2022-2023年甘肅省張掖市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)測(cè)試卷(含答案)

2022-2023年甘肅省張掖市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)測(cè)試卷(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Withthehelpofthegovernmentandtheworldandtheirownefforts,womenofthePeruvianAndeswillsoonbeabletogobackhome.

A.YB.NC.NG

2.

AccordingtoPaulSheard,theactualFDIinChinaisestimatedtorisefrom______to______bytheendof200

3.

TheHeartCenterwarnpublic,____________________concerningtheamountofchocolateconsuming.

4.

MarkHaywardshadshown______fromhisearlyteensbuthiscounselorshadfailedtowarnhisparentsaboutit.

5.

IntheUnitedStates,distancealoneservestoisolateanygroupandtoprovideitwitha______.

6.SoundEffects

Snorers(打鼾的人)havealwaysbeenmadejokes.Incartoons，theirnasalroar1iftstheroofoffhouses.Insituationcomedies，there'sthewifewhorollsherevesathersnoringbedmate.Butinreality，it'snotallthatfunny.Infact，snoringcanbeanightmareforsnorersandtheirtroubledpartners.whomaywakeupseveraltimesanighttopoke，andmaybehoistlovedonesontotheirsidesfora1ittlerelief.

RisksofSnoringProblems

Butthenightlyracketismorethanapotentialrelationshipstrain.Accordingtothelatestresearch,anincreasinglyolderandheavierpopulationmaymakethisconditionanevengreaterhealthriskthanwepreviouslythought.ForMaggieMoss-Tucker.successfultreatmentforalongtimesnoringproblemcamealmostbyaccident.Onefallmorningin2005，shesawasignatherlocalgymseekingsnorersasvolunteersforastudyatBoston'sBrigham&Women'sHospital.Moss-Tucker,now56,wasintrigued.Shehadstartedsnoringnearlyadecadeearlier.“I'dtriedeverythingtostop.”shesays.fromsleepinguprighttousingnosestripsoramouthguard.Buttoherandherhusband'sdismay.nothingworked.WhenshesignedupforthestudyandspentanightatasuburbanBostonsleeplab,shefoundoutwhy.

Afterreviewinghersleeppatternsandoxygenlevels,researcherstoldherthathersnoringwasactuallyanindicationofsomethingworse.Shesufferedfromasleepapnea(呼吸暫停)，aconditioninwhichpatientsstopbreathingrepeatedlyastheysleepandcanwakeupasmanyas100timesanight—oftenwithoutrememberingit.Thatkindofrevelationhasledtodoctorsre-evaluatingaconditiononcetreatedaslittlemorethananuisance.“Inthepast.snoringhasbeentreatedlikeajokingmatter：younevertalkedaboutitwithyourdoctor，”saysDr.DavidRapoport,medicaldirectoroftheSleepDisordersCenteratNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter(NYC..“ButwhenitbecomesveryprominentorsuchthatitwakesyouupOFinterfereswithbrea-thing，itcanbeaproblem.”

Sleepapnea，inwhichtheairwaybecomesblockedof.1essoften.thebrainfailstoproperlycontrolbreathingduringsleeping.canbeviewedasoneextremeofthesnoringspectrum.Softsnoring.whichisnotgenerallyconsideredahealthhazard.wouldbeattheotherend.Asthesoundandpersistenceofapatient'ssnoringgrows，sodothehealthconcerns.AstudypublishedintheMarchIissueofthejournalSleepfoundthatloudsnorershada40percentgreaterriskthannon-snorersofsufferingfromhighbloodpressure,34percentgreateroddsofhavingaheartattackanda67percentgreaterchanceofhavingastroke.

That'saproblemgiventhenumberofnoisysleepersoutthere.InarecentpollbytheNationalSleepFoundation，aboutonethirdofUSworkingadultsreportedsnoringatleastafewnightsinthepreviousmonth.Snoringgenerallyworsenswithagesotherateisevenhigheramongtheelderly.And，contrarytocommonperceptions，it'snearlyascommoninwomenasmen.Menopause(更年期)appearstobeafactor，asisweight.Beingoverweightcancausethicknessintheairwaytube，holdingbacktheflowofoxygen.

TreatmentofSnoringProblems

Yetmanywhoregularlysnoredon'trealizethatitcouldbebadfortheirhealth.Theresearchlinkinghypertension,cardiacproblemsandloudsnoringisrelativelynew.Andthoughawarenessofsleepapneaisgrowing,specialistssaytheconditionisstillvastlyundertreated.Primary-carephysiciansdon'troutinelyaskpatientsaboutthequalityoftheirsleep—thoughthatisbeginningtochangeandfewpatientsthinktotelltheirdoctorsthatthey'resnoring,unlessitbecomeshazardoustotheirpartner.Sleepspecialistsestimatethatbetween12millionand18millionAmericanshavesomeform.ofsleepapneabutmanyofthem,likeMoss-Tucker，remainundiagnosedforyears.Re

A.thecausesofsnoringproblems

B.thetreatmentsofsnoringproblems

C.therisksofsnoringproblems

D.thehazardsandthetreatmentsofsnoringproblems

7.

Accordingtothepassage,booksandseminarscanbeasvaluableastheOrganizedExecutive.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.AccordingtoDavidVaughan,theAntarcticisshrinkingduetoclimatechange.

9.

Apreconditionforareadertolearntoreadrapidlyandwellisthathemusthavethenecessary______.

10.

TheaimofKentucky'sBereaCollegeaboutgreencampusistoreduceitsenergyconsumption45percentbelow2000levelsby______.

11.

Theorangutans'DNAis______tothehumans'.

12.

______paintiseasiertoapply,coversbetterandlastslonger.

13.

Toimproveyouroutput,you'dbettercreateastandardforyouroutputandaredeterminedtoovertakeit

14.

NotonlyistheentireSwedenIceHotelstructuremadetotallyoflee,butallofthedecorationsfoundwithinarealsoconstructedfromice.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

ThelargestcorporationinSouthKoreaisHyundaiwhichismanagedbytheirfamilymembers.

A.YB.NC.NG

16.

Theissueofperformers'ethicshasalwaysbeentoleratedby______.

17.

Howdoweknowachildisavictimofbully?

18.

BesurenottousebirthdatesoryourphonenumbersasyourPINbecausethey______.

19.GlobalWarming

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION

Globalwarmingincreasesintheaveragetemperatureoftheatmosphere,oceans,andland-massesofEarth.Theplanethaswarmedmanytimesduringthe4.65billionyearsofitshistory.AtpresentEarthappearstobefacingarapidwarming,whichmostscientistsbelieveresults,atleastinpart,fromhumanactivities.Thechiefcauseofthiswarmingisthoughttobetheburningoffossilfuels,suchascoal,oil,andnaturalgas,whichreleasesintotheatmospherecarbondioxideandothersubstancesknownasgreenhousegases.Astheatmospherebecomesricherinthesegases,itbecomesabetterinsulator,retainingmoreoftheheatprovidedtotheplanetbytheSun.

TheaveragesurfacetemperatureofEarthisabout15Celsiusdegree.Overthelastcentury,thisaveragehasrisenbyabout0.6Celsiusdegree.Scientistspredictfurtherwarmingof1.4to5.8Celsiusdegreesbytheyear2100.Thistemperatureriseisexpectedtomeltpolaricecapsandglaciersaswellaswarmtheoceans,allofwhichwillexpandoceanvolumeandraisesealevelbyanestimated9to100cm,floodingsomecoastalregionsandevenentireislands.Someregionsinwarmerclimateswillreceivemorerainfallthanbefore,butsoilswilldryoutfasterbetweenstorms.Thissoildesiccationmaydamagefoodcrops,disruptingfoodsuppliesinsomepartsoftheworld.Plantandanimalspecieswillshifttheirrangestowardthepolesortohigherelevationsseekingcoolertemperatures,andspeciesthatcannotdosomaybecomeextinct.Thepotentialconsequencesofglobalwarmingaresogreatthatmanyoftheworld'sleadingscientistshavecalledforinternationalcooperationandimmediateactiontocounteracttheproblem.

Ⅱ.THEGREENHOUSEEFFECT

TheenergythatlightsandwarmsEarthcomesfromtheSun.Mostoftheenergythatfloodsontoourplanetisshort-waveradiation,includingvisiblelight.WhenthisenergystrikesthesurfaceofEarth,theenergychangesfromlighttoheatandwarmsEarth.Earth'ssurface,inturn,releasessomeofthisheataslong-waveinfraredradiation.

Muchofthislong-waveinfraredradiationmakesitallthewaybackouttospace,butaportionremainstrappedinEarth'satmosphere.Certaingasesintheatmosphere,includingwatervapor,carbondioxide,andmethane,providethetrap.AbsorbingandreflectinginfraredwavesradiatedbyEarth,thesegasesconserveheatastheglassinagreenhousedoesandarethusknownasgreenhousegases.Astheconcentrationofthesegreenhousegasesintheatmosphereincreases,moreheatenergyremainstrappedbelow.AlllifeonEarthreliesonthisgreenhouseeffectwithoutit,theplanetwouldbecolderbyabout33Celsiusdegrees,andicewouldcoverEarthfrompoletopole.However,agrowingexcessofgreenhousegasesinEarth'satmospherethreatenstotipthebalanceintheotherdirectiontowardcontinualwarming.

Ⅲ.TYPESOFGREENHOUSEGASES

Greenhousegasesoccurnaturallyintheenvironmentandalsoresultfromhumanactivities.Byfarthemostabundantgreenhousegasiswatervapor,whichreachestheatmospherethroughevaporationfromoceans,lakes,andrivers.

Carbondioxideisthenextmostabundantgreenhousegas.Itflowsintotheatmospherefrommanynaturalprocesses,suchasvolcaniceruptions;therespirationofanimals,whichbreatheinoxygenandexhalecarbondioxide;andtheburningordecayoforganicmatter,suchasplants.Carbondioxideleavestheatmospherewhenitisabsorbedintooceanwaterandthroughthephotosynthesisofplants,especiallytrees.Photosynthesisbreaksupcarbondioxide,releasingoxygenintotheatmosphereandincorporatingthecarbonintonewplanttissue.

Humansescalatetheamountofcarbondioxidereleasedtotheatmospherewhentheyburnfossilfuels,solidwastes,andwoodandwoo

A.YB.NC.NG

20.ThewithdrawingofVioxxonlyledtosomeaccusationsaboutsomeotherpainrelievers.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(29)

A.Spelling.B.Ideas.C.Wholewords.D.Expressions.

22.(31)

A.Theywereinfluencedbyhisbackgroundinengineering.

B.Theywereveryexpensivetotake.

C.Theywereamongthefirsttakenundersuchcondition.

D.Mostofthemwereofpoorquality.

23.聽力原文：Kuwaitisacountrywhichisquitesmall,butwhichisveryrich.Ithasapopulationofalittlemorethanamillion,anditissituatedattheNorthendofthePersianGulf.Thissmalldesertcountryisoneoftheworld'sleadingoilproducers,andithasapproximatelyfifteenpercentoftheworld'sleadingoilproducers,andithasapproximatelyfifteenpercentoftheworld'sknownpetroleumreserves.Sincethediscoveryofoilin1938,Kuwait'sruleshaveturnedthecountryintoaprosperouswelfarestate.Ithasfreeprimaryandsecondaryeducation,freehealthcareandsocialservices;andtheKuwaitisdonothavetopayanypersonalincometaxforthoseservices.Therateofliteracyishighandconstantlygrowing.TheUniversityofKuwaitwasopenedin1966,butmanyoftheKuwaitistudentsstillstudyincollegesanduniversitiesabroad,atstateexpense.Kuwaitis,needlesstopointout,anArabcountry,andabout99percentofthepeoplewholivethereareMoslems.ButfewerthanhalfoftheseMoslemsareactuallycitizensofKuwait.ThisisbecausetherearemanyMoslemimmigrantslivingandworkingthere.ManyoftheserecentimmigrantshavecomefromallovertheArabworld—fromplaceslikeEgypt,Syria,Lebanon，fromOman,andfromtheSudan.Indians,Pakistanis,andIraniansliveandworkinKuwait,too.Theotheronepercentofthepopulation,inotherwords,thenonMoslems,arerecentimmigrantswhowereattractedbytheopportunitiestoworkfortheoilcompanies.ThereareseveralthousandEuropeansandAmericansinKuwait.Manyofthemareemployedbytheoilcompanies.

(30)

A.13%B.16%C.14%D.15%

24.聽力原文：M：IranintoourfriendMarkyesterdayonthestreet，andhesaidhehadn'theardfromyoufortwomonths．

W:Yes，Iknow．ButI'vebeentoobusytophonehim.

Q：Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?

(15)

A.ThewomanreceivedaphonecallfromMarkyesterday.

B.ThemaninjuredMarkinatrafficaccidentyesterday.

C.Themanmetafriendbychance.

D.ThewomancontactedMarkonbusiness.

25.

【B2】

26.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：BillGates,theheadoftheworld'sbiggestcomputersoftwarecompany,hasamission:"toputcomputersoneveryofficedeskandineveryhome".BillGateshashadthismissionsincehewasauniversitystudentyearsago.Thisdeeppersonalinterest,togetherwithhistechnicalskillandhisbusinessmarketingskills,helpedhimtocreateagiantcomputercompanyandtomakehimwealthy.

Althoughheissowealthy,BillGatesdoesnotwanttogiveup.Heisstillveryinterestedinhisvisionandhetravelstheglobe,fromBeijingtoLondon,makingquickstopsincitiestosellthenewsoftwareproductsofhiscompany.

ThecentralvisionofBillGatesisthe"informationhighway".Thisisanetworkofcomputersthatwilllinkeveryhome,officeandshoppingmallinthefuture.Thiscomputernetworksystemwillhaveaneffectonbusiness,shoppingandeducation.BillGatessaysthatthemainuseofthisnewtechnologywillbeincommunication.Itwillbeawaymfindpeoplewithcommoninterestsandtoshareopinionswiththem.

Butisthiscommunicationbycomputeralongthe"informationhighway"reallyagoodthing?Won'twebesittingathome,only"socializing"withourcomputer?No,saysBillGates.Infact,thecomputernetworkwillletuschooseourownintellectualdirection.Itwillgiveusfreedom.Itwillalsobringgoodtosociety,becauseitwillallowforthespreadofeducation.Whenmoreandmorepeoplereceiveeducation,thegapbetweenrichandpoorwillbenarrowed.

(27)

A.Hisvisionandhistravelallovertheworld.

B.Hisexpertiseandbusinessmarketingskills.

C.Themoneywepayforthe"informationhighway".

D.Hisconfidenceinsoftwareproducts.

27.

【B5】

28.聽力原文：M：Sorryaboutyourreport．Ididn'trealizeitwasinthatstackofpapers．

W：Don'tworryaboutit.LuckilyIsavedacopyonmycomputer．

Q：Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation?

(15)

A.Themanfeltsorrytoreadherreport.

B.Themanhasdestroyedherreportbymistake.

C.Thewomanhasprintedherreportonthepaper.

D.Thewomanhasfinishedherreportoncomputer.

29.(21)

A.Negative.B.Indifferent.C.Basicallypositive.D.Doubtful.

30.(22)

A.MovingtoNewYorkforheruniversity.

B.GoingtoEuropeandhavefun.

C.Havingasummerjobatacoffeeshop.

D.Helpinghermotherwiththehousework.

31.聽力原文：W:What'sthisIhearaboutyourappearingonthesixo'clocknews?

M:Ohthat.SomepeoplewerefilmingsomethingoncampusandIjusthappenedtopassinfrontofthecamera.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(15)

A.Hewastakingpicturesofthecampus.

B.Hisphotographswereontheeveningnews.

C.Hewenttoseeafilmoncampus.

D.Histelevisionappearancewasunintentional.

32.【B10】

33.(28)

A.Acomplicatedsystemofseveralfoodchains.

B.Asocietythatdistributesfood.

C.Therelationshipofonegreenplanttoanother.

D.Thedevicethatspidersusetocatchfood.

34.(34)

A.Tofinishalltheassignments.

B.Tokeepyouinterested.

C.Tolearnasmuchaspossible.

D.Two-hoursessionistoomuchforonlyonetask.

35.

【B9】

36.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：W:ThisisMrs.William.Myheaterdoesn'tworkproperly.Andweatherforecastsaysthetemperatureisgoingtofallsharplytonight.Couldyougetsomeonetocomeoverandfixit?

M:Weareverybusynow.ButI'llspeaktooneofourmentogooversometimetoday.

Q:WhomdidMrs.Williamwanttocomeover?

(12)

A.Amechanic.B.Arepairman.C.Amanager.D.Asalesman.

37.【B9】

38.

【B8】

39.聽力原文：M:Howaretheirtalksgoingon?Havetheyreachedanyagreement?

W:Theyonlyseemedtohaveagreedtosetanotherdateforfurthertalks.

Q:Whatcanweinferfromtileconversation?

(16)

A.Thetalkshaven'tstartedyet.

B.Thetalkshaven'tachievedmuch.

C.Thetalkshaveproducedageneralagreement.

D.Thetalksborkedownandcouldgonofurther.

40.(15)

A.Inabar.B.Inarestaurant.C.Inahotel.D.Inagrocer's.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

"Whatadifferenceawordmakes?"Theissueofsemantics(語義學(xué))hasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemedia,whichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyears,fosteredbyincreasingly-fiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships.

Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-degreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpage,ithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinion,causingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionand,byextension,legalandpoliticalperceptions,haslongbeenestablishedandrecognized,spurtingoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverly-embellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals.

Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticles,butwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapers,thedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic'sseemingshortattentionspan,puttingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobscuringthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsit,makingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot.

Whateverthecausesandeffects,however,thefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeansthatanychangetothestyle.employedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespect,itappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuture,sincethepublic'sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongerterm,however,therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystem,favoringmoreaccurate,unembellishedreporting,consistingofhard.factswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoid(缺乏的)ofrumorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurs,wecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeone,butaresponsibleandreliableone.

Accuraterepresentationandreportingisvitalinthemediabecause______.

A.suchinformationisnecessaryforproperdecision-makingbypublicleaders

B.thewaythatinformationispresentedtothepubliccaninfluenceopinionsandoutcomes

C.far-fetchedexaggerationsinvariablyintrudeintotheprivatelivesofthosebeingreportedon

D.cateringtoprofit-drivensensationalismleadstofurtheraccuraciesandmisrepresentations

42.(57)

43.Trafficstatisticspaintagloomypicture.Tohelpsolvetheirtrafficwoes(悲哀),somerapidlygrowingUScitieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.Buttrafficexpertssaybuildingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsolutionthatwillnotalleviatethetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcosts,increasingconcernoversocialandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedbyroad-building,andthelikelihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomorecarsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-style.constructionsprogram.

Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnologyistomaketrafficsystemsworkatoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestravelingonthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.Proponentsofthisadvancedtechnologysayelectronicdetectionsystems,closed-circuittelevisionradiocommunication,ramp(斜坡)metering,variablemessagesigning,andothersmart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprovecommunicationbetweendriversandthepeoplewhomonitortraffic.

Pathfinder,aSantaMonica,California-basedsmart-highwayprojectinwhicha14-milestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreeway,makingupwhatiscalleda"smartcorridor",isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloopsinthepavement.Closed-circuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowoftraffic,whilecommunicationslinkedtoproperlyequippedautomobilesadvisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours(便道).

Notalltrafficexperts,however,looktosmart-highwaytechnologyastheultimatesolutiontotrafficjam.Somesaythehigh-techapproachislimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaseriousproblem.

"Electronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectoftheproblem:howtoregulatetrafficmoreefficiently,"explainsMichaelRenner,seniorresearcherattheWorldwatchInstitute."Itdoesn'tdealwiththecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcan'tbebuiltfastenough.Itsendspeoplethewrongmessage."Theystartthinking.Yes,thereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblem,butthat'sbeensolvednowbecausewehaveanadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace."Larsonagreesandadds,"Smarthighwaysisjustoneofthetoolsthatwewillusetodealwithourtrafficproblems.It'snotthesolutionitself,justpartofthepackage.Therearedifferentstrategies."

Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimentedwithincludecarpooling,rapidmasstransitsystems,staggeredorflexibleworkhours,androadpricing,asystemwherebymotoristspayacertainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway.

Itseemsthatweneedanew,majorthrusttodealwiththetrafficproblemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchange.

Whatistheappropriatetitleforthepassage?

A.SmartHighwayProjects—TheUltimateSolutiontoTrafficCongestion.

B.AQuickFixSolutionfortheTrafficProblems.

C.AVenturetoRemedyTrafficWoes.

D.HighwaysGetSmart-PartofthePackagetoRelieveTrafficGridlock.

44.

Thereasonwhyacomputerizedcashregisterinthegrocerystoreshowsthatanitemcostsmorethanitactuallydoesisthat______.

45.

Thephrase"pinmoney"inLine2,Para.4means______.

46.

WhichstatementisNOTtrueconcerningthecontroversyaboutglobalwarming?

A.ThenewreportfromNRCismotivatedbythecontroversyoverMichaelMann'sclaim.

B.Thosewhodoubtglobalwarmingconsiderthatwarmingisanaturalphenomenon.

C.Thosesuspiciousofglobalwarmingtakeaninconsistentstanceontheissue.

D.Theargumentendsinthedefeatofglobal-warming-doubters.

47.Accordingtothepassage,theprocessof"creativedestruction"will______.

A.freenaturalresourcesfornewusethatcanvastlyimprovelife

B.replaceoccupationsinSchumpeter'stimebynewoccupations

C.resultinfewerjobsincertainoccupationsoverthelongterm

D.leadtoimprovedproductivityandastrongereconomyfinally

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer'sprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience.

Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.Allaprogrammerhastodoistogivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess--literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.

Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogram,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to"think"foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.

Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblems,whichcanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems--internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfaminecanperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.

Accordingtothepassage,computerscannotbeusedto______.

A.solvethethreatofworldfamine

B.easeinternationaltension

C.defeatworldchampionchessplayer

D.workoutsolutionstotheindustrialproblems

49.

SinceHabitrolcontainsnicotine,itcanonlybeusedinthosewho______.

50.

Accordingtopoliticians,whenchildrencommitcrimes,theyshouldbetreatedinth