1醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和常見(jiàn)詞素

Chapter1

BasicWordStructureandCommonMorphemesofMedicalEnglish醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和常見(jiàn)詞素SectionsinThisChaptersectionsinthischapterSection1BasicWordStructure（醫(yī)學(xué)）詞匯的基本結(jié)構(gòu)Section2CommonCombiningForms常見(jiàn)的結(jié)合詞根Section3CommonSuffixes常見(jiàn)的后綴Section4CommonPrefixes常見(jiàn)的前綴Section5RulesofLatinandGreekPlurals源于拉丁和希臘的英語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化規(guī)律Section1

第一節(jié)BasicWordStructure基本結(jié)構(gòu)3typesofmedicaltermsTermsfromcommonEnglish從普通英語(yǔ)中借用的：attack襲擊/發(fā)作，delivery運(yùn)送/分娩，failure失敗/衰竭Simpleterms單一的、非復(fù)合性的術(shù)語(yǔ)：hart,spleen,muscle,mumps腮腺炎Termsformedbymorphemes由詞素構(gòu)成的詞peridarditis,leucocytopenia,hepatomaSectionStructure本節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)

Morphemes[?m?:fi:mz]詞素TextActivities活動(dòng)Morphemes[?m?:fi:mz]

詞素Psych/omind[ma?nd]心理、精神psychology[sai?k?l?d?i]心理學(xué)-logymeansstudyof/詞尾-logy是…學(xué)的意思；如physiology[?f?zi??l?d?i]/生理學(xué)；

pathology[p??θɑl?d?i]/病理學(xué)psychoanalysis[?sa?k???‘n?l?s?s]精神分析；心理分析詞尾-analysis為“分析”之意Gastr/ostomach['st?m?k]胃epigastric[?epi?ɡ?strik]上腹部的Theprefixepi-meansabove,andthesuffix–icmeanspertainingto/前綴epi表示以上的意思，后綴ic的意思是與…有關(guān)的gastrectomy[g?s‘trekt?mi]胃切除術(shù)Thesuffix–ectomymeansexcisionorremoval/詞尾-ectomy意思是摘除術(shù)sub-

below在…下面subgastric[?s?b?g?str?k]胃下的-gastricmeanspertainingtothestomach/-gastric意思是“胃的”或“和胃有關(guān)的”sublingual[s?b‘l??gw?l]舌下的lingualmeanspertainingtothetongue/lingual意思是“舌的”或“和舌…有關(guān)的”

Encephal/o

brain腦electroencephalogram[i.lektr?uen‘sef?l?gr?m]腦電圖（記錄腦電的）AlsocalledanEEG/也叫EEG（縮略來(lái)的）；electr/o=electricity/電；-gram=athingthatrecordingsomethingelse/記錄...的東西encephalopathy[en.sef?‘l?p?θi]腦病-pathy=disease/疾病Cardi/o

heart心臟electrocardiogram[??lektr???kɑ:di:??gr?m]心電圖cardiology[.kɑ:di‘?l?d?i]心臟學(xué)-logy=study/…學(xué)Enter/ointestine[?n?test?n]腸（道）（多指小腸）enteritis[.ent?‘raitis]腸炎-itismeansinflammation/-itis=炎（癥）.enteroscopy[en't?r?sk?p?]腸鏡檢查T(mén)hesuffix–scopymeanstoviewwithanendoscope.后綴scopy的意思是用內(nèi)視鏡scope看的過(guò)程；詞尾-scope是鏡的意思，microscope/顯微鏡，telescope/望遠(yuǎn)鏡

endoscope[?end?sk??p]內(nèi)視鏡;前綴endo-是在…里面pancreat/opancreas[?p??kri:?s]胰腺

pancreatitis[?p??kri??taitis]胰腺炎-itis=inflammation/炎癥pancreatectomy[p??kr??‘tekt?m?]胰腺切除術(shù)Thesuffix–ectomymeanssurgicalremoval/詞尾-ectomy意思是“外科摘除術(shù)”.Test

課文PossiblePartsofaMedicalTermprefix[‘pri:f?ks]前綴suffix['s?f?ks]后綴root[ru:t]詞根combiningvowel

[k?m‘ba?n???va??l]結(jié)合元音（連接兩個(gè)詞根或連接詞根與詞尾的元音），只起到連接作用。electrocardiogram=electr(詞根)/電+o（結(jié)合元音）+cardi（詞根）/心臟+o(結(jié)合元音)+gram（詞尾）/記錄…的東西。整個(gè)詞的意思是“心電圖”，記錄心臟電活動(dòng)的圖（這里是紙張，心電圖是記錄在紙張上的）combiningform組合形式

（=詞根+結(jié)合元音）PossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的5個(gè)部分

PSYCH/O/LOGY心理學(xué)（學(xué)習(xí)心理）psycho(root)/心理o

（combiningvowel）(連接詞根與詞尾或詞根與詞根)。起連接作用，無(wú)實(shí)際意義-logy(suffix)/研究…學(xué);…學(xué)

psych/o(combiningform)/心理

PossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

MoreExample:EPI/GASTR/IC胃上的epi-(prefix/前綴)/在…之上gastr(root/詞根)/胃

-ic(suffix/形容詞詞尾)/…的PossiblePartsofaMedicalTerm

MoreExampleELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM/腦電圖electr/o(combiningform)/在…之上encephal/o(combiningform)/腦-gram（suffix）/記錄…的東西

electroencephalogram

結(jié)合元音的留舍規(guī)則

ELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM2.Thereisalwaysacombiningvowelinbetweenroots詞根之間永遠(yuǎn)有結(jié)合元音3.Thereisnocombiningvowelbetweenprefixandroot前綴和詞根之間無(wú)結(jié)合元音4.Combiningvowelremainsbetweentherootandthesuffixifthesuffixbeginswithconsonantletter如果詞尾以輔音字母開(kāi)始，詞根和詞尾之間必須有結(jié)合元音5.Dropthecombiningvowelifthesuffixbeginswithavowel如果詞尾以元音開(kāi)始則去掉結(jié)合元音1.Mostly,combiningvowelisan‘O’,sometimesitisan‘I’結(jié)合元音絕大多數(shù)為“o”，有時(shí)為“i”EPI/GASTR/ICMoreexamplesenter/itis腸炎（為什么此詞詞根詞尾間無(wú)結(jié)合元音？）enter/o=entestine/腸道（優(yōu)指小腸）-itis=inflammation/炎癥

pancreat/itis胰腺炎pancreat/o=pancreas/胰腺gastr/o/enter/itis胃腸炎（enter開(kāi)始于元音，為什么前面還有個(gè)結(jié)合元音？）ACTIVITIES課后活動(dòng)Figureoutthemeaningofthefollowingterms1.Explanation:Whatarethefivepossiblepartsofamedicalterm？醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的五個(gè)組成部分是什么？答案：prefix前綴、root詞根、suffix后綴、combinningvowel結(jié)合元音、combiningform組合形式2.Discussion:Whatisthebestwaytolearnmedicaltermsandwhy？學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的最好方法是什么？并且說(shuō)明理由。答案：學(xué)習(xí)記憶詞素，而非詞匯（術(shù)語(yǔ)），因?yàn)?000-5000個(gè)常見(jiàn)詞匯（術(shù)語(yǔ)）是由700余個(gè)短小的詞素組成的。詞匯長(zhǎng)而其多，詞素少而且短。Section2Commoncombiningforms常見(jiàn)的結(jié)合詞根Arthr/ojoint關(guān)節(jié)arthritis[ɑ:?θraitis]關(guān)節(jié)炎arthroplasty[?a:zr?.pl?sti]關(guān)節(jié)修復(fù)術(shù)

Thesuffix–plastymeanssurgicalrepair/詞尾–plasty意思是“外科修復(fù)術(shù)”.Bi/o

Life生命biology[bai??l?d?i]

生物學(xué)Thesuffix–logymeansstudy.

biopsy[bai??psi]

活檢（活體組織檢查）Thesuffix–opsymeansprocessofviewing.Inthisprocess,livingtissueisremovedfromthebodyandviewedunderamicroscope/詞尾-opsy意思是“看的過(guò)程”

Carcin/o

cancerous,cancer癌性的，癌carcinoma[‘kɑ:si‘n?um?]（上皮細(xì)胞）癌-mameanstumor腫瘤（不一定是癌腫）；thistumorisfromepithelialcells（本詞指的是上皮細(xì)胞癌）；carcinogen[kɑ:‘sin?d??n]致癌物Thesuffix–genmeansathingproducessomethingelse/詞尾-gen是制造或產(chǎn)生…東西的東西.

Cephal/oheadcephalic[se‘f?lik]頭的Tuesuffix–icmeanspertainingto,changesthetermintoadjective.-ic=形容詞根Ifaninfantisbornwithitsheaddeliveredfirst,itisacephalicpresentation如果嬰兒頭部先出生，便稱為頭位cephalitis[‘sef?‘laitis]

頭炎Cis/otocutincision[in‘si??n]切開(kāi)、切入Theprefixin-meansintoandthesuffix–ionmeansprocess.前綴in-意思是進(jìn)入，后綴–ion意思是過(guò)程。excision[ek‘si??n]切除Theprefixex-meansout前綴ex-意思是出去Cyt/ocell細(xì)胞Cytology[sai't?l?d?i]細(xì)胞學(xué)cytochrome['sait?kr?um]

細(xì)胞色素Thesuffix–chromemeanscolor.后綴–chrome意思是顏色。Enter/o

intestine腸道enteritis[.ent?‘raitis]

腸炎Thesmallintestineisnarrowerbutmuchlongerthatthelargeintestine.小腸比大腸細(xì)但比大腸長(zhǎng)。Enter/omostlyreferstosmallintestineandlargeintestineusuallyusesthecombiningformofcol/oorcolon/o.Enter/o意思是腸，大多數(shù)是指小腸，大腸通常使用col/oorcolon/o的形式。enterococcus[ent?r?u‘k?k?s]場(chǎng)球菌Thesuffix–coccusmeansasphericalbacterium,asapposedto–bacilluswhichisarod-shapedbacterium.后綴–coccus意思是一種球菌，和桿菌詞尾-bacillus相對(duì)立。Gnos/oknowledge知識(shí)、知道diagnosis

[?dai?ɡ?n?usis]診斷Theprefixdia-meanscomplete,fromonesidetotheother.Thesuffix–sismeansstateof.前綴dia-意思是全面的，從一邊到另一邊。后綴–sis意思是…的狀態(tài)，英語(yǔ)診斷（diagnosis）從字面上來(lái)說(shuō)，是全面認(rèn)識(shí)的狀態(tài)。prognosis[pr?g?n??s?s]預(yù)后Theprefixpro-meansbefore.前綴pro-意思是在之前。從英語(yǔ)字面上來(lái)說(shuō)，預(yù)后是在認(rèn)識(shí)之前的狀態(tài)。Hepat/oliverhepatocyte['hep?t?sa?t]肝細(xì)胞-cytemeanscell.-cyte意思是細(xì)胞hepatitis[?hep??ta?t?s]肝炎Iatr/otreatment治療iatrogenic[ai??tr??d?enik]醫(yī)源的Thesuffix–genicmeanspretainingtoproducing.綴–genic意思是與生產(chǎn)有關(guān)。iatrology[ai??tr?l?d?i]治療學(xué)Nephr/okidney腎nephritis[ni?fraitis]腎炎nephrectomy[n?'frekt?m?]腎切除Thesuffix-ectomymeanssurgicalremoval.后綴-ectomy意思是外科手術(shù)摘除術(shù)。Ren/oalsomeanskidney.Ren/o也是腎的意思。Onc/otumor腫瘤oncology[???k?l?d?i]腫瘤學(xué)oncologist[??‘k?l?d?ist]腫瘤專家、腫瘤醫(yī)生Thesuffix–istmeansonewhospecializesinafield.后綴–ist意思是在某一領(lǐng)域?qū)ｉL(zhǎng)的人。Path/odisease疾病

pathology[p??θ?l?d?i:]病理學(xué)pathologist[p??θ?l?d??st]病理專家、病理醫(yī)生Ped/oChild孩子pediatric[?pi:di??trik]兒科Iatr/o=treatmentHowever,orthopedists(orth/omeanscorrection)specializeindisordersofbonesandmusclesofpeopleofallages.但是骨科專家的意思（英語(yǔ)字面上是整形外科學(xué)家）（orth/o意思是矯正）、擅長(zhǎng)所有年齡在骨和肌肉有障礙的人。muscle[‘m?sl]肌肉pedodontist?[?pid??d?nt?st]兒童牙醫(yī)Dont/omeansteeth.Dont/o意思是牙齒。Psych/omind心理psychology[sai?k?l?d?i]心理學(xué)Thesciencethatdealswithmentalprocessesandbehavior.一門(mén)處理心理過(guò)程和行為的科學(xué)。psychiatrist[?saiki??trist]精神病醫(yī)生、精神病學(xué)家Iatr/omeanstreatment.Iatr/o意思是治療。pulmon/o

Lung肺pulmonology

[p?l'm?n?l?d??]肺臟學(xué)pulmonitis

[p?lm?'na?t?s]肺炎Pneum/ocanalsomeanlung.Pneum/o也是肺。Radi/ox-raysX線radiology[?re?di:??l?d?i:]放射學(xué)radiotherapy[?re?di:???θer?pi:]放射療法Thesuffix–therapymeanstreatment.后綴–therapy意思是治療。Rhin/oNose鼻rhinitis[rai?naitis]鼻炎rhinalgia[rai?n?ld?i?]鼻痛Thesuffix–algiameanspain.后綴–algia意思是痛。Sarc/oflesh,connectivetissue結(jié)締組織sarcoma[sɑ:?k?um?]肉瘤Thesuffix–mameanstumor.Asarcomagrowsfromcellsof“fleshy”connectivetissuesuchasmuscle,bone,andfat,whereasacarcinomagrowsfromepithelialcellsthatlinetheoutsideofthebodyortheinsideoforgansinthebody.后綴–ma意思是腫瘤。肉瘤的生長(zhǎng)來(lái)結(jié)締組織細(xì)胞，如肌肉，骨和脂肪組織，而上皮細(xì)胞癌來(lái)源于上皮細(xì)胞，上皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)在身體外面或者身體的內(nèi)部器官表面sarcogenic[?sɑ:k?u?d?enik]致（肉瘤）癌的-genicmeanspertainingtoproduction.–Genic和制造有關(guān)的.Sect/otocut切resection[ri?sek??n]切除術(shù)Theprefixre-meansbackoragain.前綴re-的意思是重新或再次。section[?sek??n]部分splen/oSpleen脾splenomegaly[?spli:n??'meg?l?]脾腫大-megalymeansenlargement.-megaly意思是變大splenorrhaphy[sple’n?:r?f?]脾臟縫合術(shù)-rrhaphymeanssuture.-rrhaphy意思是縫合。activities課后活動(dòng)ExplanationWhyareyourequirednottocramyourselfwiththetermsbutdividethemintoparts?你為什么被要求不填鴨式地死背而把術(shù)語(yǔ)分成幾個(gè)部分來(lái)記憶？答案：構(gòu)成術(shù)語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)部分是詞素（前綴、詞根、后綴、組合形式），詞素短而少，容易記憶，這種方法會(huì)使單詞的學(xué)習(xí)變得簡(jiǎn)單。Discussion通過(guò)分析詞的部分（詞素）定義以下術(shù)語(yǔ):arthritis關(guān)節(jié)炎，arthr/o=關(guān)節(jié)，-itis=炎Enterococcus腸球菌，entert/o=腸道，-coccus=球菌carcinoma癌，carcin/o=結(jié)締組織癌性，-ma腫瘤excission切除，ex-=外，-cission=切除的過(guò)程biology生物學(xué)，bi/o=生命，-logy=…學(xué)；學(xué)習(xí)。Section3Commonsuffixes常見(jiàn)的后綴-acpertainingto與……有關(guān)（形容詞后綴）cardiac[?kɑ:di:??k]心臟的Cardi/omeansheart.Cardi/o的意思是心臟.-alpertainingto與……有關(guān)neural[?nju?r?l]神經(jīng)的Neur/omeansnerve.Neur/o的意思是神經(jīng)abdominal[?b?d?m?n?l]腹部的Abdomin/omeansabdomen.Abdomin/o的意思腹部-algiaPain疼痛arthralgia[ɑ:?θr?ld?i?]關(guān)節(jié)痛Arthr/omeansjoint.Arthr/o的意思是關(guān)節(jié)neuralgia[nju??r?ld??]神經(jīng)痛-cyteCell細(xì)胞erythrocyte[i'riθr?.sait]紅細(xì)胞Erythr/omeansred.Erythr/o的意思是紅色leucocyte[?lu:k?sa?t]白細(xì)胞Thecombiningformleuc/omeanswhite.組合形式Erythr/o的意思是白色-ectomyexcision,removal切除，切除術(shù)nephrectomy[ne?frekt?mi]腎臟切除術(shù)Nephr/omeanskidney.

Nephr/o的意思是腎臟gastrectomy[g?s'trekt?mi]胃切除術(shù)Gastr/omeansstomach.Gastr/o的意思是胃-genicProducing生產(chǎn)carcinogenic[kɑ:sin??d??nik]致癌的Cigarettesmokeiscarcinogenic.吸煙是致癌的。pathogenic[?p?θ??d?en?k]致病的Avirusorabacteriummaybeapathogenicorganism.病毒或細(xì)菌可能是致病生物。iatrogenic[ai??tr??d?enik]醫(yī)源性的Inthisterm,-genicmeansproducedby.在這個(gè)詞中，-genic的意思是通過(guò)…產(chǎn)生-gram

Athingrecordingsomethingelse記錄東西的東西electroencephalogram[i.lektr?u'kɑ:di?gr?m]腦電圖Encephal/omeansbrain.Encephal/o=腦electromyogram[i.lektr?u'mai?gr?m]肌電圖My/omeansmuscle.My/o的意思是肌肉.-ic,-icalpertainingto與……有關(guān)（形容詞尾）gastric[?g?str?k]胃部的neurological[?nj??r??l?d??k?l]神經(jīng)學(xué)的Neur/omeansnerve,logicalmeansstudyof.Neur/o的意思是神經(jīng)，logical的意思是學(xué)科的surgical[?s?:d??k?l]外科的、外科醫(yī)生的Thistermmeanspertainingtosurgeonsorsurgery.這個(gè)詞的意思是與外科醫(yī)生或外科有關(guān)的-istspecialist,expert專家gynecologist[?ga?n??k?l?d??st]婦科醫(yī)生Gynec/omeanswoman.Gynec/o的意思是女人oncologist[??'k?l?d?ist]腫瘤學(xué)家Onc/omeanstumour.Onc/o的意思是腫瘤-logystudyof學(xué)科，研究endocrinology[?end?ukri?n?l?d?i]內(nèi)分泌科End/omeanswithin,crin/omeanssecrete.End/o的意思是里面，crin/o的意思是分泌cardiology[.kɑ:di'?l?d?i]心臟病學(xué)-omatumor,mass,swelling腫瘤hepatoma[?hep??t?um?]肝癌Ahepatomaisamalignant(mal-meansbad,ign/omeansignite,-antmeanspertainingto)tumoroftheliver.肝癌肝臟的惡性腫瘤（mal的意思是壞的，ign/o的意思是點(diǎn)燃，-ant的意思是與……有關(guān)；所有malignant意思是是不懷好意地點(diǎn)燃，惡性的）adenoma[.?d?'n?um?]腺癌Aden/omeansgland.Aden/o的意思是腺體-opsyviewingwithamicroscope通過(guò)顯微鏡觀察biopsy[bai'?psi]活組織切片檢查necropsy[?nekr?psi]驗(yàn)尸Therootnecr/omeansdeadbodyorcorpse.詞根necr/o的意思是尸體（或壞死）-osisabnormalcondition不正常狀態(tài)nephrosis[ne?fr?usis]腎病leukocytosis[?lju:k?sai?t?usis]白細(xì)胞增多Leuc/omeanswhite,cyt/omeanscell.Leuc/o的意思是白色，cyt/o是細(xì)胞-pathydiseasecondition疾病狀態(tài)enteropathy[?ent??r?p?θi]腸道病Enter/omeansintestine.Enter/o的意思是腸道adenopathy[??dn??p?θi]腺病Aden/omeansgland.Aden/o的意思是腺體-scopeinstrumenttovisuallyexamine視覺(jué)檢查儀器endoscope[?end?usk?up]內(nèi)窺鏡End/omeanswithin.End/o的意思是里面gastroscope[?ɡ?str?sk?up]胃鏡Gastr/omeansstomach.Gastr/o的意思是胃-sisstateof狀態(tài)prognosis[pr?g?n??s?s]預(yù)后pro-meansbefore.gnomeansknow.Pro-的意思是之前，gn/o的意思是知道diagnosis[?dai?ɡ?n?usis]診斷Dia-meanscomplete,fromonesidetotheotherasin“diameter”(-meter

meansmeasurement).Thewholewordmeansinthestateofknowingcompletely.Dia-的意思是完全的，從一端到另一端，如“diameter直徑的意思是從一邊測(cè)量到另一邊。diagnosis整個(gè)詞的意思是完全了解狀況，診斷。-stomyopeningtotheoutsideofthebody向體外開(kāi)口colostomy[k?'l?st?mi]結(jié)腸造口術(shù)Col/omeanslargeintestine.Col/o的意思是大腸-tomyprocessofcutting,incision切割，切口osteotomy[??sti??t?mi]骨切開(kāi)術(shù)Incisionortransectionofabone.Oste/omeansbone.切開(kāi)或橫斷骨頭。Oste/o的意思是骨頭gastrotomy[g?s'tr?t?mi]胃切開(kāi)術(shù)

-yprocess,condition過(guò)程；狀態(tài)gastroscopy[ɡ?s?tr?sk?pi]胃鏡檢查T(mén)heprocessofvisualexaminationofthestomachusinggastroscope.用胃鏡檢查胃的過(guò)程electrocardiography[??l?ktro??kɑrdi???ɡr?fi]心電描記法Theprocessofrecordingheartelectricity.記錄心電的過(guò)程。Activities

課后活動(dòng)Reflection-Tomy=切開(kāi)術(shù)、切入術(shù)-stomy=吻合術(shù)（如果前面有兩個(gè)器官）或造口術(shù)（如果前面是一個(gè)器官）如gastrostomy：胃造口術(shù)（即把胃通過(guò)外科方式通過(guò)腹壁連到體外，并造個(gè)口），因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)詞中-stomy前只有胃（gastr/o）一個(gè)器官duodenojejunostomy十二指腸空腸吻合術(shù)（將十二指腸和空腸連在一起），因?yàn)閐uoden/o=十二指腸，jejun/o=空腸，在這個(gè)詞中-stomy前面有duoden/o和jejun/o兩個(gè)器官的組合形式，因此是吻合術(shù)-ectomy=切除術(shù)，摘除術(shù)。Section4

Commonprefixes

常見(jiàn)的前綴

a-,an-no,not,without無(wú)anemia[??ni:mi:?]貧血；貧血癥-emiameansbloodcondition.-emia意思是血液狀況atrophy[??tr?fi:]n.萎縮，萎縮癥；發(fā)育停止Thesuffix–trophymeansgrowth.后綴–trophy意思是生長(zhǎng)auto-self自己，自我autopsy[??:?t?psi:]尸體解剖-psymeansview.Thistermliterallymeans“toviewbyone’sself.”-psy意思是看。這個(gè)詞的字面意思是“一個(gè)人自己看”autoimmune[??:t?ui?mju:n]自身免疫的Oforrelatingtoanimmuneresponsebythebodyagainstoneofitsowntissues,cells,ormolecules.涉及到對(duì)自身組織，細(xì)胞，分子的免疫反應(yīng)dia-through,complete完整的；完全的；徹底的diagnosis[?dai?ɡ?n?usis]診斷Gnos/omeansknow.Gnos/o意思是知道diameter[dai??mit?]直徑Thesuffix–metermeansmeasurement.后綴–meter意思是測(cè)量endo-within在…之內(nèi),里面

endocrinologist

[??ndo?kra??n?l?d?ist]內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家Crin/omeanssecretion.Crin/o意思是分泌。endoscope[?end?usk?up]內(nèi)窺鏡；內(nèi)診鏡-scopemeansinstrumenttovisuallyexamine.-scope意思是通過(guò)視覺(jué)來(lái)檢查的醫(yī)療設(shè)備（漢語(yǔ)的“鏡”的意思）epi-above,upon超過(guò)；在……上面；在……之上epigastric[?epi?ɡ?strik]上腹部的epidermis[?ep??d?:m?s]表皮Derm/o

meansskin.Derm/o意思是皮膚ex-Out外excision[ek'si??n]切除Cis/omeanscut.Cis/o意思是切exhale[eks?he?l]呼氣Thesuffix–halemeansbreathe.后綴-hale意思是呼吸exo-Out外exocrine['eks?krin]glands外分泌腺exoerythrocytic[?eks?ui?riθr??sitik]紅細(xì)胞外的Erythr/omeansred,cyt/omeanscell.Erythr/o意思是紅、cyt/o意思是細(xì)胞。hyper-excessive,above,morethannormal過(guò)度,超過(guò)正常

hyperglycemia[?haip?ɡlai?si:mi?]高血糖癥Glyc/omeanssugar.Glyc/o意思是糖。hypertrophy[hai?p?:tr?fi]肥大；過(guò)度增大-tryphymeansconditionofgrowth.-tryphy意思是生長(zhǎng)。hypo-dificient,below,under,lessthannormal下面,低于正常hypogastric[?haip?u?ɡ?strik下腹的，下腹部的Whenhypo-isusedwithapartofthebody,itmeansbelow.當(dāng)前綴hypo-使用在身體的部分詞的后面，它的意思是在…以下。

hypoglycemia[?haip?uɡlai?si:mi?]低血糖癥、血糖過(guò)低Hypo-meansdeficient(notenough).Hypo-缺乏(不夠)。in-into,in進(jìn)入，在…里面

incision[in'si??n切開(kāi),切入Cis/omeanscut.Cis/o意思是切割。inhale[in?heil]吸氣-halemeansbreath.-hale意思是呼吸。peri-surrounding,around周圍

pericardium[?peri?kɑ:dj?m]心包；心包膜Thesuffix–ummeansastructure.后綴-un意思是結(jié)構(gòu)periarthritis[?periɑ:?θraitis]關(guān)節(jié)周炎Arthr/omeansjoint.Arthr/o意思是關(guān)節(jié)。pro-

before,forward以前,向前

prognosis[pr?g?n??s?s]預(yù)后；預(yù)知Gn/omeansknow.Gn/o意思是知道。re-

back,backward,again,回來(lái)，向后來(lái)，再一次resection[ri?sek??n]切除術(shù)Thisisanoperationinwhichanorganis“cutback”orremoved,sect/omeanscut.這是一個(gè)手術(shù)，在這個(gè)手術(shù)過(guò)程中，一個(gè)器官被回切，或切除；sect/o意思是切。relapse[r??l?ps]復(fù)發(fā)Thesuffix-lapsemeansfall.后綴-lapse意思是倒下、掉下。retro-

Behind在…之后retrocardiac[?retr?u?kɑ:di?k]在心臟后的Cardi/omeansheart.Cardi/o意思是心臟。retroperitoneal[?retr?u?perit??ni:?l]腹膜后的Peritone/omeansperitoneum.Peritone/o意思是腹膜sub-

below,under在…下面subhepatic[?s?bhi?p?tik]肝下的Hepat/omeansliver.Hepat/o意思是肝臟。sublingual[s?b?li?ɡw?l]舌下的

-lingualmeanspertainingtothetongue.-lingual意思是與舌有關(guān)的，舌的。trans-

across,through通過(guò)transhepatic[tr?nsh??p?t?k]經(jīng)肝的activities

課后活動(dòng)ExplanationWhydoeshyperglycemiameanexcessiveamountofglucosecirculatingintheblood?為什么hyperglycemia意思是循環(huán)血中糖量過(guò)多的意思？答案：因?yàn)閔yper-=高于正常，glyc/o=糖，-emia=血液情況Discussion-emiameansbloodconditionbecause–iameanscondition.Uur/omeansurineandchez/omeansstool,whatdo–uriaand-cheziamean?-emia意思是血液情況，因?yàn)?ia意思是情況。Uur/o意思是尿液，chez/o意思是糞便，那么–uria和-chezia意思是什么？答案：-uria=尿液情況；-chezia=糞便情況Section5

RulesofLatinandGreekPlurals

源于拉丁和希臘的英語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化規(guī)律Morphemes

詞素bacter/o Bacterium細(xì)菌Bacteremia

[?b?kt??ri:mi?]菌血癥-emiameansbloodcondition.-Emia意思是血液情況Bacteroid[?b?ktir?id]

類細(xì)菌-oidmeansresembling.類似意思是像neur/onerve神經(jīng)neuroma[nju?r?um?]

神經(jīng)瘤-mameanstumor.—ma=腫瘤neurobiology

[?nju?r?ubai??l?d?i]

神經(jīng)生物學(xué)Bi/omeanslife,-logymeansstudyof.bi/o=生命，-logy=...學(xué)科。Test

課文introductionNounsthatoriginatedfromLatinandGreekhavetheirownrulesforplurals.起源于拉丁和希臘的名詞有其自己的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成規(guī)律

but,foreveryrulethereisanexception但是，每個(gè)規(guī)則都有例外的情況youwillalsoneedtomemorize(orlookup)theseexceptions需要記住這些例外情況SometermsalsohaveEnglilshendings有些拉丁和希臘名詞還有英語(yǔ)詞尾（不