工程項目管理與設(shè)計安全要點注意事項與施工必讀

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Environmentaleffectsofoilandgasleasesitesinagrasslandecosystem

EnvironmentalManagement

ThenorthernGreatPlainsofSaskatchewanisoneofthemostsignificantlymodifiedlandscapesinCanada.WhilethemajorityofanthropogenicdisturbancestoSaskatchewan’sgrasslandsaretheresultofagriculturalpractices,developmentofpetroleumandnaturalgas(PNG)resourcesisofincreasingconcernforgrasslandconservation.AlthoughPNGdevelopmentsrequireformalassessmentandregulatoryapproval,follow-upandmonitoringoftheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandsisnotcommonpractice.Consequently,theeffectsofPNGactivityongrasslandsandthespatialandtemporalextentofsuchimpactsarelargelyunknown.ThispaperexaminesthespatialandtemporalextentofPNGdevelopmentinfrastructurefrom1955to2006inagrasslandecosysteminsouthwestSaskatchewan.TheeffectsofPNGdevelopmentongrasslandecologywereassessedfrommeasurementsofgroundcovercharacteristics,soilproperties,andplantcommunitycompositionat31sitesinthestudyarea.PNGleasesiteswerefoundtohavelowcoverofherbaceousplants,clubmoss(Lycopodiaceae),litter,andshalloworganic(Ah)horizons.Leasesiteswerealsocharacterizedbylowdiversityofdesirablegrasslandplantsandlowrangehealthvaluescomparedtooff-leasereferencesites.Theseimpactswereamplifiedatactiveandhighlyproductiveleasesites.ImpactsofPNGdevelopmentpersistedformorethan50yearsfollowingwellsiteconstruction,andextendedoutward20

m–25

mbeyondthedirectphysicalfootprintofPNGwellinfrastructure.Theseresultshavesignificantimplicationswithregardtothecurrentstateofmonitoringandfollow-upofPNGdevelopment,andthecumulativeeffectiveofPNGactivityongrasslandecosystemsoverspaceandtime.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methods

2.1.Studyarea

2.2.Wellticketandaerialphotodata

2.3.Fielddatacollection

2.4.Analysisofenvironmentaleffects

3.Results

3.1.PNGdevelopmentinthestudyarea

3.2.PhysicalfootprintofPNGsiteinfrastructure

3.3.Impactstogroundcoverandsoil

3.4.Impactstograsslandplants

3.5.Impactstorangehealth

3.6.Influenceofdrilldateandseason

3.7.Spatialextentofimpacts

3.8.CumulativeextentofPNGimpacts

4.Discussion

5.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

EasternCanadiancrudeoilsupplyanditsimplicationsforregionalenergysecurity

EnergyPolicy

Canadahasbeenblessedwithimmenseenergyresources;however,theirdistributionisnotuniform.Onesuchexampleiscrudeoil,whichisfoundprimarilyinwesternCanada.EasternCanada,consistingofthesixeastern-mostprovinces(NewfoundlandandLabrador,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,Ontario,PrinceEdwardIsland,andQuebec),producelimitedquantitiesofcrudeoil,mostofwhichisexportedtotheUnitedStates.Ideally,westernCanadiancrudeoilwouldmeetthedemandsofeasternCanada;however,theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)andtheabsenceofoilpipelinesmeansthateasternCanadaincreasinglyreliesonsuppliesofcrudeoilfromasmallnumberofoilexportingcountries,manywithdecliningproduction.

Thispaperexaminescrudeoilproduction,supply,anditsrefiningineasternCanada.ItshowsthatcrudeproductionintheregionhasreacheditspeakandthatincreasingglobalcompetitionforcrudeoilwillaffectenergysecurityineasternCanada,eitherthroughpriceincreasesorsupplyshortages,orboth.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Crudesupply

2.1.Transportingcrude

2.2.Refineries

2.3.WesternCanadiancrude

2.4.EasternCanadiancrude

2.5.Importedcrude

3.Refinedpetroleumproducts

4.Refinedproductdemand

5.Discussion

6.Concludingremarks

Acknowledgements

Worldenergyanalysis:H2noworlater?

EnergyPolicy

Thisisastudyofworldenergyresourcesustainabilitywithinthecontextofresourcepeakproductiondates,advancedenergyusetechnologiesinthetransportationandelectricitygenerationenergyusesectors,andalternativefuelproductionincludinghydrogen.Thefindingcausingthemostconcernistheprojectionofapeakinglobalconventionaloilproductionbetweennowand2023.Inaddition,thefindingsindicatethatthepeakproductiondatefornaturalgas,coal,anduraniumcouldoccurby2050.Thecentralquestioniswhetheroilproductionfromnon-conventionaloilresourcescanbeincreasedatafastenoughratetooffsetdeclinesinconventionaloilproduction.Thedevelopmentofnon-conventionaloilproductionraisesconcernsaboutincreasedenergyuse,greenhousegasemissions,andwaterissues.Duetotheemergingfossilfuelresourceconstraintsincomingdecades,thisstudyconcludesthatitisprudenttobeginthedevelopmentofhydrogenproductionanddistributionsystemsinthenear-term.Thehydrogengasistobeinitiallyusedbyfuelcellvehicles,whichwilleliminatetailpipegreenhousegasemissions.WithaloweringofH2productioncoststhroughtheamortizationofsystemcomponents,H2canbeaneconomicfuelsourceforelectricitygenerationpost-2040.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methodsanddata

2.1.Methods

2.2.Data

3.Findings

3.1.Energyresourcepeakproductiondates

3.2.Theeffectsofenergypathsonoilsupply/demandbalances

3.3.Sensitivityanalysisforpeakproductionestimates

4.Discussionoffindings

4.1.Evaluationofpeakproductiondateestimates

4.2.Issuesrelatedtotheproductionofsynfuelsfromnon-conventionaloilresources

4.3.H2productionanddistributionsystems

5.Conclusions

References

Energyefficiencyinsocialhousing:OpportunitiesandbarriersfromacasestudyinBrazil

EnergyPolicy

ThispaperinvestigatestheenergyefficiencyinasegmentofthebuildingsectorinemergingcountriesbyanalyzingandevaluatingtheenergyefficiencyofasocialhousingprojectinBrazil.Energyefficiencymeasuresandbioclimaticdesignstrategiesaredevelopedinordertoimprovethermalcomfortinthissocialhousingprojectandtoreducetheenergyconsumptionandexpensesoftheirresidents.Theinstitutionalbarriersandconstraintstowardhigherefficiencyaredescribed.TheresultsofthisstudyshowthatthereisahighpotentialtoincreaseenergyefficiencyinsocialhousinginemergingcountrieslikeBrazil.Theimplementationandconsiderationoftheenergyefficiencymeasuresandpolicyrecommendationswouldcontributesubstantiallytothegoaltodampenthefastgrowthofenergydemandinthesecountries.Moreovertheimprovementofenergyefficiencyinthesocialhousingsectorcouldbeadriverformarkettransformationtowardsmoresustainabilityinthewholebuildingsector.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methodology

3.SituationofsocialhousinginBrazil

3.1.Thehousingdeficit

3.2.Federalhousingpolicy

3.3.SocialhousinginRiodeJaneiro

4.EnergyefficiencyinBrazil

4.1.Energyefficiencypolicy

4.2.Brazilianbuildingstandardsandcodesrelatedtoenergyefficiency

4.3.Barrierstoenergyefficiencyinsocialhousing

.Investmentandlifecyclecost

.Awarenessandcapacity

.Policyandstandardization

.Fragmentationofbuildingsector

5.Mangueirasocialhousingproject

5.1.Projectcontext

5.2.Assessmentmatrixforenergyefficiencyanalysis

5.3.Energyefficiencyanalysis

6.Recommendationsandimplementation

6.1.Projectdesignrecommendations

.Designguidelines

.Economicevaluationandaffordability

6.2.Constraintsandopportunitiesofenergyefficiency

6.3.Institutionalframeworkrecommendations

7.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Researchhighlights

?ThereisahighpotentialtoincreaseenergyefficiencyinsocialhousinginBrazil.?Energy-efficientsocialhousingwouldcontributesubstantiallytodampenthefastgrowthofenergyconsumptioninemergingcountrieslikeBrazil.?Implementationofenergyefficiencywouldimprovetheincomesituationofthepooreststrataofthepopulation.

Fuzzyrule-basedmodellingforhumanhealthriskfromnaturallyoccurringradioactivematerialsinproducedwater

EnvironmentalRadioactivity

Producedwater,dischargedfromoffshoreoilandgasoperations,containschemicalsfromformationwater,condensedwater,andanychemicaladdeddownholeorduringtheoil/waterseparationprocess.Although,mostofthecontaminantsfallbelowthedetectionlimitswithinashortdistancefromthedischargeport,afewoftheremainingcontaminantsincludingnaturallyoccurringradioactivematerials(NORM)areofconcernduetotheirbioavailabilityinthemediaandbioaccumulationcharacteristicsinfinfishandshellfishspeciesusedforhumanconsumption.Inthepast,severalinitiativeshavebeentakentomodelhumanhealthriskfromNORMinproducedwater.Theparametersoftheavailableriskassessmentmodelsareimpreciseandsparseinnature.Inthisstudy,afuzzypossibilisticevaluationusingfuzzyrulebasedmodelinghasbeenpresented.Beingconservativeinnature,thepossibilisticapproachconsiderspossibleinputparametervalues;thusprovidesbetterenvironmentalpredictionthantheMonteCarlo(MC)calculation.Theuncertaintiesoftheinputparameterswerecapturedwithfuzzytriangularmembershipfunctions(TFNs).Fuzzyif-thenruleswereappliedforinputconcentrationsoftwoisotopesofradium,namely226Ra,and228Ra,availableinproducedwaterandbulkdilutiontoevaluatetheradiumconcentrationinfishtissueusedforhumanconsumption.Thebulkdilutionwaspredictedusingfourinputparameters:producedwaterdischargerate,ambientseawatervelocity,depthofdischargeportanddensitygradient.Theevaluatedcancerriskshowscompliancewiththeregulatoryguidelines;thusminimumrisktohumanhealthisexpectedfromNORMcomponentsinproducedwater.

ArticleOutline

1.

Introduction

2.

Fuzzyrule-basedmodelling

2.1.

Fuzzysettheory

2.2.

Fuzzyrule

2.3.

Predictingbulkdilution

2.4.

Modellinghumanhealthrisk

3.

Possibilisticevaluation

4.

Resultsanddiscussions

5.

Conclusions

Analysisofthereactivitycoefficientsoftheadvancedhigh-temperaturereactorforplutoniumanduraniumfuels

AnnalsofNuclearEnergy

Theconceptualdesignoftheadvancedhigh-temperaturereactor(AHTR)hasrecentlybeenproposedbytheOakRidgeNationalLaboratory,withtheintentiontoprovideandalternativeenergysourceforveryhightemperatureapplications.Inthepresentstudy,wefocusedontheanalysesofthereactivitycoefficientsoftheAHTRcorefueledwithtwotypesoffuel:enricheduraniumandplutoniumfromthereprocessingoflightwaterreactorsirradiatedfuel.Moreprecisely,weinvestigatedtheinfluenceoftheoutergraphitereflectorsonthemultiplicationfactorofthecore,thefuelandmoderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficientsandthevoidreactivitycoefficientforfivedifferentmoltensalts:NaF,BeF2,LiF,ZrF4andLi2BeF4eutectic.Inordertobetterillustratethebehaviorofthepreviousparametersfordifferentcoreconfigurations,weevaluatedthemoderatingratioofthemoltensaltsandtheabsorptionrateofthekeyfuelnuclides,which,ofcourse,aredrivenbytheneutronspectrum.Theresultsshowthatthefuelandmoderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficientsarealwaysnegative,whereasthevoidreactivitycoefficientcanbesetnegativeprovidedthatthefueltomoderatorratioisoptimized(thecoreisundermoderated)andthemoderatingratioofthecoolantislarge.

ArticleOutline

1.

Introduction

2.

Geometrydescription

3.

Coolantsandfuelsdescription

4.

Results

4.1.

Excessofreactivityanddelayedneutronfraction

4.2.

Reflectorthickness

4.3.

Neutronspectra

4.4.

Voidreactivitycoefficient

.

Configuration1–Pucoreundermoderated,Ucoreovermoderated

.

Configuration2–Pucorelocallyovermoderated,Ucoreundermoderated

4.5.

Moderatortemperaturereactivitycoefficient

4.6.

FuelTemperatureReactivityCoefficient

5.

Conclusions

SmallFirmGrowthinDevelopingCountries

WorldDevelopment

Althoughthevastmajorityofsmallfirmsindevelopingcountriesneverexpandbeyondafewemployees,someexperiencerapidandsubstantialgrowth.Thisstudyexploresfactorsassociatedwithsmallfirmgrowth.Wediscusskeyfindingsforfourtypesoffactors:(1)individualentrepreneurcharacteristics;(2)firmcharacteristics;(3)relationalfactors(suchassocialnetworksorvaluechains);and(4)contextualfactors(suchasthebusinessenvironment).Weconcludebysuggestingimplicationsfordevelopmentpractitioners.

ArticleOutline

1.

Introduction

2.

Theroleofmicroandsmallenterprises

3.

Researchmethodology

4.

Individualentrepreneurcharacteristics

(a).

Education

(b).

Workexperience

(c).

Genderandhousehold

5.

Firmcharacteristics

(a).

Firmage

(b).

Formality(orInformality)

(c).

Accesstofinance

6.

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