考點(diǎn)03閱讀理解說明文(原卷版)

考點(diǎn)03閱讀理解說明文Passage1（（2021·遼寧丹東市·高三一模）Doyoucontinuetobehealthyinsocialisolation?NASAislookingforpeopletospend8monthslockedinaRussianlabforanewexperiment.WhenhumansgotothemoonandtraveltoMars,theywillneedtobepreparedforlong-termspacetravelandevenlongerstaysonthesefar-offdestinations.Currently,NASA'sArtemisprogramaimstolandhumansonthemoonforthefirsttimesinceNASA'sApollo17missionlandedin1972.WhilethemoonisthemaingoalofNASA'sArtemisprogram,theagency'slargergoalistosendpeopletoMars.Butlong-termspacetravelandhabitationwon'tbeeasy.Suchmissionswillpresentbothphysicalandmentalchallengesasastronautsworktonotonlysurvive,butperformimportantscientificresearchinuniquelydifficultenvironments.IntheupcomingNASA-Russiaexperiment,agroupofpeoplewillliveinaclosedfacilityatRussia'sInstituteforBiomedicalProblems,whichisinMoscow.Thishabitatfacilitywasusedin2011fornotableseriesofRussianmock(模擬的)MarsmissionsknownasMars500.Duringthesemissions,groupsofpeoplespent520and105daysontwoseparatemissionsinthefacility.Thefacility,accordingtothestatement,willhave"environmentalfactorssimilartothoseastronautsareexpectedtoexperienceonfuturemissionstoMars".Thegroupofpeoplewillspend8monthslivingtogetherinisolationandworkingonscientificresearch.BylivingandworkinginthisMars-likeenvironment,participantsinthisstudywillhelpNASAresearchersbetterunderstandthepsychologicalandphysiological(心理和生理的)effectsofisolation.Thesemissionshelpresearchersnotonlyperformrelevantscienceexperimentsbutalsoseehowpeoplemightgetonunderstrangeconditionsforlongperiodsoftime.So,ifyou'refindingthatlivinginsocialisolationworksforyou,youmightbeparticularlywell-suitedforlivinginaMars-likeenvironmentandthiscouldbeforyou.Butfirst,youhavetoqualify.NASAislookingfor"highlymotivated"Americansbetweentheagesof30-55,whomustspeakbothRussianandEnglishfluentlyandhaveaMasterofScience,DoctorofPhilosophy,DoctorofMedicine,ormilitaryofficertraining.Applicantswithotherrelatedexperiencemayalsobeconsidered.Thosewhoarechosentobeapartofthisgroupwillbepaidfortheirwork.1．Whatdoweknowaboutthenewexperiment?A．ItwillfindthebestwayforhumanstoliveonMars.B．Itisthefirstofitskindtobecarriedoutsince1972.C．ItispreparedforNASA'shumanspaceflightprogram.D．ItwilldecidethepeopletobesenttothemoonbyNASA．2．Whydoestheauthormention"Mars500"inthetext?A．Toexplainwhythefacilityhasbeenchosen.B．Tocomparethesimilaritiesamongrelatedmissions.C．ToshowRussia'sachievementinspaceexploration.D．Toindicatethenewexperimentwillhavegreatsuccess.3．WhatisParagraph6mainlyabout?A．Theprocessoftheexperiment.C．Thepopularityoftheexperiment.4．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Artemis:NASA'snewprogramC．NASA'sMarsexplorationprogramB．Thepurposesoftheexperiment.D．Thepreparationsfortheexperiment.B．Loveisolation?NASAwantsyou!D．WanttohaveatriptoMars?Come!Passage2（2021·遼寧丹東市·高三一模）Everyonehasaphoneintheirpocketnowadays,buthowoftendowereallyusethemfortheiroriginalpurpose-tomakeacall?Telephonecultureisdisappearing.Whatbroughtustothismoment,andwhatareitseffects?“Noonepicksupthephoneanymore,”wroteAlexC．MadrigalonTheAtlantic.Thereflexofanswering-centu20th—telephonicculture—isgone.”Theshiftisofcoursedueinlargeparttomorecommunicationoptions:Textingwithphotos,videos,emojis,reactiongifs,linksandevenvoicemessagescanbeamoreattractiveoption.Textingislightandfun,notnearlyasdemandingofyourattentionasaphonecall.Itcanalsobedonewithmultiplepeopleatthesametime.Socialmedia,emailandvideocallshavealsoeatenawayattraditionalphonecalls.Inrecentyears,anotherreasonhascausedpeopletoignorephonecallscompletely:robocalls.Robocallsareautomatemessagesfromorganizationsverifyingyourphonenumberortelemarketerstryingtosellsomething.Americansreceived22.8billionrobocallshalfwaythrough2020,equalinganannualrateof45.6billion,slightlybelow2018numbers,accordingtoYouMail,arobocallprotectionserviceandblockingapp.Astelephoneculturedisappears,whatisthelossofasingularfamilyphonedoingtothefamilyunit?Earlylandlinephonesunifiedfamilymembers,whereasmobilephonesisolatethem.“Thesharedfamilyphoneservedasananchorforhome,”saidLukeFernandez,aWeberStateUniversitycomputer-scienceprofessorandco-authorofBored,Lonely,Angry,Stupid:FeelingsAboutTechnology,FromtheTelegraphtoTwitter.“Withsmartphoneswehavegainedmobilityandprivacy.Butthevalueofthehomehasbeendiminished,ashasitsabilitytoguideandmonitorfamilybehaviorandperhapsconnectfamiliesmoreclosely,”Fernandezsaid.Ofcourse,astechnologyprogresses,livesalwayschangeforbetterorforworse.Withthelossoftelephoneculture,familieswillneedtofindotherwaystounite.5．What'sthepurposeofthepassage?A．Topointoutthedisadvantagesofthetraditionalphonecall.B．Tocallforthetraditionalphonetoadvancewiththetimes.C．Toencouragepeopletomakemorephonecallsandbeclosertofamily.D．Tointroducethecausesandeffectsofthedisappearingtelephoneculture.6．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Thetelephoneculturedisappearedjustbecauseoftoomanyrobocalls.B．Earlylandlinephonesareinconvenientandtheyseparatefamilymembers.C．Somecommunicationoptionsaremoreattractivethanthetraditionalphonecall.D．Textingwithmultiplepeopleatthesametimetakesupourattentiontoomuch.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“diminished”inParagraph7probablymean?A．ChangedD．Continued8．What'stheauthor'sattitudetotheeffectsofthedisappearingtelephoneculture?A．Supportive.B．Opposed.C．Objective.D．Skeptical.Passage3（2021·河北高三月考）B．DecreasedC．StrengthenedApple’siPadhasbeenahugehitamongchildren,withitseasy-to-useinterfaceandinnovativeapps.Infact,researcherssaytheastonishingriseoftheiPadhasmeantithasnowovertakenhouseholdnamessuchasMcDonaldsandDisneytobecomethenumberonebrandamongAmerican6-12yearolds.Theannualstudy,conductedbyleadingyouthandfamilyresearchfirmSmartyPants,ranksmorethan250brandseachyear.“iPad’snumberonestatusamongkidsrepresentsthesummitofthe‘tablettakeover’—amovementfromsharedscreensandTVnetworkdominancetoplannedcontentonpersonaldevices,”saidWynneTyree,presidentofSmartyPants.“KidsincreasinglyturntoiPadforgames,TVshows,videos,books,homeworkhelpandcommunicatingwithfriendsandfamily.”Inthefirm’s2014study,Apple’siPadwentaheadofkidbrandssuchasMcDonald’s,Toys’R’Us,Nickelodeon,andDisney.KidsseetheiPadasthea-in-onedigitaltool,givingthemauniquesenseofindependence,theresearcherssay.TyreenotesthatiPad’smarchtothetophasbeendramatic.“Injustfiveyears,theiPadhasrisenfromranking109thtobeingkids’favoritebrand.Earlyon,itcapturedtheheartsoftweensandmiddleandupperclassfamilies,butiPadisnowanindispensablepartofchildhoodforthemasses.”O(jiān)nthestudyiPadwastopswithaweightedscoreof898outof1000.Disneycameat858,Google’sYouTube852,McDonald’s839,iPhone830andApple829.Digitalentertainmentoverallisseeinganincreaseamongkidsandfamilies,withbrandssuchasNetflix,Hulu,AmazonInstantVideo,Android,andSamsungpostingnoteworthyincreasesinthestudy,ameasureofKid’sawareness,popularity,andloveforabrand.AlongwithiPad,thesedevicesandservicesprovideentertainmentthatis“alwayson”.Offeringseeminglyendlessoptions,tabletsanddigitalcontentprovidersaremeetingcontemporarykid’sneeds—withfunandconnectivitynevermorethanatapaway.9．Whatisthe“tablettakeover”movementaccordingtothepassage?A．InthemovementeveryoneownsaniPad.B．ItreferstotheshiftfromwatchingTVtogethertousinganiPadseparately.C．Inthemovementpeoplebecomemoreindependentinentertainment.D．InthemovementpeoplereceivemoreinformationfromaniPadthanfromTV.10．WhatmakesaniPadappealingtothekids?A．AniPadhelpsthekidsbuildupstrongerrelationshipswiththeirparents.B．AniPadcandevelopthekids’readingskills.C．WithaniPad,thekidscanbecomeabetterlearner.D．TheycanwatchTVshowsusinganiPad.11．WhatisthecorrectrankingaccordingtoscoresfromthestudyofSmartyPants?A．Disney—YouTube—Apple—iPhone—iPad—McDonald’s.B．iPad—Disney—YouTube—McDonald’s—iPhone—Apple.C．iPhone—Disney—iPad—McDonald—YouTube—Apple.D．iPad—Apple—iPhone—McDonald’s—Disney—YouTube.12．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A．Apple’siPadcandevelopthekids’creativity.B．Tabletanddigitalproviderscannevermeetthekids’needs.C．AniPadcanprovidethekidswithmostentertainment.D．AniPad’sfunandconnectiontotheInternetattractsthekidsmost.Passage4（2021·江西上饒市·高三二模）Fairytalesfocusoncreatingafantasyworldtothereaderencouragingimaginationandteachingproblem-solvingskills.Itisequallyimportantthattheyprovideinfluentialmorallessons,highlightingthedangersoffailingtofollowthesocialcodesthatlethumanbeingscoexistinharmony.Suchmorallessonsmaynotmeanmuchtoarobot,butateamofresearchersatGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologybelievesithasfoundawaytousethefairytalesasmorallessonsthatAI(artificialintelligence)cantaketoitscoldandmechanicalheart.Thecollectedstoriesofdifferentculturesteachchildrenhowtobehaveinsociallyacceptablewayswithexamplesofproperandimproperbehaviorinfairytales,novelsandotherliterature.Webelievestorycomprehensioninrobotscaneliminatetheimmoralbehaviorofthetheintelligentrobots,whichwaspredictedandfearedbysomeofthebiggestnamesintechnologyincludingStephenHawkingandBillGates.Thissystemiscalled“Quixote”(堂吉訶德).ItcollectsstoryplotsfromtheInternetandthenusesthosestoriestoteachrobotshowtobehave.Theexperimentdonebythedesignersinvolvesgoingtoadrugstoretopurchasesomemedicineforahumanwhoneedstogetitassoonaspossible.Therobothasthreeoptions.Itcanwaitinline;itcaninteractwiththestorekeeperpolitelyandpurchasethemedicinewithpriority;oritcanstealthemedicineandescape.Withoutanyfurtherdirectives(指令),therobotwillcometotheconclusionthatthemostefficientmeansofobtainingthemedicineistostealit.ButQuixoteoffersarewardforwaitinginlineandpolitelypurchasingthemedicineandapunishmentforstealingit.Inthisway,therobotwilllearnthemoralwaytobehaveonthatoccasion.Quixotewouldrunbestonarobotthathasaverylimitedfunction.It’sababystepinthedirectionofteachingmoremorallessonsintorobots.WebelievethatAIhastobetrainedtoadoptthevaluesofaparticularsociety,andindoingso,itwillstrivetoavoidunacceptablebehavior.Givingrobotstheabilitytoreadandunderstandourstoriesmaybethemostefficientmeans.13．Whatistherobotreallyexpectedtodointheexperiment?A．Topurchasesomemedicineforahuman.B．Tofinishthetaskasefficientlyaspossible.C．Toperforminasociallyacceptableway.D．Toperformunderthedesigner’sinstructions.14．Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?A．Praise.B．Promote.C．Rid.D．Strengthen.15．Whichofthefollowinginformationcanweget?A．Quixotehasalreadybeenwidelyusedinrobots.B．Robotswillbedefinitelydesignedwithlimitedfunction.C．Thedevelopmentofrobotsisstillinababystep.D．Robotsarenecessarilytobetrainedtofollowsocialcodes.16．What’sthetextmainlyabout?A．Usingstoriestoteachmoraltorobots.C．Preventingrobotsfrombehavingbadly.B．Speedingupthedevelopmentofrobots.D．Trainingrobotstoreadfairytales.Passage5（2021·遼寧撫順市·高三一模）AroadsidesystemthatdetectsifamobilephoneisinuseinapassingvehicleisbeingtestedintheUKfirst.Despitebeingunabletotellwhetherthedriverisusingthephone,itishopedthatitwillactasawarningtopeoplewhomakecallsbehindthewheel.Thetechnologypicksupthephonesignalinthevehicleandactivatesaroadsidewarningsignofamobilephonewitharedlinethroughit.Thesystemcannottellthedifferencebetweenadriverandapassengeronabus,buttosomedegreeitcanwarndriversthattheycanbedetectedusingtheirphones.Usingadirectionalantenna(天線)，thedetectorpicksupradiowavesproducedbyaphonehandset,andmeasuresthesignalstrengthandlengthofthem.Whenasignalisdetectedofduration(持續(xù)時間)longenoughandsignalstrengthstrongenoughtosetoffthesystem,thedetectoractivatesthewarningsign.ThedetectorisabletodistinguishBluetoothconnectionsorhands-freedeviceswhich,whenpickedup,willpreventtheactivation.Whilethisnewsystemisnoreplacementforapoliceofficercatchingsomeoneintheact,itcouldbeenoughtomakesomedriversthinktwice-andthathastobeapositivestepforward.However,justastechnologyhasenabledtheproblemofdriversusingmobilephonesillegally,itcanalsobeabigpartofthesolutioningettingpeopletostop.StatisticsfromthedeviceswillbesharedwithNorfolkPolice,thecountycouncilsaid.Thecouncilsaidthatenablingthesystemtorecordspecificnumberplatescouldbea"futuredevelopment".Usingamobilephoneatthewheelisoneofthefourroadcrimeswhichcanhavehorribleconsequencesifitcausesadeadlyorseriouscarcrash.Lawenforcement(執(zhí)行)technologyhasbeenfallingbehindforadecadeandnotmadeanyeasierbymotorproducersthatencourageuserstoplugintheirphonesevenbeforedriving.17．WhyistheroadsidesystemusedaccordingtoParagraph1?A．Tosendoutcellphonesignalstodrivers.B．Todetectdrivers'illegaluseofcellphone.C．Tomonitorpeople'suseofphoneswhiledriving.D．Towarmpeopleagainstusingponeswhiledriving.18．Howdoesthedetectoroftheroadsidesystemwork?A．Itmeasuresthelengthofthephone.C．Itpicksupradiowavesfromhandsets.B．Itwarnsdriverswithaphoneinhand.D．Itactivatesthevehicle'sBluetoothsystem.19．Whatdoesthetextsuggestdriversdowiththeroadwarningsign?A．SwifttoBluetoothwhiledriving.C．Avoidbeingpickedupbydetectors.B．Haveaclosewatchofroadsigns.D．Stopusingahands-freemobilephone.20．Whatwillthecountycouncilprobablydointhefuture?A．Sharethedeviceswiththepolice.B．Makethesystemmoreadvanced.D．Takestepstosettleroadsafetyproblems.C．Replacethepolicewiththenewsystem.Passage6（2021·北京門頭溝區(qū)·高三一模）Ourelectronicdevicestodaystoreanawfullotofpersonalinformation.Weusethedevicestoreadandsende-mails,checkbankbalances,andevenpayourbillsovertheinternet.Wewanttobeassuredthatifourdevicesarestolen.ourpersonalinformationstoredinsidethemwillremainsafefromthethiefwhophysicallypossessesthedevice.Todealwiththisproblem.ApplehascomeoutwithanewiPhonethatusesbiometric(生物識別的)informationtolockitselfup.Thephonehasafingerprintscannerthatwilllockorunlockthephone.Yourfingerprintbecomesthekey,andthismakesitnearlyimpossibleforotherstouseyourphonewithoutyourimmediatepermission-ordoesit?Atfirstlook,onewouldthinkthatthistypeofsecuritywouldbewelcomeinthehigh-techcommunitywhereprivacyisvalued.Instead,somepeopleareevenmoreworriedabouttheirprivacy.Accordingtorevealeddocuments,theUSNationalSecurityAgencyisabletoslipintosmartphones,whiletheagencycanalsolegallyforcecompaniestoturnovercustomers'personalinformation.Ifthisistrue,thefingerprintscanneronyoursmartphonemightbecomeatoolfortheauthoritiestocollectyourfingerprintdata.Anotherproblemwithusingbiometricstosecuredevicesisthatpeopledon'tknowhowsecurethesystemsactuallyare.Germany'sChaosComputerClubclaimedtohaveslippedintoabiometricallysecurediPhonewithindaysofthedevice'sreleasetothepublic.Ifthisisthecase,peoplewhoareusingthistypeofsecurityaremuchmorevulnerablethantheyareledtobelieve.Althoughmostsecuritysystemsarehackedbysomeoneeventually,thespeedatwhichbiometricsecuritywashackedwasveryupsettosome.Regardlessofhowadeviceissecured,thedebateisstillattributestothetrade-offbetweenprivacyandsecurity.Governmentssometimesneedtolookatlargeamountsofinformationinordertodefeatterroristsecretplans,andnecessarily,someofthedatacomefromyouandme.WhenweuseiPhonesandotherdevices,welosetheabilitytosafeguardinformationthatwewouldratherkeepprivate,andweareforcedtoputtrustinothers.Itwillalwaysbedifficulttostrikeabalancebetweenprivacyandsecuritywithgrowingchangingtechnology.Nevertheless,onethingiscrystalclear:weallhavetosacrificesomeofourprivacyinordertohavesecurityforthepublic.21．Whydopeoplewanttobeassuredthattheirelectronicdeviceswon’tbestolen?A．Becausepeopledependtoomuchonit.B．Becauseelectronicdevicesarenecessaryintheworkplace.C．Becauseelectronicdevicesaregettingmoreandmoreexpensive.D．Becausethereistoomuchpersonalinformationintheirelectronicdevices.22．TheexampleoftheUSNationalSecurityAgencyaimstotellus_____A．Thebiometricdevicesarefullysafe.B．Companieskeepusers’personalinformationsafe.C．Thebiometricdeviceswillbethepopularwaytoensureourprivacy.D．Theauthoritiesmaydrivecompaniestoturninusers’fingerprintdata.23．TheunderlinewordinParagraph4means_____A．stable.B．insecure.C．reliable.D．difficult.24．Fromthelastparagraphwecanlearnthat____A．thegovernmentwilleventuallyknoweverythingaboutus.B．Itisimpossibletoknowwhocanbetrustedinthistechnologicalworld.C．Itisnecessarytogiveupacertainamountofprivacyforthesakeofsecurity.D．Veryfewpeoplearewillingtousefingerprintsecurityontheirnewphones.Passage7（2021·安徽合肥市·高三二模）ScientistshaveanunlikelynewhelperwhileexploringtheEarth’scrust(地殼)deepbeneaththeocean:Finwhales.Newresearch,publishedThursdayinScience,findstheseFinwhalecalls‘soundwavescanhelpcreateimagesoftheseafloordownto2.5kilometers.Seafloorimaging,whichisimportantforstudyingthingslikeearthquakemechanicsandcarbonstoragecapacity,typicallyuseslargeairgunsthatsendwavesofsounddownwards.Thesoundwavesgothroughthecrustandbouncebacktoinstrumentsontheseafloor,carryinginformationaboutthestructurestheytravelthrough.Butsuchsurveysareexpensive,andtheguns’explosivenoisemayinterruptseac