剎車保持架沖壓成形工藝及模具設(shè)計外文翻譯畢業(yè)論文

英文BrakemaintainsastampingformingtechnologyanddiedesignBrakecage,partiallywrappedallorpartoftherollbody,andwiththemovementofthebearingparts,usedtoisolaterollingbody,usuallyalsoguideandkeepitwithinthebearingroller.Retainersmaterial:rollingbearingatwork,heatandwearcausedbyslidingfrictionbearing,especiallyundertheconditionofhightemperatureoperation,inertialcentrifugalforceroleexacerbatedthefriction,wearandheat,bracketwillbecausedseriousburnsorrupture,thebearingcanworknormally.Requestretainersmaterial,therefore,besideshaveacertainstrength,mustalsohavegoodthermalconductivity,smallfrictioncoefficient,goodwearresistance,impacttoughness,densityissmallandlinearexpansioncoefficientandphaseclosetotheroller.Inaddition,thepresscageneedtoundergocomplicatedstampingdeformation,alsorequiresamaterialhasgoodprocessingperformance.First，F(xiàn)unctionandclassificationofbearingcageKeepbearingframeisoneofthemainparts,keeptheaircraftintherollingbearinghasfourbasicfunctions:1.Separationroller;2.Willkeeprollingelementitselforkeepitwitharingtogether;3.Guidanceontherighttrackrollerrolling;4.Theorientationofrollingbody,reducethefriction.Accordingtothemanufacturingprocessandmaterialsusedincagecanbedividedinto:stampingatlowandmediumcarbonsteelasthematerialofthecage;Withhighstrengthcopperalloy(leadbrass,nickel,siliconbronze,etc.),zincalloy,ductilecastironasthematerialofthealloysolidcage;Polyamideresinasmaterialofengineeringplasticcage;Phenoliclaminatedclothtubeasmaterialentitiesphenolicbakeliteretainer.Includingpunchingcagewithhighproductionefficiency,qualitativelight,intensityisgood,widecoverageandwidelyused.Retainersarebasicrequirementsofthedesigninacertainspaceandstructurestrengthmaximumload-bearingloadandmeetthebearingontherotatingprecisionandspeedrequirements,accordingtotheworkingconditionoftheuseofbearingsonthehostandguideclearancerequirements,determinetheinnerandouterdiameterorrollerguideway,andthendeterminethestructureandmainparameters.Rollingbearingatwork,heatandwearcausedbyslidingfrictionbearing,especiallyundertheconditionofhighspeed,duetotheroleofcentrifugalforce,inertiaforce,speeduptheinternalrollingelementbearings,innerandouterringandcagecollision,frictionandwearwithfever,bracketwillbecausedseriousburnsandfracture,thebearingcan'tnormaluse,keeptheframedamageinmakeupalargeproportionofbearingfailureforms,andinthecageinthecauseofthedamage,thecagematerialqualityisoneofthemainreasons.Therefore,bearingretainersrequirementsshouldhavegoodmechanicalstrength;Thestabilityofsize;Goodplasticityandmachinabilityaspectsofperformance.Becausemaintainsauniquewayofmachiningprocessorofthelimitations,andconsideringtheforcebearing,lubrication,thespeed,temperatureandsoonvariousaspectsfactorandtheinfluenceofthemarketforbearinghighspeed,highprecision,overload,longlifeandlownoiserequirements,bearingcagetechnologycontinuousimprovementanddevelopmenthasbecomeinevitable.Second,theevolvementanddevelopmentofpunchingcagestructureInherentstructureimprovementofrollingbearing,inadditiontoincreasethenumberandsizeroller,mostlyduetothebearingcagestructureimprovement.Punchingcage,forexample,therearedozensoftypesofstructures.Itscommonorgenericinthepressingcagestructuretypeandstructureevolvementanddevelopmentoftheintroductionisasfollows:1.Deepgrooveballbearingcage;Itscagetypewithleadguardribboncage;\"S\"shapecage;Ribboncage;Crownretainer;Withclawribboncage;One-wayclearanceribboncage;DoublewaveformcageKvalues.Thetopfivekindsofstructureareoldtypecagestructure.One-waywaveclearanceformcageandthedoubleKvalueofthewaveformcage,greasegrooveribboncagealldevelopmentortoreducenoise,exploreanewtypeofcagestructure,atthesametimecanimprovethelubricatingabilityofcage,areofgreathelptoimprovethespeedofthebearing.Abroadcentripetalballbearingcagepocketholewitharoundoroval,rotationalflexibilitygood,clearancerange13to25microns,tendtowidenthecagestructure,(widthratioofballdiameterof0.45to0.48),highstrength,goodrigidity,ballpocketholeRlightbeltround,full,platformparalleldifferencebetweensmall,USEStherivetwithtaperedinterference,highpositioningaccuracy,suitableforhighefficiencyautomaticassembly,aftertheriveting,rotationalflexibilityisgood,lownoise.2.Self-aligningballbearingcage,itsstructureischrysanthemumformcage;Kwaiformcage;Elephantnosecage.Thestampingmaintainsabasicnotmuchchangeinthestructure,butthestampingmouldmanufacturingcomplex,productsizeisdifficulttoguaranteeandinspection,astheengineeringplasticcagestrengthandthecontinuousimprovementofhightemperatureresistantperformance,hasbeenthetrendofgraduallyreplaced.Third，thenatureofthecageandfunction1:onthebasisofguaranteethestrength,canmaketherollingelementbearingshaveincreasedinquantityorgeometrysize,inordertoimprovethebearingcapacityandservicelife.2:havehastheabilitytoimprovetheselflubricatingbearing,atthesametimecanreducethenoise.Meettherequirementsofbearingtoimprovespeedandreducenoise.3:havesaverawmaterialsandreducetheimpactonthesurroundingenvironment.ImprovematerialutilizationandsaverawmaterialisthetrendofTheTimes,especiallywhenlimitedresourcesincreasinglytenseofcoppermaterial,withsteelandcopper,plasticgenerationthatistokeeptheframestructureplayedasignificantroleinimprovingandalternative.Intermsofenvironment,reducepollution,increasinglybecomethefocusofenterprisesandsociety.4:improvethesurfacehardnessandretainerslubricatingabilitywillbecomethedevelopmentdirectionofnewcagestructure.Punchingcageatpresent,undertheconditionofenvironmentalprotectionofsurfaceshotblasting,finishing,blueandotherphysical,chemicalprocessing,toreducestressincage,improvethesurfaceroughness,lubricationabilityhasplayedapositiverole.Partstructure,suchasshortconical,cylindricalandsphericalrollerbearings,needlerollerbearingcagesurfacecarburizing,carbonitriding,orbracketwillbesoftnitridingtreatmentistoimprovethemechanicalstrengthandresistancetowear,prolongingthelifeofthecageplayakeyrole.Anynewthinghasitsoccurrenceanddevelopmentprocess,structureimprovementandadvancementofthecageisnotexceptionalalso,technologyprogressanddevelopmentistheeternalthemeinbearingindustry.Stampingmaintainsaproductionandprocessingofthenewstructurenotonlyhavetechnicaldifficulties,thereisalsohaveabilitytoacceptthemarketproblem.However,improvingthestructureofthecageaslongasmeettheincreasedspeed,load,bearinglifeandreducenoise,saverawmaterials,havedemonstratedthedevelopmentoftheabsolutetruth,thereisthesurvivalanddevelopmentspace,itwillbeacceptedbythemarket,soastooccupythemarket,bringmorerichlyrewardedforenterprisesandusers.Fourth，maintainsaworkefficiencyandapplicationpunchingcagemanufacturecraftandtheequipmentabroadwavetypedeepgrooveballbearingcageismorespecializedandautomaticproduction,accordingtothesizeofthecagetherearetwomainmodeofproduction:tinycageusingcoilonthesimplexpresscompoundonprogressivedie,moldingprocessfortheprecisiononthecoilstep5-7station,inturngraduallyundertheexpected,thecuttingring,forming,shaping,cutting,etc.Smallandmedium-sizedcageusingcoiledmaterialinhigh-speedtransferstampingpressesthewavetypecage,directlydowntheringmaterialfirst,andthenbyclampsteppingintomechanicalarmonbothsidesofeachstation,incompleteforming,punching,processessuchasplasticrivethole.Thecharacteristicsofthetwowaysarecomplexmould,manufacturingofhighprecision,longlife,safeandreliable,highproductionefficiency,suitableforlittlevarietyandmassproduction.Domesticseatypecageinthepastwithasinglepunchlistprocessproduction,andacageneed4-5unitspunch,dieandforthestaffoftheoperationtocomplete,simplemouldefficiencyislow,productioncostsarehigh.Inordertoimprovethequalityandefficiency,luoyangretainerfactorytooktheleadintheindustryinthedevelopmentofthemechanicalarmtypemulti-stationpunch,butduetothemoldandcontrolelementisnotpass,themachineprice,hasbeencannotgetagoodpromotionanduse.Shandongliaochengregionofsomecompanies,suchasgoldemperor,andonthisbasistodotheimprovement,withasinglepunchcoilautomaticflushring,onsinglearmupintothemouldagaintocompletetheotherprocessapproachtomakethemouldandmachinecostsbecomesimple,andcangreatlyimproveproductionefficiency,thusinliaochengmaintainsspecializingintheproductionareatogetapromotionandpopularization.Zhejiang,longinthe90stointroduceJapan'scoilautomaticproductionlineproducetinycage,throughtotheequipmentandmoldconstantlydigestionandabsorption,innovation,improvement,hasgreatlyreducedthecostofmouldandequipmentused,becomeoutstandingminiaturecageproduction.WuxiAnFengalsobyimitatingandexploration,successfullydevelopedhighspeedautomaticsteppingmodevolumes,isusedintheproductionoftheminiaturecage.Domesticmostoftheneedlerollerbearingcageproductionforsingleprocessofpunchingholeandpunchingandflanging,way,suchasplasticprecisionmoldandautoindustryisfarfrommeetingtherequirementofmassproductionefficiencyofformacompletesetofrequirements.Nowsuzhoushaftbearingfactoryco.,LTD.,duct,changzhouGuangYangrespectivelyintroducedtheTorringtonNTNcorporationandJapanneedlerollerbearingmanufacturingtechnology,makeitshavetheworld'smostadvancedprofessionalneedlerollerbearingprocessingequipment,suchas:theSwissSAFEDcompany'sheattreatmentfurnace;SwedishLIDOINGcompanycenterlessgrindingmachine;BritishPLATARGtransferpress;GermanyBilhercompanymaintainsautomaticweldingmachineandsoon,eachoftheautomaticlinewithcoil,multi-stationcoldgrindingformingstepdiepunching,automaticrollforming,plasticweldingprocessessuchasmassproductionwithhighefficiency,canproduce50000setsofleftandrightsideskeepineveryline.Othertypesofcage,suchasbasketshape,bowl,anddrumstructureandlimitsofproduction,large-scaleautomatedproductionisdifficulttoachieve,themorecommonlyusedsinglebisectedautomaticblanking,punchingholemachine,punching,pressuregradientandplastictocomplete.Basketshapedcagealsocanuseawholepunchingmoldingprocess,mouldmanufacturingcomplex,highcost.Tosumup,ourcountryofrollingbearingretainerandprocessingquality,technologyandmanufacturingequipmentlevelsalsohastheverybigdisparitycomparedwithforeignadvancedlevel,speedupthedevelopmentofnewhighspeed,efficient,stampingequipment,improvetheprecisionofcomplexcompositemembrane,continuousprogressivediemold,moldmanufacturinglevel,toadapttothebearingcageneedsofindustryspecializationandautomation,massproductionisstillourfuturelong-termeffortsandstrivingdirectionandgoals.譯文剎車保持架沖壓成型工藝及模具設(shè)計剎車保持架，部分地包裹全部或部分滾動體，并隨之運動的軸承零件，用以隔離滾動體，通常還引導滾動體并將其保持在軸承內(nèi)。保持架的材料：滾動軸承在工作時，由于滑動摩擦而造成軸承發(fā)熱和磨損，特別在高溫運轉(zhuǎn)條件下，慣性離心力的作用加劇了摩擦、磨損與發(fā)熱，嚴重時會造成保持架燒傷或斷裂，致使軸承不能正常工作。因此，要求保持架的材料除具有一定強度外，還必須導熱性好、摩擦因數(shù)小、耐磨性好、沖擊韌性強、密度較小且線脹系數(shù)與滾動體相接近。此外，沖壓保持架需經(jīng)受較復雜的沖壓變形，還要求材料具有良好的加工性能。一、剎車保持架的作用和分類保持架是軸承的主要零件之一，保持架在滾動軸承中有四個基本作用：1．分離滾動體；2．將滾動體本身保持住或使其與一個套圈保持在一起；3．引導滾動體在正確的軌道上滾動；4.對滾動體定向、減少摩擦力。按其制造工藝和所使用的材料保持架可分為：以低、中碳鋼為材質(zhì)的沖壓保持架；以高強度銅合金（鉛黃銅、鎳、硅青銅等）、鋅鋁合金、球墨鑄鐵等為材質(zhì)的合金實體保持架；以聚酰胺樹脂為材質(zhì)的工程塑料保持架；以酚醛層壓布管為材質(zhì)的酚醛膠木實體保持架。其中沖壓保持架以其生產(chǎn)效率高，材質(zhì)輕，強度好，覆蓋范圍廣而得到廣泛的應用。保持架設(shè)計的基本要求是在一定的空間和結(jié)構(gòu)強度上滿足軸承的最大承載載荷和旋轉(zhuǎn)精度和速度的要求，可根據(jù)軸承在主機中的使用工況及引導間隙的要求，確定內(nèi)、外徑或滾動體的引導方式，進而確定結(jié)構(gòu)和主參數(shù)。滾動軸承在工作時，由于滑動摩擦而造成軸承發(fā)熱和磨損，特別是在高速運轉(zhuǎn)的條件下，由于離心力、慣性力的作用，加速了軸承內(nèi)部滾動體、內(nèi)外圈與保持架的碰撞、摩擦磨損與發(fā)熱，嚴重時會造成保持架燒傷和斷裂，致使軸承不能正常使用，保持架損壞在軸承失效形式中占很大的比例，而在保持架損壞的原因中，保持架材質(zhì)好壞又是主要原因之一。因此，要求軸承保持架的材質(zhì)應具有良好的機械強度；尺寸的穩(wěn)定性；良好的可塑性和可加工性等多方面性能。由于保持架特有的加工方式或工藝難度的局限，并考慮其受力、潤滑、速度、溫度等各方面因素的影響以及市場對軸承高速、高精、重載、長壽命、低噪音的要求，軸承保持架技術(shù)的不斷改進和發(fā)展已成為必然。二、沖壓保持架結(jié)構(gòu)的衍變和發(fā)展固有滾動軸承的結(jié)構(gòu)改進，除了增加滾動體數(shù)量和尺寸外，大多出于對軸承保持架結(jié)構(gòu)的改進上。以沖壓保持架為例，就有數(shù)十種結(jié)構(gòu)類型。在此就其常見或通用的沖壓保持架結(jié)構(gòu)類型以及結(jié)構(gòu)的衍變和發(fā)展介紹如下：1．深溝球軸承用保持架；其保持架類型有帶引導擋邊的浪形保持架；“S”形保持架；浪形保持架；冠形保持架；帶爪浪形保持架；單向游隙浪形保持架；雙K值浪形保持架。其中前五種結(jié)構(gòu)均為老結(jié)構(gòu)類型保持架。單向游隙浪形保持架和雙K值浪形保持架、帶油槽浪形保持架均為降低噪音而發(fā)展或探索出的新型結(jié)構(gòu)保持架，同時可以提高保持架的潤滑能力，對提高軸承的轉(zhuǎn)速有很大幫助。國外向心球軸承保持架球兜孔采用正圓形或橢圓形，旋轉(zhuǎn)靈活性好，游隙變化范圍為13-25微米，保持架結(jié)構(gòu)趨向于加寬，（寬度比為球徑的0.45-0.48），強度高，剛性好，球兜孔R的光亮帶圓滑，飽滿，平臺間相互平行差小，采用帶錐形過盈鉚釘，定位精度高，適于高效率自動裝配，鉚合后，旋轉(zhuǎn)靈活性好，噪音低。2．調(diào)心球軸承保持架，其結(jié)構(gòu)有菊形保持架；葵形保持架；象鼻形保持架。該類沖壓保持架在結(jié)構(gòu)上基本沒有多大變化，但沖壓模具制造復雜，產(chǎn)品尺寸難以保證和檢驗，隨著工程塑料保持架強度和耐高溫性能的不斷提高，有被其逐步替代的趨勢。三、保持架的性質(zhì)與作用1：在保證強度的基礎(chǔ)上，能夠使軸承滾動體在數(shù)量或幾何尺寸上得到增加，以提高軸承的承載能力和使用壽命。2：具備有提高軸承的自潤滑的能力，同時可以降低噪音。滿足軸承提高轉(zhuǎn)速和減少噪音的要求。3：具備有節(jié)約原材料和減少對周邊環(huán)境的影響。提高材料利用率和節(jié)約原材料是大勢所趨，尤其是銅材料的有限資源日益緊張，以鋼代銅，以塑代銅都對保持架的結(jié)構(gòu)改進和替代起到了促進作用。在環(huán)境方面，減少污染日益成為企業(yè)和社會關(guān)注的重點