空間分析概念框架管理演示文稿

空間分析概念框架管理演示文稿現(xiàn)在是1頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二（優(yōu)選）空間分析概念框架管理現(xiàn)在是2頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二現(xiàn)在是3頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Placeeg.A:1118W25THST,LosAngeles,90007B:LosAngelesConventionCenterThebasisofrigorousandprecisedefinitionofplaceisacoordinatesystem:latitude/longitudeeg.A:(34.033572,-118.284656)B:(34.043219,-118.269850)現(xiàn)在是4頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Attributes:

Adataitemassociatedwithanindividualobject(record)inaspatialdatabase

Explicitattributes:elevation;nameImplicitattributes:polylinelength,polygoncentroid.現(xiàn)在是5頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Example現(xiàn)在是6頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Example現(xiàn)在是7頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二ObjectsPointsaspairsofcoordinates,inlatitude/longitudeorsomeotherstandardsystemLinesasorderedsequencesofpointsconnectedbystraightlinesAreasorvolumesasorderedringsofpoints,alsoconnectedbystraightlinestoformpolygons.現(xiàn)在是8頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二HowtodefinethedistancebetweenLAandLV???現(xiàn)在是9頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Fieldsdenotesaquantitythatcanbetheoreticallyassignedtoanypointofspace.TwowaysofthinkingaboutattributesontheEarth’ssurface:

Continuousfields(sometimesdiscontinuousfield)

Discreteobjects

現(xiàn)在是10頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Discreteobjects現(xiàn)在是11頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二ContinuousfieldsElevationsurfaceContinuousfieldsSurface

Contours

Contours

現(xiàn)在是12頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Topology:Apropertyissaidtobetopologicalifitsurvivesstretchinganddistortingofspace.

Dimensionality:thedistinctionbetweenpoint,line,area,andvolume,whicharesaidtohavetopologicaldimensionsof0,1,2,and3respectivelyAdjacency:includingthetouchingoflandparcels,counties,andnation-statesConnectivity:includingjunctionsbetweenstreets,roads,railroads,andriversContainment:whenapointliesinsideratherthanoutsideanarea現(xiàn)在是13頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二ExampleRemainincontacthowevermuchstretchingisapplied!Twocontourscannotcross!(待續(xù)）現(xiàn)在是14頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二

GeographicInformationSystem4.1BasicPrimitives4.2SpatialRelationships4.3SpatialStatistics現(xiàn)在是15頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二4.2SpatialRelationshipsNeighborhood:refertothesetofzonesorcellsthatareimmediatelyadjacenttoaselectedzoneorcell‘Moore’neighborhoodor‘Queen’smove’neighborhood‘vonNeumann’or‘Rook’smove’neighborhood(待續(xù)）現(xiàn)在是16頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二1.2SpatialRelationshipsExtensiontoNeighborhoodNaturalNeighborhoodPrecinctNeighborhoodPollutionNeighborhood現(xiàn)在是17頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二4.2SpatialRelationshipsDistance,direction(待續(xù)）Proximity(spatialweightsmatrices)

:Asparse

matrixexpressingtherelativeconnectionofpairsofplaces,oftendenotedbyW,including:1iftheplacesshareacommonboundary,else0thelengthofanycommonboundarybetweentheplaces,else0adecreasingfunctionofthedistancebetweentheplaces,orbetweentheirrepresentativepoints,ortheirkthnearestneighbors現(xiàn)在是18頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二Example現(xiàn)在是19頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialheterogeneity:thevariabilityofobject’sattributesinspace,estimatedbyvarianceLowvarianceHighvariance(待續(xù)）現(xiàn)在是20頁\一共有21頁\編輯于星期二4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialdependence:object’sattributesatnearbypointsarenotsampledindependentlyandrandomly,butinsteadshowremarkablelevelsofinterdepende