歷年大學(xué)英語四級(jí)閱讀試題匯總(含答案)

2016-2022年大學(xué)英語四級(jí)閱讀試題匯總2016年1月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試試題PassageoneUnlesswespendmoneytospotandpreventasteroids(小行星)now,onemightcrashintoEarthanddestroylifeasweknowit,saysomescientists.Asteroidsarebiggerversionsofthemeteoroids(流星)thatraceacrossthenightsky.MostorbitthesunfarfromEarthanddon'tthreatenus.ButtherearealsothousadswhoseorbitsputthemonacollisioncoursewithEarth.Buy$5()millionworthofnewtelescopesrightnow.Thenspend$1()millionayearforthenext25yearstolocatemostofthespacerocks.Bythetimewespotafatalone,thescientistssay,we'llhaveawaytochangeitscourse.Somescientistsfavorpushingasteroidsoffcoursewithnuclearweapons.Butthecostwouldn'tbecheap.Isitworthit?Twothingsexpertsconsiderwhenjudginganyriskare:1)Howlikelytheeventis;and2)Howbadtheconsequencesiftheeventoccurs.ExpertsthinkanasteroidbigenoughtodestroylotsoflifemightstrikeEarthonceevery500,000years.Soundsprettyrare-butifonedidfall,itwouldbetheendoftheworld.'Tfwedon'tlakecareofthesebigasteroids,they'lltakecareofus,"saysonescientist.'Tt'sthatsimple."Thecure?though,mightbeworsethanthedisease.DowereallywantfleetsofnuclearweaponssittingaroundonEarth?"Theworldhaslesstofearfromdoomsday(毀滅性的)rocksthanfromagreatnuclearfleetsetagainstthem,"saidaNewYorkTimesarticle.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutasteroidsandmeteoroids?Theyareheavenlybodiesdifferentincomposition.Theyareheavenlybodiessimilarinnature.Therearemoreasteroidsthanmeteoroids.Asteroidsaremoremysteriousthanmeteoroids.WhatdoscientistssayaboutthecollisionofanasteroidwithEarth?Itisveryunlikelybutthedangerexists.Suchacollisionmightoccuronceevery25years.CollisionsofsmallerasteroidswithEarthoccurmoreoftenthanexpected.It'sstilltooearlytosaywhethersuchacollisionmightoccur..Whatdopeoplethinkofthesuggestionofusingnuclearweaponstoalterthecourseofasteroids?Itsoundspracticalbutitmaynotsolvetheproblem.D)Itmaycreatemoreproblemsthanitmightsolve.ItisawasteofmoneybecauseacollisionofasteroidswithEarthisveryunlikely.Furtherresearchshouldbedonebeforeitisprovedapplicable.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.whilepushingasteroidsoffcoursenuclearweaponswoulddestroytheworldasteroidsracingacrossthenightskyarelikelytohitEarthinthenearfuturetheworryaboutasteroidscanbelefttofuturegenerationssinceitisunlikelytohappeninourlifetimeworkablesolutionsstillhavetobefoundtopreventacollisionofasteroidswithEarth.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'sloneinthispassage?Optimistic.B)Critical.C)Objective. D)Arbitrary.PassagetwoBelieveitornot,opticalillusion(錯(cuò)覺)cancuthighwaycrashes.Japanisacaseinpoint.lthasreducedautomobilecrashesonsomeroadsbynearly75percentusingasimpleopticalillusion.Bentstripes,calledchevrons(人字形)paintedontheroadsmakedriversthinkthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyare*andthusdriversslowdown.NowtheAmericanAssociationFoundationfbrTrafficSafetyinWashingtonD.C.isplanningtorepeatJapan'ssuccess.Slartingnextyear,thefoundationwillpaintchevronsandotherpatternsofstripesonselectedroadsaroundthecountrytolesthowwellthepatternsreducehighwaycrashes.Excessivespeedplaysamajorroleroleinasmuchasonefifthofallfataltrafficaccidenls,accordingtothefoundation.lbhelpreducethoseaccidents,thefoundationwillconductitstestsinareaswherespeed-relatedhazardsarethegreatest-curves,exitslopes?trafficcircles.andbridges.Somestudiessuggestthatstraight,horizontalbarspaintedacrossroadscaninitiallycuttheaveragespeedofdriversinhalf.However,traffleoftenreturnstofullspeedwithinmonthsasdriversbecomeusedtoseeingthepaintedbar.Chevrons?scientistssay,notonlygivedriverstheimpressionthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyarebutalsomakealanesppeartobenarrower.Theresultisalongerlastingreductioninhighwayspeedandthenumberoftrafficaccidents.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.anewwayofhighwayspeedcontrolanewpatternfbrpaintinghighwaysanewapproachtotrainingdriversanewtypeofopticalillusionOnroadspaintedwithchevronsdriverstendtofeelthat.theyshouldavoidspeed-relatedhazardstheyaredrivinginthewronglanetheyshouldslowdowntheirspeedtheyareapproachingthespeedlimitTheadvantageofchevronsoverstraight,horizontalbarsisthattheformer.cankeepdriversawakecancutroadaccidentsinhalfwillhavealongereffectondriverswilllookmoreattractiveTheAmericanAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyplansto.tryouttheJapanesemethodincertainareaschangetheroadsignsacrossthecountryreplacestraight,horizontalbarswithchevronsrepeattheJapaneseroadpatternsWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutstraight?horizontalbarspaintedacrossroads?TheyarefallingoutofuseintheUnitedStates.Theytendtobeignoredbydriversinashortperiodoftime.Theyareapplicableonlyonbroadroads.Theycannotbeappliedsuccessfullytotrafficcircles..PassageThreeAmtrak(美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司)wasexperiencingadownswinginridership(客運(yùn)量)alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham,werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.Atonetime?trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefast,ver,'luxurious,andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingalthetime.However,timeschangeandtheautomolilebecameAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.Also,airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore,thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest.Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliers-thoseconccrmcdwithsafety,relaxation,andcleanlinessand2)travel-lovers-thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed,casual,andinterestedinthetravelecperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom,escape,relaxation,andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.ltstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder,etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resullswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder.Whichwasfocusedoninonead.enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.What'stheauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassage?Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommuniationinchangingconsumerattitudes.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedropinAmtrakridershipwasduetothefactthat .trainswerenotsuitableforshortdistancepassengertransportationtrainswerenotthefastestandmostconvenientformoftransportationtrainswerenotasfastandconvenientastheyusedtobetrainscouldnotcompetewithplanesintermsofluxuryandconvenienceToencourageconsumerstotravelbytrain,DDBNeedhamemphasized .thefreedomandconvenienceprovidedontrainsthepracticalaspestsoftraveltheadventurousaspectsoftraintripsthesafetyandcleanlinessoftraintripsThetrainadswereplacedamongfamily-orientedTVprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericabecause .theycouldfocusonmeaningfultravelexperiencestheycouldincreasetheeffectivenessoftheTVprogramstheirprofitscouldbeincreasedbysome15percentmosttravel-loversandnervousflierswerebelievedtobeamongtheaudiencesAccordingtothepassage?theEmpireBuilderenjoyedanincreaseinridershipandprofitsbecause .theattractivenessofitsnameandroutewaseffectivelyadvertiseditprovidedanexcitingtravelexperienceitspassengerscouldenjoythegreatwesternoutdoorsitwaswidelyadvertisedinnewspapersandmagazinesinChicagoandSeattlePassageFourWhydoescreamgobadfasterthanbutter?Someresearchersthinktheytheanswer,anditcomesdowntothestructureofthefood,notitschemicalcomposition-afindingthatcouldhelpridsomeprocessedfoodsofchemicalpreservatives.Creamandbuttercontainprettymuchthesamesubstances,sowhycreamshouldsourmuchfasierhasbeenamystery.Bothareemulsions-tinyglobules(4、球)ofoneliquidevenlydistributedthroughoutanother.Thedifferenceliesinwhat'sintheglobulesandwhat'sinthesurroundingliquid,saysBrocklehurst,wholedtheinvestigation.Incream>fattyglobulesandwhat'sinthesurroundingliquid?saysBrocklehurst,wholedtheinvestigation.Incream,fatlyglobulesdriftaboutinaseaofwater.Inbutler,globulesofawaterysolutionare1ockedawayinaseaoffat.Thebacteriawhichmakethefoodgobadprefertoliveinthewateryregionsofthemixture."Thismeansthatincream?thebacteriaarefreetogrowthroughoutthemixture,"hesays.Whenthesituationisreversed,thebacteriaarelockedawayincompartments(密封倉)burieddeepintheseaoffat.Trappedinthisway,individualcoloniescannotspreadandrapidlyrunoutofnutrients.Theyalsoslowlypoisonthemselveswiththeirwasteproducts/'Inbutter,yougetaself-limitingsystemwhichstopsthebacteriagrowing>"saysBrocklehurst.Thcresearchersarcalreadyworkingwithfoodcompanieskeentoseeiftheirproductscanbemaderesistanttobacterialattackthroughalterationstothefood'sslruclure.Brocklehurstbelievesitwillbepossibletomaketheemulsionsusedinsaladcream,forinstance,morelikethatinbuller.Thekeywillbetodothiswhilekeepingthesaladcreamliquidandnotturningitintoasolidlump.ThesignificanceofDrocklchurst'sresearchisthat .itsuggestedawaytokeepsomefoodsfreshwithoutpreservativesitdiscoveredtinyglobulesinbothcreamandbutteritrevealedthesecretofhowbacteriamultiplyincreamandbutteritfoundthatcreamandbuttersharethesamechemicalcompositionAccordingtotheresearchers.creamsoursfasterthanbutterbecausebacteria .aremoreevenlydistributedincreammultiplymoreeasilyincreamthanisbutterliveonlessfatincreamthaninbutlerproducelesswasteincreamthaninbutterAccordingtoBrocklehurst?wecankeepcreamfreshby .A)removingitsfat B)killingthebacteriaC)reducingitswatercontent D)alteringitsstructureTheword“colonies"(Line2,Para.4)refersto .A)tinyglobules B)wateryregionsC)bacteriacommunities D)littlecompartmentsCommercialapplicationoftheresearchfindingwillbepossibleifsaladcreamcanbemaderesistanttobacterialattack .A)byvaryingitschemicalcompositionB)byturningitintoasolidlumpC)whilekeepingitsstructureunchangedD)whileretainingitsliquidform2016年1月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)閱讀參考譯文PassageOne某些科學(xué)家說，正如我們所知道的，除非我們現(xiàn)在花錢為小行星定位并防范它們，否則，它們就會(huì)碰撞地球并摧毀生命。小行星是掠過夜空的大型流星。它們大多數(shù)遠(yuǎn)離地球，環(huán)繞太陽運(yùn)行，對(duì)我們沒有威脅。但是也有成千上萬顆小行星的軌道把它們引上與地球碰撞的方向。馬上買一批價(jià)值5000萬美元的新型望遠(yuǎn)鏡。然后25年內(nèi)每年花10()()萬美元測(cè)定大多數(shù)宇宙巨石的位置?？茖W(xué)家說，等到我們發(fā)現(xiàn)一顆毀滅性的小行星時(shí)，我們有辦法改變它的運(yùn)行方向。有些科學(xué)家造贊成用核武器使小行星偏離運(yùn)行方向。但成本會(huì)很高。值得嗎？當(dāng)判斷會(huì)有什么風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)專家所考慮的兩件事是：1)如果這種事件發(fā)生的可能性有多大；2)如果這種事件發(fā)生了，后果會(huì)多么嚴(yán)重。專家認(rèn)為：一顆大到足以毀滅許多生命的小行星可能每五十萬年才能撞擊地球一次?聽起來很少..但是，如果頁有一顆掉下來，那就將是地球的末日。有一位科學(xué)家說：“如果我們不照顧這些大型小行星，它們就會(huì)來'照顧'我們?！笔虑榫瓦@么簡單。然而，“治”可能比這“病”還糟糕。你真要核武器群布滿全世界？紐約時(shí)報(bào)的一篇文章說：“世人對(duì)沖著它們所布置的龐大核武器的恐懼更甚于毀滅性巨石的恐懼。"PassageTwo信不信由你，眼睛的錯(cuò)覺能減少公路交通事故。日本就是一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦?。日本用一種簡單的視錯(cuò)減少了某些公路上75%的交通事故。漆在馬路上的人字形線條使駕駛員認(rèn)為他們駕駛得比這實(shí)際快，所以駕駛員就放慢了速度。華盛頓的美國汽車協(xié)會(huì)交通安全基金會(huì)正在計(jì)劃效仿日本的成功之舉。從明年開始，該基金會(huì)將在全國一些選定的公路漆上人字形線條和其他圖案來測(cè)試減少公路交通事故的效果。根據(jù)基金會(huì)，五分之一的致命車禍?zhǔn)怯捎诔佟閹椭鷾p少這些事故，基金會(huì)將在因超速而導(dǎo)致車禍最多的地方--彎道、出口下坡道、環(huán)島和橋梁進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。有些研究表明在馬路上漆的橫直線起初能將司機(jī)的速度平均減少一半。然而，往往幾個(gè)月后車輛又恢復(fù)全速，因?yàn)樗緳C(jī)己習(xí)慣看到那些橫線?？茖W(xué)家說，人字形線不僅使司機(jī)感到開得比實(shí)際上開得快，而且還使得車道顯得窄。其結(jié)果能較長期降低汽車在公路上的行駛速度和減少交通事故的次數(shù)。PassageThree美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司正在經(jīng)歷鐵路系統(tǒng)沿線客運(yùn)量下降的趨勢(shì)。美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司和它的廣告代理商DDBNeedham主要關(guān)心的是客運(yùn)量一直顯著下降的西部長途線路?；疖囋欢仁谴┰轿鞑繌V大地區(qū)的惟一實(shí)際的交通手段。與當(dāng)時(shí)存在的其他運(yùn)輸方式相比，火車最快、最豪華，并且相當(dāng)方便。然而，隨著時(shí)代變遷,汽車遂成為美國舒適方便的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。航空旅行也輕易確立了它是長途旅行最快方式的地位。所以，為改變乘客的態(tài)度和增加考慮乘火車到西部旅行的可能性，DDBNeedham的任務(wù)就是鼓勵(lì)乘客考慮火車旅行其他方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。他們瞄準(zhǔn)整個(gè)市場(chǎng)的兩部分：1)對(duì)飛機(jī)感到擔(dān)心的人■.關(guān)心安全、放松和清潔的人：2)旅行愛好者-自認(rèn)為是放松、隨便的和對(duì)旅行經(jīng)歷感興趣并視其為部分假期的人。然后廣告代理商開展了一項(xiàng)以自由、消遣、放松和欣賞大西部戶外風(fēng)景為焦點(diǎn)的廣告攻勢(shì)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)乘火車的經(jīng)歷，并把西部火車之旅描繪成美妙的歷險(xiǎn)。廣告展示了沿某些知名的西部線路的美麗風(fēng)景的圖片，并且突出一些火車的浪漫名字（如“邊疆開拓者''等）。為最有效地展示給目標(biāo)聽眾，他們頗有策略地將這些廣告放在面向家庭、表現(xiàn)大自然和美麗的節(jié)目中去。結(jié)果這給人留下深刻印象。在一條廣告重點(diǎn)描寫的“邊疆開拓者”芝加哥■?西雅圖線上，利潤增加了15%。PassageFour為什么奶油比黃油壞得快？一些研究者認(rèn)為他們有了答案，這歸因于食物的結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是其化學(xué)成分--這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助某些加工食品擺脫防腐危。奶油和黃油含有很多同樣的物質(zhì)，所以，為什么奶油比黃油酸得快就是一直是個(gè)不解之謎。它們都是乳脂--均勻地分布在另一種液體中液態(tài)小球體。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究的Brocklehurst說：差別在于小球體內(nèi)是什么和周圍液體里的是什么。在奶油中，脂肪質(zhì)小球體在很多水中到處漂蕩。在黃油中水溶液的小球體藏在很多脂肪之中。使食物變壞的細(xì)菌喜歡生活在這種混合物水域內(nèi)。他說：“這就是說，這些細(xì)菌在奶油這種混合物中到處可以滋生。”反過來，細(xì)菌就被藏在深埋于在脂肪的海洋之中的隔倉室里。孤立的細(xì)菌陷于這樣的狀態(tài)就不能展開，很快就耗盡養(yǎng)料。它們也漸漸地因自己的排泄物而中毒。Brocklehurst說：“在黃油中，有一個(gè)阻止細(xì)菌繁殖的自我限制系統(tǒng)。"研究人員己經(jīng)與渴望看到能通過改變食物結(jié)構(gòu)將其產(chǎn)品制成抗菌食品的公司合作。Brocklehurst認(rèn)為有可能將奶油乳脂（例如在沙拉醬晨面所使用的）做得更像黃油當(dāng)中的乳脂。關(guān)鍵是這樣做時(shí)要使沙拉醬保持液態(tài)狀態(tài)，而不是把它變成固態(tài)塊。2016年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試試題PassageoneLongafterthe1998WorldCupwaswon,disappointedfanswerestillcursingthedisputedrefereeing（裁判）decisionsthatdeniedvictorytotheirteam.Aresearcherwasappointedtostudytheperformanceofsometopreferees.Theresearcherorganizedanexperimentaltournament（錦標(biāo)賽）involvingfouryouthteams.Eachmatchlastedanhour,dividedintothreeperiodsof20minutesduringwhichdifferentrefereeswereincharge.Observersnoteddownthereferees*errors,ofwhichtherewere61overtheloumament.Convertedtoastandardmatchof90minutes,eachrefereemadealmost23mistakes,aremarkablyhighnumber.Theresearcherthenstudiedthevideotapestoanalysethematchesindetail.Surprisingly,hefoundthaterrorsweremorelikelywhentherefereeswereclosetotheincident.Whentheofficialsgotitright,theywere,onaverage,17metersawayfromtheaction.Theaveragedistanceinthecaseoferrorswas12melers.Theresearchshowstheoptimum(最佳的)distanceisabout20meters.Therealsoseemedtobeanoptimumspeed.Correctdecisionscamewhentherefereesweremovingataspeedofabout2meterspersecond.Theaveragespeedforerrorswas4meterspersecond.IfFIFA,football'sinternationalrulingbody,wantstoimprovethestandardofrefereeingatthenextWorldCup,itshouldencouragerefereestokeeptheireyesontheactionfromadistance,ratherthanrushingtokeepupwiththeball,theresearcherargues.HealsosaysthatFIFA'sinsistencethatrefereesshouldretireatage45maybemisguided.Ifkeepingupwiththeactionisnotsoimportant,theirphysicalconditionislesscritical.Theexperimentconductedbytheresearcherwasmeantto .reviewthedecisionsofrefereesatthe1998WorldCupanalysethecausesoferrorsmadebyfootballrefereessetastandardforfootballrefereeingThenumberofrefereeingerrorsintheexperimentalmatcheswas .slightlyaboveaverageB)higherthaninthe1998WorldC叩C)quiteunexpectedD)ashighasinastandardmatchThefindingsoftheexperimentshowthat .errorsaremorelikelywhenarefereekeepsclosetotheballthefarthertherefereeisfromtheincident,thefewertheerrorsthemoreslowlytherefereeruns,themorelikelywillerrorsoccurerrorsarelesslikelywhenarefereestaysinonespotTheword"officials"(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablyrefersto .theresearchersinvolvedintheexperimenttheinspectorsofthefootballtournamenttherefereesofthefootballtournamenttheobserversalthesiteoftheexperimentWhatisoneofthepossibleconclusionsoftheexperiment?Theidealretirementageforanexperiencedfootballrefereeis45.Ageshouldnotbethechiefconsiderationinchoosingafootballreferee.Afootballrefereeshouldbeasyoungandenergeticaspossible.Anexperiencedfootballrefereecandowellevenwheninpoorphysicalcondition.PassageTwoWhilestillinitsearlystages,welfarereformhasalreadybeenjudgedagreatsuccessinmanystates?aatleastingettingpeopleoffwelfare.Il'sestimatedthatmorethan2millionpeoplehavelefttherollssince1994.Inthepastfouryears,welfarerollsinAthensCountyhavebeeneutinhalf.But70percentofthepeoplewholeftinthepasttwoyearstookjobsthatpaidlessthan$6anhour.Theresult:TheAthensCountypovertyratestillremainsatmorethan30percent-twicethenationalaverage.Foradvocates(代言人)forthepoor,that'sanindicationmuchmoreneedstobedone."Morepeoplearegettingjobs,butit'snotmakingtheirlivesanybetter,"saysKathyLairn,apolicyanalystattheCenteronBudgetandPolicyPricoritiesinWashington.AcenteranalysisofUSCensusdatanationwidefoundthatbetween1995and1996,agreaterpercentageofsingle,femalea2headcdhouseholdswereearningmoneyontheirown,butthataverageincomeforthesehouseholdsactuallywentdown.butformany,thefactthatpoorpeopleareabletosupportthemselvesalmostaswellwithoutgovernmentaidastheydidwithitisinitselfahugevictory."Welfarewasapoison.Itwasatoxin(毒素)thatwaspoisoningthefamily,"saysRobertRector,awelfarea2reformpolicyanalyst."Thereformischangingthemoralclimateinlowa2incomecommunities.It'sbeginningtorebuildtheworkethic(道德觀)，whichismuchmoreimportant."Mr.Rectorandothersarguedthatonce"thehabitofdependencyiscracked,"thenthecountrycanmakeotherpolicychangesaimedatimprovinglivingstandards.Fromthepassage,itcanbeseenthattheauthor .believesthereformhasreducedthegovernment'sburdeninsiststhatwelfarereformisdoinglittlegoodforthepoorisoverenthusiasticaboutthesuccessofwelfarereformconsiderswelfarereformtobefundamentallysuccessfulWhyaren'tpeopleenjoyingbetterliveswhentheyhavejobs?Becausemanyfamiliesaredivorced.Becausegovernmentaidisnowrare.Becausetheirwagesarelow.Becausethecostoflivingisrising.WhatisworthnotingfromtheexampleofAthensCountyisthat .greatereffortsshouldbemadetoimprovepeople'slivingstandards70percentofthepeopletherehavebeenemployedfortwoyears50percentofthepopulationnolongerreliesonwelfarethelivingstandardsofmostpeoplearegoingdownFromthepassageweknowthatwelfarereformaimsat .savingwelfarefundsrebuildingtheworkethicprovidingmorejobscuttinggovernmentexpensesAccordingtothepassage,beforethewelfarereformwascarriedout, thepovertyratewasloweraveragelivingstandardswerehighertheaverageworkerwaspaidhigherwagesthepoorusedtorelyongovernmentaidPassageThreeAmericansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian(百姓的)Clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformlendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayistherefbranurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertolosepro伝ssionalidentily(身份)thantostepoutofuniform?Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible(可減稅的).Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.Uniformsalsogiveriselosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.ItissurprisingthatAmericanswhoworshipvarietyandindividuality stilljudgeamanbyhisclothesholdtheuniforminsuchhighregardenjoyhavingaprofessionalidentitywillrespectanelevatoroperatorasmuchasageneralinuniformPeopleareaccustomedlothinkthatamaninuniform .suggestsqualityworkdiscardshissocialidentityappearslobemorepracticallookssuperiortoapersonincivilianclothesThechieffunctionofauniformisto .providepracticalbenefitstothewearermakethewearercatchthepubliceyeinspirethewearer'sconfidenceinhimselfprovidethewearerwithaprofessionalidentityAccordingtothepassage,peoplewearinguniforms .areusuallyhelpfulhavelittleornoindividualfreedomtendtolosetheirindividualityenjoygreaterpopularityThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe .UniformsandSocietyTheImportanceofWearingaUniformPracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniformD)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUnifonnsPassageFourSincewearesocialbeings,thequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetlerabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles(困難).Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithousuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnesses,fromdepressiontoheartdisease,revealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoff(擋開)illness,andtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.First,friends,relatives,andco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Second,otherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Third,wetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-limeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistracting(轉(zhuǎn)移…注意力)usfromourworriesandtroubles.Finally,otherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport?afinancialaid,materialresources,andneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Interpersonalrelationshipsareimportantbecause .theyareindispensabletopeople'ssocialweel-beingtheywakenpeople'sdesiretoexchangeresourcestheyhelppeopletocopewithlifeintheinformationeratheycancurearangeofillnessessuchasheartdisease,etc.Researchshowsthatpeople'sphysicalandmentalhealth .reliesonthesocialwelfaresystemswhichsupportthemhasmuchtodowiththeamountofsupporttheygetfromothersdependsontheirabilitytodealwithdailyworriesandtroublesiscloselyrelatedtotheirstrengthforcopingwithmajorchangesintheirlivesWhichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword"cushions"(Line1,Para.2)?Adds叩to.B)Doesawaywith.C)Lessenstheeffectof.D)Laysthefoundationfor.Helpingasickneighborwithsomerepairworkisanexampleof .A)instrumentalsupportB)informationalsupportC)socialcompanionshipD)thestrengtheningofself-respectSocialcompanionshipisbeneficialinthat .ithelpsstrengthenourtieswithrelativesitenablesustoeliminateourfaultsandmistakesitmakesourleisure-timeactivitiesmoreenjoyableitdrawsourattentionawayfromourworriesandtroubles2016年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)閱讀參考譯文PassageOne在1998年世界杯結(jié)束之后很久，失望的球迷依然在咒罵那些有爭議的裁定，因?yàn)檫@些裁定剝奪了他們支持的球隊(duì)獲勝的機(jī)會(huì)。一名研究員被指定研究一些高級(jí)裁判員的裁決。該研究員組織了一次有四個(gè)青年隊(duì)參賽的試驗(yàn)錦標(biāo)賽。每次比賽一小時(shí)，分成三節(jié)，每節(jié)20分鐘，由不同的裁判執(zhí)法。觀察員記下了裁判的誤判，在整個(gè)賽程中有61次誤判。然后再變換為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的90分鐘比賽，每個(gè)裁判幾乎做出23次誤判，這是一個(gè)異常高的數(shù)字。然后研究人員研究了錄像帶，對(duì)比賽進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析。令人吃驚的是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)裁判靠近犯規(guī)的地點(diǎn)時(shí)誤判的可能性更大。離犯規(guī)地點(diǎn)平均有17米的距離時(shí)裁判的判決正確。錯(cuò)判時(shí)的平均距離為12米。研究表明是最佳距離約20米。似乎還有一種最佳速度。當(dāng)裁判員以每秒兩米的速度跑動(dòng)時(shí)才會(huì)正確裁判。錯(cuò)判速度平均為和每秒四米。這位研究人員說，如果國際足聯(lián)(FIFA)■■國際足球管理機(jī)構(gòu)要在下屆世界杯提高裁判水平,它應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)裁判員拉開一定距離注視比賽，而不是匆匆忙忙地追著球跑。他還說,國際足聯(lián)堅(jiān)持裁判應(yīng)當(dāng)在45歲時(shí)退休可能錯(cuò)了。如果跟著比賽跑不那么重要，他們的體力條件就不那么關(guān)鍵。PassageTwo還是在早期階段，福利改革在許多州都被判定為很大的成功，至少在使人民脫離福利方面是這樣的。據(jù)估計(jì)，自1994年以來己有二百多萬人從福利名冊(cè)上被除名了。在過去四年中，雅典縣福利名冊(cè)中的人數(shù)已經(jīng)減半。但在過去兩年脫離福利名冊(cè)的人中，有70%的人找到了每小時(shí)薪金低于六美元的工作。其結(jié)果是雅典縣貧困率仍停留在3()%以上，是全國平均數(shù)的兩倍。對(duì)于貧困者的代言人來說，這表明有更多的事需要做。華盛頓預(yù)算和政策優(yōu)先中心的政策分析專家卡西?萊恩說：“越來越多的人找到工作，但他們的生活并沒有改善?！币粋€(gè)中心站對(duì)美國全國人口普查資料分析發(fā)現(xiàn)：1995T996年間單身婦女操持的家庭*自己掙錢的百分比大了，但這些家庭的平均收入實(shí)際上下降了。然而對(duì)很多人來說，沒有政府幫助，窮人幾乎也能像有政府幫助那樣很好地養(yǎng)活自己，這木身就是一個(gè)巨大的勝利。福利改革政策分析專家羅伯特?萊克多說：“福利是一種毒藥，它是素毒害家庭的一種毒素。福利改革正在改變著低收入社區(qū)的道德風(fēng)氣。福利改革正在開始重新樹立就業(yè)的道德觀，這更為重要。"萊克多先生和其他人論證說：一旦“依賴習(xí)慣被打破"，國家就能進(jìn)行旨在提高生活水平的政策改革。PassageThree美國人為他們的多樣性和獨(dú)特性而自豪，但是幾乎沒有什么東西比制服更受他們熱愛與尊重，無論是電梯工的制服，還是五星上將的制服也好。為什么制服在美國這么受歡迎呢？關(guān)于制服的許多論點(diǎn)中，第一個(gè)論點(diǎn)是：在美國人的眼中制服比便服更職業(yè)化。美國人己習(xí)慣于期望穿制服的人技能更高。穿制服的電梯修理人員總是比穿便服的人更能喚起信任。制服提高了對(duì)汽車修理工技術(shù)的信任。對(duì)護(hù)士、警察、理發(fā)師、餐廳招待員來說，還有什么辦法是比脫下制服更容易使人看不出職業(yè)身份的呢？制服還有許多實(shí)際好處。節(jié)省其他制服。節(jié)省洗衣開銷。減免稅收。比便服更舒服更耐穿。反對(duì)制服的主要論點(diǎn)是：必須穿制服者感到缺乏多樣性，從而失去了個(gè)性。雖然有許多類型的制服，穿某一特定制服的人一般總是穿在身上不更換，直至退休。當(dāng)人們外表相像時(shí)，他們的思想、言談和行為也趨于相似，至少在工作崗位上是如此。制服也產(chǎn)生一些實(shí)際問題。它們雖然耐穿，但首次開銷比便服的費(fèi)用大得多。有些制服維修費(fèi)很貴，要求專業(yè)人員干洗，而不像許多便服那樣適合家庭洗滌。PassageFour既然我們是社會(huì)生物，我們的生活質(zhì)量就在很大程度上取決于人際關(guān)系。人類社會(huì)的一個(gè)長處就是在緊張情況下我們往往會(huì)互相支持。社會(huì)支持就是以人際關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)交換人力、物力。我們當(dāng)中有很強(qiáng)支持系統(tǒng)的人似乎能更好地應(yīng)付重大的人生變化和日常困難。有堅(jiān)固社會(huì)聯(lián)系的人比沒有這樣聯(lián)系的人壽命更長、身體更健康。對(duì)從抑郁癥到心臟病等大范圍疾病進(jìn)行的研究揭示：有社會(huì)支持能幫助人們抵抗疾病，沒有則更可能使健康惡化。社會(huì)支持多種方式減緩壓力。首先，朋友、親戚、同事會(huì)讓我們知道他們重視我們。盡管我們有缺點(diǎn)、有困難，而當(dāng)感到被他人接納時(shí)，我們的自尊心便增強(qiáng)了。第二，其他人經(jīng)常給我們提供信息支持。他們幫助我們明確和弄懂我們的問題，并找出解決辦法。第三，我們通常發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)伙伴是有幫助的。和其他人一起參加空閑活動(dòng)幫助滿足我們的社會(huì)需要，與此同時(shí)我們的注意力也從憂慮和煩惱上轉(zhuǎn)移出去。最后，其他人可能給我們有用的支持--資金援助、物力和所需要的服務(wù)--這能幫助我們解決和應(yīng)付問題從而減輕壓力。2001年1月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試試題PassageOneDogsaresocialanimalsandwithoutpropertraining,theywillbehavelikewildanimals.Theywillspoilyourhouse,destroyyourbelongings,barkexcessively,fightotherdogsandevenb