2023年考研外語(yǔ)沖刺密卷15

考研外語(yǔ)沖刺密卷15一、UseofEnglish1>Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation(1)peoplestilldon'tquiteknowwhattodowith.Whenpeopledoread,Ithinkthey'11wanttofeeltheyarereadingliterature,or(2)somethingserious.(3)you'regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand(4)assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenre,butwithanunderlying(5)ofsentimentandvision.Translatorscanonly(6)fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically(7)bytheoverallworshipofthe〃globalvillage”.Muchofthiswillbeawfu1andsomewonderful,Generally,theNuclearRegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribenuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses.Butin2022,accordingtothecommittee5sletter,theOfficeofNavalReactors,partoftheEnergyDepartment,reachedanagreementwiththecommissionthatanycorrespondencewithNuclearFuelServiceswouldbemarked〃officialuseonly”.Whydidnomemberofthepublicrequestanyhearing?Becausethegeneralpublicoftenshownointerestinsuchmatters.Becausethehearingrightsofthepublicareadverselyaffected.Becausethepublichasstampedthedocuments"officialuseonly”.Becausethepublicarenotawareofthechangesinthefirstplace.ItcanbeinferredfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthatA.thepublichaveaccesstoMr.Jaczko'smemorandum.theagencynevertoldCongresswhichfactorywasinvolved.theNuclearFuelServicesisanon-profitablegovernmentcompany.documentsmarked〃OfficialUseOnly"axeaccessibletotheinformed.NRCiscriticizedbyCongressmemberschieflybecauselawmakersdrawtheconclusionthatNRChasillegaldocuments.theythinkNRCishidingmoreinformationthanitshouldbe.thepublichavetherightstoknowanypotentialhazards.theythinknuclearfacilitiesarenotamatterofnationalsecurity.Theword"innocuous”(lastsentence,paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningtoA.insensitive.B.confidential.C.innocent.D.harmfulWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?The2022incidenceoccurredbecauseofthecarelessnessofasupervisor.Yellowliquidsinagloveboxshouldalwaysbehandledwithheed.C.Highlyenricheduraniumcanbedilutedforcivilianuses.D.Atleastoneworkerhasbeenseriouslyaffectedinthe2022incidence.6、Thehistoryofmodernpollutionproblemsshowsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehaveanappallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstances,syntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotentcompoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritory,toexplore,andtodiscover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbefore,andthattheserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepast,riskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime.Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednorbrief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesandyearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiosphereforgenerations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodernpollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwithotherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmog,fallout,orchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonaturalprocesses.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytoenvironment.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesmaybestdescribethetoneofthistext?A.Unconcerned.Humorous.Serious.D.Exaggerated.Thetextismainlyabout.A.thenatureofscientificprogress.therelationshipbetweentheprogressofscienceandpollution.certainfactorsthatharmthecircumstance.theawarenessofourresponsibilitytoenvironment.Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethattheoriginofenvironmentalpollutionliesintheindifferencetotheconditionoftheenvironment.thelackoftheabilitytocontroltheprogressofscience.theinabilityofsciencetodealwithcertainhumanendeavors.theignoranceofthedisposalofpollutants.Asusedinthesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraph,thephrase〃indepth"meansA.fullyandthoroughly.B.distantlyandremotely.C.seriouslyandextent.D.stronglyandunpleasantly.Whatthepeoplereallyignoreinthedebateisthattheeffectsofthemodernpollutantsonthelivingorganisms.thepresentsituationisremarkedlydifferentfromthepast.thestressofprogressofsciencetotheneglectofenvironmentalprotection.theseriousconsequencefollowedbythedevelopmentofscience.11>Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldiers,whereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenleg,orlaunchedaseaworthyboat,orcalculatedthelengthoftheyear,ormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthem,somuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyare,buttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgood,butitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently一this,afterall,iswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone一isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskilling,andcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheotherside,andthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswornAndnotonlyhaswon,but,becauseithaswon,hasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistory,inwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets一while,thatistosay,wehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife一nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyet,andstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afterall,theraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolution,humanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeed,babies,infact,ofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheform,ofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyears,andtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonth,andduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearnin,buttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingmanscivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthours,wemayestimatehisfuture,thatistosay,thewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearth,ataboutonehundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlife,andasIsay,wemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusiness,abusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Thefirstsentenceoftheopeningparagraphindicatesthatmosthistorybookswerewrittenbyconquerors,generalsandsoldiers.noonewhoreallyhelpedcivilisationforwardismentionedinanyhistorybook.historybooksneglecttherealheroesbehindcivilisation.D.conquerors,generalsandsoldiersshouldnotbementionedinhistorybooks.Onallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworld,wefindA.thefigureofthesameconquerororgeneralorsoldier.thefigureofsomeconquerororgeneralorsoldier.afigurereprsentingthenumberofconquerors,generalsorsoldiersinthatcountry.D.thefigureofapersonwhohelpedcivilizationforward.Intheauthor'sopinion,thecountriesthatruledoveralargenumberofothercountriesarecertainlynotthegreatestinanyway.neitherthegreatestnorthemostcivilized.0°18possiblythemostcivilizedbutnotthegreatest.possiblythegreatestinsomesensebutnotthemostcivilized.Bysaying"fromthepointofviewofevolution,humanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeed'"(paragraph3),theauthormeansA.veryyoungchildrenarenotcivilised.B.evolutiondoesnothelpcivilizationforward.humanbeingsarestillatthebeginningoftheirlifeonearth.humanbeingshavelearntverylittleinaverylongtime.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastthreesentencesthatA.thosewhohavefoughtandbulliedcannotbeconsideredcivilized.thereisnothingwrongifcivilizedpeopledosomefightingandbullying.evencivilizedpeoplehavedonesomefightingandbullying.civilizedpeoplehaveneverdoneanyfightingandbullying.16>Platoasked〃Whatisman?”andStAugustineasked〃WhoamI?〃Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:〃Iamyou!〃Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforages,thegrowingfrequency(8)don'texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly(9)increatingcelebrity,thegreatestenemyofdiscrimination,butagoodpropforthe(10)consumer.Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter一aphenomenonthatwill(11)anewkindofprovincialism,morechronologicalthangeographic,(12)onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand(13)Universities,includingCambridge,willinclude(14)theirliteraturesyllabusnovels,writtenonlylastyear.(15)occasionalexhumationfortheNobel,theachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten.Inshort,youcan'tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa(16)sidetothis一theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen一publishersseekinglessto(17)celebritythroughextravagantadvertising,(18)andmagazines(19)spacetoreflectivepieces一arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing(耶穌復(fù)臨).Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwritersandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannually,anditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost$50billion,andtoconsumers$5billion,in2022,themostrecentyearthatAmerica'sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecent,bigprivacydisasters,peopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruary,ChoicePoint,alargedata-collectionagency,begansendingoutletterswarning145,000Americansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetails,includingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25th,BankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonoverImgovernmentemployees,includingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspected,allmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidents,stateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulations,includingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustry,thefirms一suchasChoicePoint,Acxiom,LexisNexisandWestlaw——arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.Forexample,ChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirms,landlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystate,withalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised一whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraud(albeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticed,andafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions).Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreover,lawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislation,thereisalwayslitigation.Already,ChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals'data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEurope,whereidentitytheftisalsoamenace,thoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirective,implementedin1998,givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformation,changeinaccuracies,anddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreover,itplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedata,notonindividuals.Whenthelawwasputinforce,Americanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsideringit.PlatoandSt.Augustinearementionedinthetexttoraisephilosophicalquestions.showanobviousroducethecriminals,pavethewayforthemaintopic.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrue?ChoicePointisanagencythatisresponsiblefortheinformationleakage.ChoicePointisanagencywhereSocialSecuritynumbersarekept.C.PersonalinformationismostunsafewithBankofAmerica.ThelossofdatatapesinBankofAmericaisacaseofidentitytheft.TherealreasonforChoicePoint'sfastexpansionisthatitcollectsandsellspersonalinformation.ithasacquirednearly60firmssince1997.C.theindustryislargelyunregulatedbythegovernment.D.theinformationitprovidesisusefultomany.19、ChoicePointrevealedthefraudbecauseitstoptwobosseswantedtoexercisestockoptions,itwasrequiredbylocallegislation.itwassuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuaVsdata.medicalcompaniesarealsoallowedtocollectdata.20、ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatidentitytheftisevenmoreseriousinEuropethaninAmerica.AmericanpolicymakersmightlearnfromthelawsinEurope.C.Americanpolicymakersaremoreconcernedwithindividualinterests.D.thecostofidentitytheftisusuallycoveredbycompaniesintheUS.21>PartB(10points)Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementinbothspeakingandwriting,followedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.Choosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistforeachnumberedsubheading.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenandspokenwords——onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceandpersonal,itismuchmoredirectthanwriting..Handandbodygestures,facialexpressions,andvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheform,ofsmiles,frowns,applause,catcalls,clenchedfists,andsoon.Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcan"shiftgears”andadapttochangingcircumstances.ThedifferencesbetweentalkingandwritingWriting,however,dependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoice,andifthereisanyfeedback,ittakestimetoreachthewriter.Whylongsentencescanbeusedinwriting?Effectivetalkingisaimedatpeople'smindsandheartsthroughtheirears,andearsprefershort,direct,conversationalsentences.Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingandwriting一clarity,accuracy,andappropriateness.Clarity.Iftheaudiencedoesn'tunderstandthemessageinstantly,thenthespeakerhas,tosomeextent,failed.Thus,everypossiblemeasuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectlycleartotheaudience.Accuracy.Asaconscientiousspeaker,youmustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmakeit.Appropriateness.Inadditiontobeingprecise,yourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubject,audience,andoccasion.Forinstance,aspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriter,ontheotherhand,hastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbracestoachievethat.Goodtalkingiswordy,repetitive,andfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeech,reproducedwordforwordonpaper,usuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgoodwriting.Throughoutyourtalk,wordsareyourprimemeansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnesstheprofoundpowerofwords,youshoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresources,youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpoints,litthosepointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepth,summarizethemattheendofyourtalk,andemphasizeanyconclusionshattheyleadto.Forexample,aspeakerwho'saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticalandpsychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametoken,sheshouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeheraudiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly.Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforthmisinformationoroutdatedinformation.Howmanytimeshaveyouseenastory,aname,animportantfact,orachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapers?Unfortunately,thedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedinprint.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoidedffsomeonehadtakenthet(42)(43)24、(44)25、(45)26>PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishweretobecometheuniversallanguage,itwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.(46)IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn，tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariantsusedbylocalpeoples.Wewillcontinuetoteachotherlanguagesinsomeform,andnotjustforreasonsofpracticality.Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyoutounderstandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducationwilldevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailabletostudentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieveit'snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguage,Ifearthattimedevotedtolanguageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.(47)Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoretaxingthan,say,learningtoplaychesswell——itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrules,andalsotocontext.Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferencetotheuseofforeignlanguages.(48)Computersmay,forinstance,alleviatethedrudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseenacomputertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthedifferentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.(49)Stillmoreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociationsbeyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchofthemeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant.Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo一inFrenchorGermanifyoumisstheculturalreferencesbehindawordyoureverylikelytobemissingthemeaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer.(50)AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld'spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon'tthinkforeignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportant,buttheymightbeperceivedtobe一andthatwouldintheendbeaverybadthing.(47)(48)(49)(50)參考答案：【一、UseofEnglish]1?5BCABD6?10ACACB11?20點(diǎn)擊下載查看答案【二、ReadingComprehension]1?5DABAC6?10CDCAB1「30點(diǎn)擊下載查看答案will(20)belookingfornewdepartures.whenthatwhichwhere2、⑵inparticularingeneralatleastD.bycontrast3、(3)SoYetOnceSince4、(4)fewermorelessmuch5、⑸varietymechanismmonotoneconformity6、(6)benefitderivedifferdeviate7、(7)contaminatedcontainedsustainedmaintained8、(8)butsoforas9、(9)dedicatedconcernedengagedpreoccupied10、(10)A.devotedB.confusedsensibleisolatedIK(11)A.leadtoB.pointtoC.cometoD.turnto(12)whichwherewhenwhat(13)admiredadmittedabdicatedadhered(14)A.atinonfor(15)A.GivenB.ConsideringC.BarringD.Concerning(16)A.negativeB.positiveC.paradoxicalD.controversial(17)A.preventB.exploreC.prohibitD.generate(18)NewspapersBooksC.MediaD.Periodicals(19)givesB.givingtogivegive(20)alwaysneverseldomhardly二、ReadingComprehension1>PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfornuclearreactorshadaspillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonthslastyearandbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2022seriousenoughfortheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannualreporttoCongress.Afteraninvestigation,thec