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Chapter13CultureandInternationalBusinessText1BackgroundKnowledgeTheterm"culture,"whichoriginallymeantthecultivationofthesoulormind,acquiresmostofitslatermodernmeaningsinthewritingsofthe18th-centuryGermanthinkers,whowereonvariouslevelsdevelopingRousseau'scriticismof″modernliberalismandEnlightenment″.Thusacontrastbetween"culture"and"civilization"isusuallyimpliedintheseauthors,evenwhennotexpressedassuch.Twoprimarymeaningsofcultureemergefromthisperiod:cultureasthefolk-spirithavingauniqueidentityandcultureascultivationofwaywardnessorfreeindividuality.Thefirstmeaningispredominantinourcurrentuseoftheterm"culture,"althoughthesecondstillplaysalargeroleinwhatwethinkcultureshouldachieve,namelythefull"expression"oftheuniqueor"authentic"self.ElementsofcultureCulturalvaluesIndividualismandcollectivismindexPowerdistanceindexUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexCulturalValuesandConsumerBehavior.RitualssymbolslanguageAestheticsassymbolsbeliefsThoughtprocessElementsofcultureWordsandExpressionsritualn.風俗；習慣(Aritualisawayofbehavingoraseriesofactionswhichpeopleregularlycarryoutinaparticularsituation,becauseitistheircustomtodoso.)CocktailsatthePlazawasanightlyritualoftheirsophisticatedworld.到廣場飯店喝雞尾酒是他們這個高雅時髦的圈子中的人每晚必做的事情。a.儀式性的；傳統(tǒng)的(Ritualactivitieshappenaspartofaritualortradition.)...fastingsandritualdancing.齋戒和傳統(tǒng)舞蹈femininity

n.1.女性(Awoman'sfemininityisthefactthatsheisawoman.)...thedrudgerybehindtheideologyofmotherhoodandfemininity.賢妻良母這一觀念背后的繁重勞作2.女性氣質(zhì)；女人特質(zhì)；陰柔(Femininitymeansthequalitiesthatareconsideredtobetypicalofwomen.)...thiscourageousGermantennisstar‘suniqueblendofstrengthandfemininity.這位勇氣十足的德國網(wǎng)球明星融力量與柔美為一體，氣質(zhì)獨特.pertainv.與……相關(guān)；屬于；適用（于）(Ifonethingpertainstoanother,itrelates,belongs,orappliestoit.)IwouldmuchratherthatyouaskedMrsZuckermananyquestionspertainingtoherself.我寧愿你問楚克爾曼夫人的是與她本人相關(guān)的問題。...matterspertainingtonavaldistrictdefense.有關(guān)海防區(qū)防御的問題aptadj.恰當?shù)模m當?shù)?；有……傾向的；易于……的；聰明的，靈巧的Thewordsofthisreportareasapttodayasin1929.這份報告的措詞用在今天和用在1929年一樣貼切。...anaptdescriptionofthesituation.對這種情況恰如其分的描述Thistypeofweatherisapttobemorecommoninwinter.這種天氣在冬季往往更為常見。egalitarianadj.主張平等的；平等主義的n.平等主義；平等主義者Istillbelieveinthenotionofanegalitariansociety.我仍然相信構(gòu)建人人平等的社會的理念。sentences1.CulturesthatscorehighinIDVreflectan"I"mentalityandtendtorewardandacceptindividualinitiative,whereasthoselowinindividualismreflecta"we"mentalityandgenerallysubjugatetheindividualtothegroup.此句為whereas引導的并列句，前后部分形成對比。mentalityn.心態(tài)；思維方式Runningabusinessrequiresaverydifferentmentalityfrombeingasalariedemployee.經(jīng)營企業(yè)所要求具備的心態(tài)和上班族的心態(tài)截然不同。subjugatev.使（愿望、渴望）退居其次；使讓位于Afterhavingbeensubjugatedtoambition,yourmaternalinstinctsareatlaststartingtoassertthemselves.你那被雄心壯志壓制已久的母性本能終于開始展現(xiàn)出來。2.Culturesscoringlowinuncertaintyavoidanceareassociatedwithalowlevelofanxietyandstress,atoleranceofdevianceanddissent,andawillingnesstotakerisks.anxietya.焦慮的atoleranceofdevianceanddissent對于偏差與不同意見的包容。Text2CulturalDifferencesinInternationalBusinessBackgroundKnowledgeGenderroleisatheoreticalconstructinvolvingasetofsocialandbehavioralnormsthat,withinaspecificculture,arewidelyconsideredtobesociallyappropriateforindividualsofaspecificsex.Theperceptionofgenderrolesincludesattitudes,actions,andpersonalitytraitsassociatedwithaparticulargenderwithinthatculture.Genderrolesarepredominantlyconsideredwithinafamilycontextaswellaswithinsocietyingeneralandmaycollectivelybereferredtoasgenderstereotypes.Genderrolesareculturebased,andwhilemostculturesdistinguishonlytwogenders,somerecognizemore.Androgyny,forexample,hasbeenproposedasathirdgender.Othersocietieshavebeenclaimedtoseemorethanfivegenders,andsomenon-Westernsocietieshavethreegenders–man,womanandthirdgender.Genderexpressionreferstotheexternalmanifestationofaperson'sgenderidentity,throughmasculine,feminine,orgender-variantorgenderneutralbehavior,clothing,hairstyles,orbodycharacteristicsGenderrolesareculturebased,andwhilemostculturesdistinguishonlytwogenders,somerecognizemore.Androgyny,forexample,hasbeenproposedasathirdgender.Othersocietieshavebeenclaimedtoseemorethanfivegenders,andsomenon-Westernsocietieshavethreegenders–man,womanandthirdgender.Genderexpressionreferstotheexternalmanifestationofaperson'sgenderidentity,throughmasculine,feminine,orgender-variantorgenderneutralbehavior,clothing,hairstyles,orbodycharacteristics.CulturalDifferencesinInternationalBusinessformalityStylesofdresstimeToleranceofconflictSocialcustomsGenderrolesCulturalDifferencesWordsandexpressionsstaggeringa.1.人大吃一驚的；令人震驚的(Somethingthatisstaggeringisverysurprising.)Ahandfulofpeopletookstaggeringriskswithamerica‘slargestfinancialinstitutions.一小撮人使美國最大的金融機構(gòu)承擔了巨大的風險。vibrant

a.充滿生氣的；精力充沛的；活躍的(Someoneorsomethingthatisvibrantisfulloflife,energy,andenthusiasm.)...Shakespeare‘svibrantlanguage…莎士比亞鮮活的語言polychronic

a.多次發(fā)生的Generallyspeaking,chineseoftenfollowpolychronictimepattern,whreasamericansoftenfollowmolychronictimepattern.通常而言，中國人遵守多元時間模式；美國人遵守單一時間模式。blatant

a.公然的；露骨的；明目張膽的(Youuseblatanttodescribesomethingbadthatisdoneinanopenorveryobviousway.)...ablatantattempttospreadtheblameforthefiasco...公然企圖推卸這次慘敗的責任sentences1.Ignoringcross-culturalsimilaritiesandintra-culturalvariationcanleadtostereotypingpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds,exaggeratingandcaricaturizingtheotherculture,andjudgingitscommunicationpracticesasradicallydifferentandimplicitlywrong.cross-cultural跨文化的intra-cultural文化內(nèi)的本句中，leadto后面的stereotyping...,exaggerating...與judging...為并列成分。2.Americans,likemostnorthernEuropeans,havewhatanthropologiststermamonochronicviewoftime,seeingitasanalmosttangiblesubstance.seeing引導的部分用來修飾monochronicview,單一慣性的時間觀like引導的部分為插入語。KeytoexercisesText1I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:1—5:TTTFF6—10:TFTFFII.Makethebestchoicetocompletethesentences:1—5：CAABC6—8：BCD

III.Cloze1—5:BDCAB6—10:BACCD11—15:CBADDText2I.Answerthefollowingquestions:Omitted.

II.Tran