補(bǔ)充文檔：Revision（省一等獎(jiǎng)）

Unit7Revision文檔

（Typesoffriendships）

Looktoforemotionalsupport.Many"friends"thatappearonsocialnetworkingsitesaregenerallyacquaintancesinreallife.

Bestfriend(ortheclosestfriend):Apersonwithwhomsomeonesharesextremelystronginterpersonaltieswithasafriend.

BFF("bestfriendforever"):SlangusedprimarilyintheUSAbyteenageandyoungadultwomentodescribeagirlfriendorclosebestfriend.

Bloodbrotherorbloodsister:Eitherpeoplerelatedbybirth,oracircleoffriendswhoswearloyaltybyminglingthebloodofeachmembertogetherthoughnotrecommendedforriskofblooddisease.

Bostonmarriage:AnantiquatedAmericantermusedduringthe19thand20thcenturiestodenotetwowomenwholivedtogetherinthesamehouseholdindependentofmalesupport.Relationshipswerenotnecessarilysexual.ItwasusedtoquellfearsoflesbiansafterWorldWarI.

Bro:SlangusedprimarilyintheUSA,AustraliaandNewZealandbyteenageandyoungadultmentodescribeaboyfriendorclosebestfriend.Thistermiscurrentlyusedtodescribethemoderngenerationofcollege-agemaleparty-goers.Thenameistypicallyassociatedwithattention-seekingmaleswholiketogetdrunkandpartyconstantly.

Sis:AlsoslangusedprimarilyintheUSAlike"Bro"butforwomenandgirls.

Buddy:IntheUSA,malesandsometimesfemalesoftenrefertoeachotheras"buddies",forexample,introducingamalefriendastheir"buddy",oracircleofmalefriendsas"buddies".Buddiesarealsoacquaintancesthatyouhaveduringcertainevents.Thetermmayalsorefertoanonlinecontact,suchastheAOLBuddyList.

Casualrelationshipor"friendswithbenefits":Asexualornear-sexualandemotionalrelationshipbetweentwopeoplewhodon'texpectordemandtoshareaformalromanticrelationship.Thiscanalsorefertoa"hook-up".

Familyfriend:Afriendshipextendedtofamilymembersofthefriends.Closerelationisdevelopedinthosesocietieswherefamilysetupisstrong.Thistermusuallyusedinsubcontinent.

Comrade:Means"ally","friend",or"colleague"inamilitaryorpoliticalconnotation.Thisisthefeelingofaffinitythatdrawspeopletogetherintimeofwarorwhenpeoplehaveamutualenemyorevenacommongoal.Friendshipcanbemistakenforcomradeship.FormerNewYorkTimeswarcorrespondentChrisHedgeswrote:

Wefeelinwartimecomradeship.Weconfusethiswithfriendship,withlove.Therearethose,whowillinsistthatthecomradeshipofwarislove–theexoticglowthatmakesusinwarfeelasonepeople,oneentity,isreal,butthisispartofwar'sintoxication.[...]Friendsarepredetermined;friendshiptakesplacebetweenmenandwomenwhopossessanintellectualandemotionalaffinityforeachother.Butcomradeship–thatecstaticblissthatcomeswithbelongingtothecrowdinwartime–iswithinourreach.Wecanallhavecomrades.[8]

Asawarends,oracommonenemyrecedes,manycomradesreturntobeingstrangers,wholackfriendshipandhavelittleincommon.Sometimestheyevenbecomeenemiesinanotherwar.

Cross-sexfriendship:Apersonhavingafriendoftheoppositesexwithhavinglittleornosexualorromanticactivity:amalewhohasafemalefriend,orafemalewhohasamalefriend.Historicallycross-sexfriendshipshavebeenrare.Thisisbecauseoftenmenwouldlaborinordertosupportthemselvesandtheirfamily,whilewomenstayedathomeandtookcareofthehouseworkandchildren.Thelackofcontactledtomenformingfriendshipsexclusivelywiththeircolleagues,andwomenformingfriendshipswithotherstay-at-homemothers.However,aswomenattendedschoolsmoreandastheirpresenceintheworkplaceincreased,thesegregatedfriendshipdynamicwasaltered,andcross-sexfriendshipsbegantoincrease.Cross-sexfriendshiphasoncebeenasignofgenderdeviance,butnowithasbeenloosenedbecauseoftheincreaseofgenderequalityinschoolsandtheworkplace,alongwithcertaininterestsandpastimessuchassports.

However,cross-sexfriendshipsaren'talwaysasociallyacceptednormofamityandsomeofthosefriendshipscoulddevelopintoromanticfeelings(seeromanticfriendship).However,whenthesefeelingsarenotmutual,theycanoftenbackfire,makingithardforthetwotoremainfriends.

Frenemy:Aportmanteauofthewordsfr(iend)andenemy,thetermfrenemyreferstosomeonewhopretendstobeafriendbutactuallyisanenemy—aproverbialwolfinsheep'sclothingintheworldoffriendships.Thisisalsoknownasalove–haterelationship.Mostpeoplehaveencounteredafrenemyatonetimeoranotherinthesameplacesonemightfindfriends—school,work,theneighborhood.ThetermfrenemywasreportedlycoinedbyasisterofauthorandjournalistJessicaMitfordin1977,andpopularizedmorethantwentyyearslateronthethirdseasonofSexandtheCity.Whilemostresearchonfriendshipandhealthhasfocusedonthepositiverelationshipbetweenthetwo,afrenemyisapotentialsourceofirritationandstress.OnestudybypsychologistDr.JulianneHolt-Lunstadfoundthatunpredictablelove–haterelationshipscharacterizedbyambivalencecanleadtoelevationsinbloodpressure.Inapreviousstudy,thesameresearcherfoundthatbloodpressureishigheraroundfriendsforwhomtheyhavemixedfeelingsthanitiswhenthey'rearoundpeoplewhomtheyclearlydislike.[9]

Fruitflies,[10]faghag(female),[11]orfagstag(male)[12]:denotesaperson(usuallyheterosexual)whoformsdeeptiesorclosefriendshipswithgaymen.Men(gayorstraight)whohavelesbianfriendshavebeenreferredtoaslezbrosorlesbros.[13]Thetermhasoftenbeenclaimedbythesestraightmembersingay-straightfriendships,howeversomefeelthatitisderogatory.[14][15]

Imaginaryfriend:anon-physicalfriendcreatedbyachildorevenanadult.Sometimesthey'rehuman,othertimesthey'reanimalslikethelife-sizerabbitintheoldJimmyStewartmovie,Harvey.Imaginaryfriendsarealsocreatedforpeopledesperateforsocialinteractionbutareisolatedfromcontactwithhumansandpets.Itmaybeseenasbadbehaviororeventaboo(somereligiousparentsevenconsidertheirchildtobepossessedbyanevil"spirit"),butismostcommonlyregardedasharmless,typicalchildhoodbehavior.Thefriendmayormaynotbehuman,andcommonlyservesaprotectivepurpose.

Internetrelationship:aformoffriendshiporromancewhichtakesplaceovertheInternet.Someinternetfriendshipsevolveintoreallifefriendships.Internetfriendshipsareinsimilarcontexttoapenpal.Thesefriendshipsarealsobasedonthethoughtthattheotherpersonthattheymaynothaveevermetinreallifeknowsthemforwhotheyareinsteadofthemasktheymayuseinreallife.

Mate:IntheUK,Ireland,Australia,andNewZealand,blokesoftenrefertoeachotheras"mates",forexample,introducingamalefriendastheir"mate",oracircleofmalefriendsas"mates".IntheUK,aswellasAustralia,thistermhasbeguntobetakenupbywomenaswellasmen.

Openrelationship:arelationship,usuallybetweentwopeople,thatagreeeachpartnerisfreetohavesexualintercoursewithothersoutsidetherelationship.Whenthisagreementismadebetweenamarriedcouple,it'scalledan"openmarriage".

CommunalFriendships:Afriendshipwherethefriendsgatheroftentoprovideencouragementandemotionalsupportintimesofgreatneed.thistypeoffriendshiptendstolastonlywhenopposingpartiesfulfilltheexpectationsofsupportfortherelationship.[16]

AgenticFriendships:Afriendshipwherebothpartieslooktowardeachotherforhelpinachievingpracticalgoalsintheirpersonalandprofessio