2010年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題及答案

2010年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext。Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B]，[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924American'NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone—partsfactorycalledtheHawthorePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop—floorlignting__1__workersproductivity。Instead，thestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe_4behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant。Accordingto__5 oftheexperments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased，butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6 whatwasdoneintheexperiment；___7_somethingwaschanged，productivityrose.A(n)___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe 9___toalterworkers’behavior 10 itself。Afterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshaveanothersurpriseinstore：_12__thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofreproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatparticularwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto__14__interpretationofwhathapped。__15___,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday，output__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays。__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday。Workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekingweekinanycase，before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff。Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect“ishardtopindown。[A]affected[B]achieved [C]extracted[D]restored[A]at [B]up [C]with[D]off[A]truth[B]sight [C]act[D]proof[A]controversial [B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts [D]assessments[A]conclude[B]matter [C]indicate [D]work[A]asfaras [B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongso[A]awareness [B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion[A]suitable[B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundant[A]about [B]for[C] on [D]by[A]compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D]conveyed[A]contraryto [B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]pealliarto[A]evidence[B]guidance [C]implication[D]source[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual[A]duly[B]accidentally [C]unpredictably[D]suddenly[A]failed [B]ceased[C]started[D]continued20。[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts。Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B]，[C]or[D]。MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1。 (40points)Text1Text2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one—click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness—methodpatents，whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago。Inamovethathasintellectual—propertylawyersabuzztheU.S。courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown，is“averybigdeal”，saysDennis’D。CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw。It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents。"Curbsonbusiness—methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face，becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase，approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual—fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions。Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles，ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch。In2005，IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly，someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts， evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice。TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket。TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree，andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateisweatheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnurrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patienttrendatthesupremecourt",saysHaroleC.wegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26。Business—methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinesstheirconnectionwithassetallocationthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingthecontroversyoverauthorizationWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase？ItsrullingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S。Theword“about-face"(Line1，Paro3)mostprobablymeans[A]lossofgoodwillincreaseofhostilitychangeofattitudeenhancementofdisnityWelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness—methodpatents[A]areimmunetolegalchallengesareoftenunnecessarilyissuedlowertheesteemforpatentholdersincreasetheincidenceofrisksWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext？Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness—methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPoint，MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell—connected。Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread。Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”：InformationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoereryoneelseoMarketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem。Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhaterveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends。Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposedoInfact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobserratingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers。Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo—step—flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinflucencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectlyoForasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninflucencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon；andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecasecadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencetobe。31。BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials。32oTheauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33。whattheresarchershaveobservedrecentyshowsthatthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsinterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediainfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicmostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention34。Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswhostayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluncehavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinflunenceareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35。whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse：theaccountingstandard—setters。Theirrules，moanthebanks，haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses，andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay，notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch。Unfortunately，banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking。Thedetailsmaybeunknowable，buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised。And，unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers，revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult。AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress，America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard（FASB）rushedthroughrulechanges。Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement。BobHerz，theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives。"Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement?！盓uropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard（IASB）dolikewise。TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning，butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong。CharlieMcCreevy，aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules。Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets。Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses，becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets，notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears。Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue，suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains。Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith。America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive。Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard—setters。TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat，cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions，forexample,againsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions。36。Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets。37。Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem[C]thebanks’long—termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence38。AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences。[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.[C]actontheirowninrule—setting.[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform。39。Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.40。Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard—settersisoneof[A]satisfaction。[B]skepticism。[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPartBDirections：ForQuestions41-45，choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced。Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext。MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1。(10points)[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout；theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005。Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent。Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge，peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill，leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce，withlimitedsuccess，andexpansionabroad。Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard：thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade，whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed。[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket？Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers。Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,tatherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate，thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever—growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsummerpatternwilltakehold.[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby。Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole。Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories。BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwhloesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors。Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo。[E]Despitevariationsindetail，wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany，Italy，andSpain—aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks。Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn—and—popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains，aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers，andfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”：hotels，restaurants,andcafes。Overall，Europe'sretailwholesalemarket， butthefigures，whenaddedtogether，masktwoopposingtrends.[F]Forexample，wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo＄268billioninFrance,Germany，Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales。Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail；wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand，forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.41T42T43T44_E_45PartCDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese。YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2。 (10points)Omunityhavenoeconomicvalue。Yettheseereaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand，ifitsstabilitydependsonitsinteyrity，theyareentitledtocontinuance。Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit。Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance。Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirasweresupposedtobedisappearing。(46)Scinentistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevideucehadtobecomicinordertobevalid。Itispamfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday。Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinuesurvivalasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous。Apanallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymamalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheyDreyonlyon“worthlessSDecies”。Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly.orhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,theNon—commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason。Tosumup：asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided。(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning。Withouttheuneconomicpats.SectionIIIWritingPartA51。Directions:Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelativeoYoushouldwriteabout100wordsoDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteroUse“postgraduateassociation"insteadoPartBDirections:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay, youshoulddescribethedrawingbriefly,explainitsintendedmeaning,andthengiveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)文化‘火情，比美味又營(yíng)舞

2010年考研英語(yǔ)一真題參考答案詳解UseofEnglishA2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C10.DC12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19.B20.DReadingComprehensionPartA21.B22.A23,C24。A25.B26。C27.D28。C29。B30。D31。B32。D33,A34。C35。C36。A37。A38,C39。C40。DPartB41.B42.F43。D44,G45.APartCTranslation46?？茖W(xué)家們趕緊拿出某些明顯站不住腳的證據(jù)前來救駕，大致說的是如果鳥兒不能控制害蟲的話，害蟲就會(huì)把我們吃掉。47。但是我們至少已經(jīng)幾乎承認(rèn)了這樣一種觀點(diǎn):那就是鳥兒的生存是它們的固有權(quán)利，不管它對(duì)我們是否有經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。48。曾幾何時(shí)，生物學(xué)家總是重述以下的這條證據(jù)：這些生物是為了維持食物鏈的正常運(yùn)行去捕食弱小的生物或“沒有價(jià)值的物種”.49。在生態(tài)林業(yè)較為先進(jìn)的歐洲，沒有成為商業(yè)化對(duì)象的樹種被視為原始森林群落的成員適當(dāng)?shù)丶右员Ｗo(hù).50。他容易忽視并最終消滅很多缺乏商業(yè)價(jià)值的物種，然而這些物種對(duì)于整個(gè)生物群落的健康運(yùn)行是至關(guān)重要的.SectionIIIWriting.小作文以研究生會(huì)的名義寫一封通知，通知的內(nèi)容是為全球一體化的國(guó)際會(huì)議招募志愿者，這個(gè)通知必須包括申請(qǐng)者的基本職位要求及你認(rèn)為相關(guān)的其他信息。寫100個(gè)字左右，不要在通知末尾寫你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates'Association”代替。參考范文一：NoticeVolunteersfortheInternationalConferenceofGlobalIntegrationarewanted.AnyonewhoisingoodcommandofEnglishandexperiencedincross-culturalcommunicationareexpectedto

takepartinthisactivity。Themajortaskforthispositionareasfollows：tobeginwith,topropagandathethemeofglobalizationtopeopleallovertheworld；inaddition,toprovideE-Cinterpretationservicetothoserepresentativesoftheinternationalconference,aimingatfacilitatingtheprocessofthemeeting;atlast,youshouldbestrictlyavailableaccordingtothetimescheduleoftheconferenceoThosewhoareinterestedinthispostarecordiallywelcome!Postgraduates'Association參考范文二：NoticeTwentyvolunteersfortheInternationalConferenceofGlobalIntegrationarewantedamongthestudentsinourschool.Thepositionsrecruitedincludereceptionist, conferenceguider,transportationguiderandEnglishinterpreter.ThevolunteersarerequestedtospeakfluentEnglishandareexpectedtobeactive,open—mindedandconscientiousoTheConferencefallsonSeptember23atChinaInstituteofInternationalStudies,andallthevolunteerswillbetrainedfor5