2022-2023年湖南省懷化市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)

2022-2023年湖南省懷化市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Weworkoutabudgetsoasto______.

A.avoidunnecessaryspending

B.buythefavoriteDVD

C.earnmorecredits

D.spendfreelyonfavoritethings

2.CholesterolandHeartDisease

Doyouknowyourcholesterollevel?Manypeopledon't.Ahighlevelofcholesterolinthebloodisanimportantriskfactorforheartdisease.

Somepeoplesaythatthedangerofheartdiseaseisexaggerated.However,heartdiseaseisamaincauseofdeathindevelopedcountries.EveryyearmorethanonemillionAmericanshaveheartattacks,andhalfofthemdie.Peoplewithheartdiseasesufferchestpainsthatmakesimpleactivities,suchaswalking,shaving,ortakingashower,difficult.

Researchhasproventhatcholesterollevelsareconnectedwithheartdisease.OneprojectinMassachusettshasstudiedthesamegroupofmenandwomensince1948.Theresearchershavefoundthatthepeoplewhohavehighlevelsofcholesterolhavemoreheartattacks.

Anaturalsubstanceintheblood,cholesterolcomesfromtheliver.Theamountofcholesterolisaffectedbydietandbyphysicalqualitiesweinheritfromourparents.Onekindofcholesterolsticksfattothewallsofarteries,makingthemsmallerandfinallyblockingthem.Itproducesaconditioncalled"hardeningofthearteries,"whichcausesheartattacks.Withtinycameras,doctorscanseebloodcirculatingthroughtheheartvalves.Angiograms(血管造影照片)arex-raysoftheheartarteries.

Theyshowfatdepositsandblockagescausedbyhighcholesterol.Heartdiseasebeginsinchildrenasyoungas3yearsold.Itoccursearlierinboysthaningirls.Nearlyhalfofteenagershavesomefatdepositsontheirarterywalls.Heartdiseasedevelopsfasterifwehavehighcholesterollevelsandalsosmoke.

Whatisasafelevelofcholesterol?Adultshaveahighriskofheartattackiftheircholesterollevelisabove240milligramsperdeciliter(1/10公升)ofblood.Below-200isbetter.IntheMassachusettsstudy,noonewithacholesterollevelbelow150haseverhadaheartattack.However,abouthalfofAmericanadultshavecholesterollevelsabove200.

Tolowerourcholesterollevel,wemustchangeoureatinghabits.Anythingthatcomesfromananimalishighinfatandhighincholesterol.TheAmericanHeartAssociationNationalCholesterolEducationProgramsaysthatfatshouldbenomorethan30percentofourdiet.Bloodcholesterollevelsstarttofallafter2to3weeksoffollowingalow-cholesterol,low-fatdiet.Dietarychangesalonecanresultina10percentreductionoftheaverageperson'scholesterollevel.Aerobicexercisehelps,too.Arteryblockagecanbereducedbyasmuchas40percentthroughchangesindietandamountofexercise.

Wemusteducateeveryone,includingchildreninelementaryschools.Wemustteachthemresponsibilityfortheirhealththroughclassesinnutritionandaerobicexercise.Forexample,thesmartsnackisfruit.Childrenmustbeservedfruitintheschoolcafeteria,alongwithlow-fatmeals.Schoolsmustsendrecipeshomewiththechildren.Parentsmustincludechildreninplanningandpreparingmealsandshoppingforfood.

Adults,includingpersonsovertheageofsixtyfive,canlowertheircholesterolby30or40percent.Itisnevertoolatetochange.Onemanbeganhishealthprogramwhenhewasseventy:three.Bythetimehewasseventy-seven,hehadloweredhisarterialblockagefrom50percentto13percentandhischolesterolfrom320to145withoutdrugs.Hewentonavegetariandietwithonly10percentfat,plusprogramstoreducestressandgetmoreexercise.

Alow-cholesteroldietthatcutsoutmostanimalproductsandhigh-fatvegetablesmaybeunfamiliartopeople.TheHeartAssociationsaystousenoaddedfatofanykind.Don'tfryfoodinoil.Cookitinwater,vinegar,orvegetablewater.Learnaboutgrainsandvegetables.Avoideggyolks(theyellow-partoftheegg).Eatpotatoes,beans,low-fatvegetables,andfruit.Peop

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Thosewhoareactivelyreligiousareprobably______.

4.

Animalscannotsurvivesomecatastrophiceventssuchasstarvation,disease,orcompetitionfromotherspecies.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

ThelargestnumberofrainforestsintheworldarelocatedontheAfricancontinent.

A.YB.NC.NG

6.

Whatisthemostimportantreasonthatmakespeopleeat?

A.Physicalneed.

B.Physicaldesire.

C.Psychologicalneed.

D.Psychologicaldesire.

7.

Webecomeless______asthetechnologygetsevermoresophisticated.

8.

Naturalgastrappedinundergroundreservoirsisextractedby__________________.

9.

ItisamazingthatdespitehisoldageMr.Tata,facingavarietyofTatacompanies,isfamiliarwiththeir______.

10.

Accordingtosomeresearchers,______inthebodycangiveriseto.certainmentalchanges.

11.

AgreatnumberofpeoplebegintotourAfter1950.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

IfmoreofGoogle'sprocessesandplansareinspectedpreciously,thiscanenhanceits______.

13.

Thebookhasmorethanoneauthor.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

Inordertoencouragebowelhealth,olderpeopleareadvisedtochoosefoodsthatarenaturallyrichin______.

15.Whichoneisthemostseriouseffectofchronicworkstressaccordingtothepassage?

A.Harassment.B.Violence.C.Heartburden.D.Karoushi.

16.

Whenpeoplegossipaboutothers,theyusuallycomparethemselvestothegossipedones,andthinkthemselves______.

17.

Tocalculatethecaloriesexpendingtodigestthefood,youcanmultiplythenumberofcaloriesyoueatby______.

18.

Thispassagediscussessomeofthe______wehaveinstoreforus.

19.

Cabletelevisionhaddevelopedtechnologythatallowedthemtoaddmoreprogrammingtocableservicein______.

A.Intheearly1990s

B.Inthelate1970s

C.Intheearly1950s

D.Intheearly1940s

20.

Theauthorwasviolentlysickbecausehefelt______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Pianosarenormallyfoundinbuildingforobviousreasons.However,there'sonepianointhecityinthenorthofEnglandthathasamoreunusualhome-inthestreet.

WhenNickandDougweremovingintotheirnewhouse,theycouldn'tgettheirpianoupthestepsbecausethe,/weretoosteep.Sotheyendedupleavingthepianoonthepavementandallofasuddentheyfoundthatlocalpeoplestartedtoplayit,anditveryquicklybecameknownasthestreetpiano.

Atsomepoint,thecouncilthreatenedtotakeitaway[27]becausetheysaiditwasanobstructiontothepavement.Thenallthelocalplayerswereupinarmsaboutitandputnotesalloverthepianosaying,"Pleasesavethestreetpiano."

Theseareallthemessagesofsupportthatpeoplehavestuckonthepiano.Oneofthemsays,"Don'tgetridofthestreetpiano,itspartofourheritagenow.Weloveyou,streetpiano."Andanothersays,"IfindItripoverwheeliebinsmuchmoreoftenthanpianos.Savethestreetpiano."Someoldermemberofthecommunitysays,"Ithinkit'sgreat,Ithinkit'swonderful,asIwalkby,youngpeoplenomorehorsearoundbuthaveagoonit.Ithinkit'salegendinitsownlifetime,it'ssomethingthatisfamousandadmiredduringitslife."

NickandDougthoughtthattheyweregoingtoloseitbutitlooksliketheymightbeabletosavetheirstreetpiano.

(27)

A.Thefloorisslick.

B.Thestaircaseistilted.

C.Thepassageisnarrow.

D.Thetreadisunsteady.

22.聽力原文：W:OurlecturetodayisgivenbyProfessorLincoln.He'sgoingtotalkaboutartmovementsintheUnitedStates.

M:Yes.Iwouldliketosaythattheirpopularitycanbeaffectedbysocialconditionsandhistoricalevents.Asanexample,let'slookatwhathappenedintheUnitedStatesearlyinthe20thcentury,aroundthetimeofthegreatdepression,theartmovementknownastheRegionalismhadbegunintheUnitedStatesevenbeforethedepressionoccurred.Butitreallybecamepopularinthe1930s,duringthedepressionyears.

W:Whatisthereasonforthis?

M:ManyartistswhohadbeenlivinginbigcitieswereforcedbytheeconomiccrisistoleavethosebigcitiesandmovebacktotheirsmalltownsinruralAmerica.Someofthemcametotrulylovethelifeinsmalltownsandtoleavethe"sophisticatedsociety"incities.TheseartistsreallybuilttheRegionalismMovement.

W:What'rethefeaturesofRegionalMovement?

M:It'sallabouteverydaylifeinsmalltownsorfarmingareas.Andtheirstyle.wasaboutglorifiedorromanticizedcountrylife.Itshowedstable,wholesomeAmericantraditions.

W:Whydidthisstyle.becomepopular?

M:It'spartlybecauseoftheeconomicconditionsofthetime.Yousee,theDepressionhadcausedmanyAmericanstobegintodoubttheirsociety.ButregionalismartistspaintedscenesthatglorifiedAmericanvalues,scenesthatmanyAmericanscouldeasilyidentifywith.Sothemovementhelpedstrengthenpeople'sfaithintheircountry.

W:WhatwasRegionalismlikeafterthedepression?

M:BeforeandaftertheSecondWorldWar,Americanculturebegantotakeonamuchmoreinternationalspirit,andRegionalism,withitsfocusonsmalltownlife,lostitspopularity,asAmericansocietychangedonceagain.

(23)

A.Howhistoricaleventsaffectedanartmovement.

B.Howartistscaninfluenceeconomicconditions.

C.Whyacertainartmovementfailedtobecomepopular.

D.Howvaluablepaintingswerelostduringwartime.

23.聽力原文：W:HowdoyoulikeyournewtenantwhomovedtoyourapartmentlastMonday?

M:Well,sheisanicelady,thoughI'mhavingahardtimegettingusedtoher.

Q:What'stheman'sproblem?

(13)

A.Heishavingahardtimelettinghisapartment.

B.Heprefershisoldtenanttothenewone.

C.Heisnotaccustomedtolivingwiththenewtenantyet.

D.Hedoesn'twanttolethisapartmenttoher.

24.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：W:Don'tyouthinkit'smarvelousthatMaryhaswonthefirstprizeoftheEnglishSpeechContest?

M:Shedeservesit.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(12)

A.Maryearnedtheprize.

B.Maryhasgrantedtheprize.

C.Maryfailsinthespeechcontest.

D.Themandoesn'tthinkMarydeservestheprize.

25.聽力原文：WeknowthenthatintheUS,it'sthejobofCongresstoproposenewlaws,whichwecallbills,andperhapstomodifythesebillsandthenwriteonthem.ButevenifthebillispassedinCongress,itstilldoesn'tbecomealawuntilthePresidenthasachancetoreviewit,too.Andifit'snottothePresident'sliking,thebillcanbevetoedorkilledineitheroftwoways.Oneisbyavetomessage.ThePresidenthastendaystovetothebillbyreturningittoCongress,alongwiththemessageexplainingwhyit'sbeingrejected.ThiskeepsthebillfrombecomingalawunlessoverwhelmingmajoritiesofbothHousesofCongressvotetoover-rightthePresident'sveto.Sometimestheydothat.Often,lawmakerssimplyrevisethevetoedbillandpassitagain.Thistime,intheform.thePresidentislesslikelytoobjectto,andlesslikelytowanttoveto.TheotherwaythePresidentcankillabillisbypocketveto.Here'swhathappens.IfthePresidentdoesn'tsignthebillwithintendays,andCongressadjournsduringthattime,thenthebillwillnotbecomelaw.NoticethatitisonlyattheendofanentiresessionofCongressthatthepocketvetocanbeused,notjustwheneverCongresstakesashorterbreak,say,forasummervacation.Afterapocketveto,thatparticularbillisdead.IfalawmakerinCongresswantstopushthematterintheirnextsession,they'llhavetostartalloverwithabrandnewversionofthebill.

(33)

A.HowthePresidentproposesnewlaws.

B.HowabillispassedbylawmakersinCongress.

C.HowthePresidentcanrejectaproposedlaw.

D.HowlawmakerscanforcethePresidenttosignabill.

26.

【B6】

27.(32)

A.Inthecar.

B.Inthenewspaper.

C.Atthebookstore.

D.Atthepolicestation.

28.(14)

A.Doctorandpatient.

B.Policemanandcardriver.

C.Librarianandstudent.

D.Postclerkandcustomer.

29.聽力原文：W:John,haveyouchosenaphysicaleducationclassyetforthissemester?

M:No.Why?

W:You'vegottotakerock-climbing.Wejusthadthefirstclassanditlookslikeit'sgonnabegreat.

M:YouthinkIshouldtakerock-climbing?You'vegottobekidding.Besides,howcantheyteachrock-climbingwhenit'scompletelyflataroundhere?

W:That'snotimportant.Youcan'tjuststartclimbingwithoutanytraining.Youhavetogetinshape,learnhowtousetheropes,thebelts,thebuckles.There'salotofpreparationfirst.

M:Youdon'tthinkit'sjustalittlebitdangerous?

W:No,ifyouknowhowtousethesafetyequipment,whichis,bytheway,prettyhi-tech.Theropesaremadeofelasticfabricsthatstretchalittle,theshoeshavespecialgripsonthebottomandthehelmetsaremadeofsomekindofspecialplastic.Youhavetolearnhowtouseallthesebeforeyoudoanyrealclimbing.

M:Well,what'stheappeal?We'llspendthewholesemesterstudyingsomethingwedon'tactuallygettodo.

W:Wewilltakeaclimbingtripduringspringbreak.Butthat'snotthepoint.Climbingisnottheonlygoal.Inpreparingtoclimbyoulearnpatience,mentaldisciplineandyougainfantasticphysicalstrength,especiallyinyourhands.Forthefirstfewweekswe'regoingtoconcentrateentirelyonhandandupperbodyexercises.

M:Allthatinonesport?Maybeyouareright.Sinceit'snottoolatetojointheclass,maybeIwill.

(23)

A.Findoutifarockclimbingcoursewillbeoffered.

B.Planarock-climbingtripoverspringbreak.

C.Convincethemantotakearock-climbingcoursewithher.

D.Findaplacetogorockclimbing.

30.(22)

A.9eachyear.

B.24eachyear.

C.12eachsemester.

D.9eachsemester.

31.聽力原文：M:Weshouldn'thavedrivendownthemainstreet,notwhenit'ssocrowded.

W:Well,Itoldyou,dear,didn'tI?Isaidtheroadswouldbeverybusy,especiallyonSaturday.

Q:Wheredidtheconversationtakeplace?

(14)

A.Onamountainpath.

B.Inasupermarket.

C.Onamad.

D.Inarailway,station.

32.聽力原文：Howdoyourisetothetopinbusiness?Whatpersonalqualities,skills,andbackgroundareneeded?Suchquestionsarefrequentlyaskedbystudentspreparingtoentertheworkforceandbymenandwomenalreadyinthebusinessworld.

Somecompanieswantexecutiveswhocombineadministrativeabilitywithaspecialtyinsomebranchofknowledge,suchasmathematicsorengineering.Othercompanieslookforpeopleskilledinhumanrelations.Forthem,goodmanagementistheartofsolving"peopleproblems".

Theseareinterestinginsights,butwhatarethespecifictraitsthatwillhelppeopletoclimbtheladderofsuccess?

First,drive.Businesstakesanunusualamountofenergy.Asuccessfulexecutive—almostbydefinition—isastriver.Accordingtooneindustrialpsychologist,86.5%oftopmanagershaveahigheractivitylevelthantheaveragemiddlemanagers.Topmengettensewhentheyarenotstriving.

Second,peoplesense.SomesaybeingabletojudgepeopleismoreimportantthanahighIQ.Theskillcanbeinstinctual,butinmostcasesit'slearnedthroughhardwork.

Third,communicationability.Anexecutivegetsthingsdonethroughotherpeople.Thatmeanshiscommunicationsmustcomethroughloudandclear.Differentexecutivesmakethemselvesunderstoodindifferentways.Sometransmitideasbestfacetoface;othersaremastersofthetelephonecall;stillothersarepersuasivewriters.Onewayoranother,theyallcommunicateclearly.

Fourth,calmunderpressure,orasHemingwayputit,"graceunderpressure".Nobusinessmanwillgetveryfarifhechokesup.

(30)

A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.

33.(28)

A.Aplatform.worker.

B.Acomputer.

C.Thecommandspot.

D.Amachine.

34.(31)

A.PeoplewholiveinAmazontribesdon'tthinkplantsarethebasisofthefoodpyramid,

B.PeoplewholiveinAmazontribesdon'tregardbotanyasaspecialbranchofknowledge.

C.PeoplewholiveinAmazontribesknowallthepropertiesofplainsinthejungle.

D.PeoplewholiveinAmazontribesgivesomespecialnamestobotany.

35.(38)

36.(17)

A.9o'clock.B.8:30.C.8o'clock.D.10o'clock.

37.

【B8】

38.

【B9】

39.

【B10】

40.(26)

A.Theyhavemorebuyingpower.

B.Theyhaveenoughtimetoexercise.

C.Theytendtoenjoysportsmore.

D.Theyareveryhealthconscious.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Thegeographicallocationofacountryanditsphysical【C1】______areveryimportanttoitsdevelopmentandprogress.TheUnitedStatesisver【C2】______inthisrespect.

Firstofall,ithasgood【C3】______.Inalmosteverysectionofthecountryitispossibletolive【C4】______duringthewholeyear.Itistruethatinthesouthitsometimesgetsveryhotandinthenorthverycold.Butthepeoplewholiveintheseregionsbecomeaccustomedtotheclimateandnever【C5】______muchwhentheweatheriseitherveryhotorverycold.

Inalargecountrythereisusuallyagreat【C6】______ofdifferentphysicalcharacteristics.IntheUnitedStates,therearewideplainsandhighmountains,thousandsoflakesandriversofall【C7】______,coolforestsandhotdeserts,andacoastlineseveralthousandmileslong.

Themanylakesandrivers,aswellasthelongcoastline,havebeenofgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofthecountry,sincetheymadepossibletheeasy【C8】______ofthepeopleandallthethingspeopleneed.Shipsandboatsarestillnecessaryandimportant.Inmoderntimes,however,trains,automobiles,trucksandairplanesaredoingmuchofthe【C9】______whichwas【C10】______donebyshipsandboats.

A.climateB.sizesC.characteristicsD.workE.fortunate

F.damageG.recentlyH.comfortablyI.transportationJ.location

K.formerlyL.sufferM.weatherN.jobO.variety

【C1】

42.(57)

43.

Theword"alleviate"(Paragraph2)isnearestinmeaningto______.

A.relieveB.avoidC.eliminateD.terminate

44.TheauthortookAfricaasanexampleinordertoshow______.

A.thepoliticaladvancementinsomeAfricancountries

B.thesophisticatedeconomyinsomeAfricancountries

C.theartisticcomplexityinsomeAfricancountries

D.theunderdevelopedculturesinsomeAfricancountries

45.Theauthors'dictumscanbejustifiedbythefactthat______.

A.DouglasIvesterdefeatedahighest-rankingblackemployeeinasuit

B.DurkJagerwasdismissedowingtohispoorcommunicatingability

C.Geezerscouldn'terasethebrandsstampedinchildhood

D.Geeksaresensibleenoughtomeetdangersandchallenges

46.TheFrencheconomyneededalargershareoftheinternationalmarket______.

47.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Childrenmodelthemselveslargelyontheirparents.Theydosomainlythroughidentification.Children【C1】_______withaparentwhentheybelievetheyhavethequalitiesandfeelingthatare【C2】_______ofthatparent.Thethingsparentsdoandsay--andthewaytheydoandsaythem--thereforestronglyinfluenceachild's【C3】_______.

Aparent'sactionsalsoaffecttheself-imagethatachildformsthroughidentification.Childrenwhosee【C4】_______positivequalitiesintheirparentswilllikelylearntoseethemselvesinapositiveway.Childrenwhoobservechiefly【C5】_______qualitiesintheirparentswillhavedifficultyseeingpositivequalitiesinthemselves.Childrenmay【C6】_______theirself-image,however,astheybecomeincreasinglyinfluencedbypeers.

Isolatedevents,evendramaticones,donot【C7】_______haveapermanenteffectonachild'sbehavior.Children【C8】_______sucheventsaccordingtotheir【C9】_______attitudesandprevioustraining.Childrenwhoknowtheyarelovedcan,forexample,acceptthedivorceoftheirparentsoraparent'searlydeath~Butifchildrenfeelunloved,theymayinterpretsucheventsasa【C10】_______ofrejectionorpunishment.

Inthesameway,notallchildrenareinfluencedbytoysandgames,readingmatter,andtelevisionprograms.Asinthecaseofadramaticchangeinthefamilyrelations,theeffectofanactivityorexperiencedependsonhowthechildinterpretsit.

A)reactI)necessarily

B)negativeJ)established

C)complexK)identify

D)interpretL)behavior

E)signM)especially

F)modifyN)mainly

G)characteristicO)informed

H)sigh

【C1】

48.FromthesurveybytheEqualitiesOfficewelearnthat______.

A.allparentswantmoretimetohelpchildrenwiththeirhomework

B.fewparentshavegoodrelationshipwiththeirteenagechildren

C.mostparentsfavortheideaofhavingflexibleworkinghours

D.parentsdonotneedtospendmuchtimewiththeirolderchildren

49.

Thehistoricalperspectiveshowsthatthelevelofcapitalinvestmentperworkhasnothingtodowith______.

50.

Whythefatheroftenblameshischildrenfornotbeingabletoentertainthemselves?

51.

Insomeplaces,speakingacertainlanguagemaycause______.

52.

Whichstatementbestdescribestheauthor'sfeelingsaboutthewar?

A.Itwaseverrealforhim,thoughhemightnotactivelyinvolved.

B.Itwasrealforhimbecausehewasasoldieratthattime.

C.Itwasveryunrealtohim.

D.Thewarwasverydisruptivetothepeopleathome.

53.

Accordingtothepassage,whattheapplicantshouldknowbeforetheinterviewis______.

A.hiscareerexpectationandinformationaboutthecompanyhewantstoworkfor

B.thereasonsaparticularcompanyhastoemployhim

C.aparticularcompanywilldecidehiscareerobjective

D.howtodressproperly

54.

【C10】

55.Thetrulyincompetentmayneverknowthedepthsoftheirownincompetence,apairofsocialpsychologistssaidonThursday.

"Wefoundagainandagainthatpeoplewhoperform.poorlyrelativetotheirpeerstendedtothinkthattheydidratherwell,"JustinKruger,co-authorofastudyonthesubject,saidinatelephoneinterview.

Krugerandco-authorDavidDunningfoundthatwhenitcametoavarietyofskills—logicalreasoning,grammar,evensenseofhumor—peoplewhoessentiallywereineptneverrealizedit,whilethosewhohadsomeabilitywereself-critical.

Ithadlittletodowithinnatemodesty,Krugersaid,butratherwithacentralparadox:Incompetentslackthebasicskillstoevaluatetheirperformancerealistically.Oncetheygetthoseskills,theyknowwheretheystand,evenifthatisatthebottom.

AmericansandWesternEuropeansespeciallyhadanunrealisticallysunnyassessmentoftheirowncapabilities,Dunningsaidbytelephoneinaseparateinterview,whileJapaneseandKoreanstendedtogiveareasonableassessmentoftheirperformance.Incertainareas,suchasathleticperformance,whichcanbeeasilyquantified,thereislessself-delusion,theresearcherssaid.Buteveninsomecasesinwhichthefailureshouldseemobvious,theperpetratorisblithelyunawareoftheproblem.

Thiswasespeciallytreeintheareaoflogicalreasoning,whereresearchsubjects—studentsatCornellUniversity,wherethetworesearcherswerebased—oftenratedthemselveshighlyevenwhentheyflubbedallquestionsinareasoningtest.

Later,whenthestudentswereinstructedinlogicalreasoning,theyscoredbetteronatestbutratedthemselveslower,havinglearnedwhatconstitutedcompetenceinthisarea.

Grammarwasanotherareainwhichobjectiveknowledgewashelpfulindeterminingcompetence,butthemoresubjectiveareaofhumorposeddifferentchallenges,theresearcherssaid.

Participantswereaskedtoratehowfunnycertainjokeswere,andcomparetheirresponseswithwhatanexpertpanelofcomediansthought.Onaverage,participantsoverestimatedtheirsenseofhumorbyabout16percentagepoints.

Thismightbethoughtofasthe"above-averageeffect",thenotionthatmostAmericanswouldratethemselvesasaboveaverage,astatisticalimpossibility.

Theresearchersalsoconductedpilotstudiesofdoctorsandgunenthusiasts.Thedoctorsoverestimatedhowwelltheyhadperformedonatestofmedicaldiagnosesandthegunfanciersthoughttheyknewmorethantheyactuallydidaboutgunsafety.

Sowhoshouldbetrusted:Thepersonwhoadmitsincompetenceortheonewhoshowsconfidence?Neither,accordingtoDunning."Youcan'ttakethemattheirword.You'vegottotakealookattheirperformance,"Dunningadded.

Incompetentpeoplerarelyknowthedepthsoftheirownincompetencebecausethey______.

A.aretoodulltoknowwhatcompetenceis

B.arenotskillfulatlogicalreasoning,grammar,andsenseofhumor

C.lackthebasicskillstoevaluatetheirperformancerealistically

D.havesomeabilitytoovercriticizethemselves

56.

Whatpossiblyresultedintheevolutionfromleaflesstreetoflatleaves?

A.ThedecreaseCO2inlevels.

B.Theincreaseofforests.

C.Thedropoftemperatures.

D.Thechangeofclimatesliketoday.

57.

Accordingtotheauthor,curiosityisprobablybestwhenitsconnectionwithotherinterestsis______onlybymeansofintelligence.

58.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Womenwhoapplyforjobsin