics3.1andWritingOnegeneral原)oflinguisticanalysisprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writingnew范疇)andusesthatspeechdoesnot3.2描性)Prescriptive(明性)Alinguisticifitdescribesitifittrieslaydownrulesforbehavior.3.3共and歷時(shí)Thedescriptionlanguageintimeadescriptionofa

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