如何提高英語口語交際能力

PAGEPAGE18中國某某某某學校學生畢業(yè)設計(論文)題目：如何提高英語口語交際能力姓名：班級、學號：系(部)：經濟管理系專業(yè)：商務英語指導教師：開題時間：完成時間：目錄畢業(yè)設計任務書…………………1畢業(yè)設計成績評定表……………2答辯申請書……………………3-5正文……………6-21答辯委員會表決意見……………22答辯過程記錄表…………………23課題如何提高英語口語交際能力課題(論文)提綱引言交際能力的概念為什么要提高英語口語交際能力影響英語口語交際能力的因素。文化差異心理因素環(huán)境4．提高英語口語交際能力的方法4.1提高文化意識，培養(yǎng)英語思維能力4.2克服心理因素，堅持練習4.3營造英語交際環(huán)境結束語二、內容摘要如今,隨著中國加入WTO及我國政府開發(fā)西部戰(zhàn)略的實施,使對外交往,參與國際間經濟,技術合作交流的機會逐漸增多,在這樣的大環(huán)境下,絕大多數的在校生和一些社會人員都在學習英語,他們學習英語的目的是什么?是為了學會各種各樣的語法或語音規(guī)則嗎?不。在學習英語的過程中,語音,語法和詞匯規(guī)則都是幫助人們更好的掌握語言的工具。學習語言的目的是為了獲得使用它進行交際的能力,達到通過英語接受信息和表達信息的目的。文主要是講述為什么要提高英語口語交際能力、影響英語口語交際能力的因素以及提高英語口語交際能力的方法這三方面內容。三、參考文獻[1]志坤.也論外語教學中的文化導入[M].外語界，1997年第1期[2]杜詩春.心理語言學[M].上海外語出版社，1985年[3]鄧炎昌,劉潤清.語言與文化[M].外語教學與研究出版社,1988年[4]吳禎福，英語中級口語[M].外語教學與研究出版社，2002年[5]吳思樂，胡秋華.世紀商務英語談判口語[M].大連理工大學出版社2007年HowtoImproveCommunicativeCompetenceinSpokenEnglish00000Abstract:Chinaisadevelopingcountry,asChinaentersintoWTOandtheimplementoftheopen-doorpolicy,Chinahasresultedinextensiveinternationalexchangesandwehaveincreasinglyopportunitiestomeettheneedofinformationsocietyandthedevelopmentofsocialistmarketeconomy.Underthesecircumstances,therearemanystudentsandadultswhowanttolearnaforeignlanguage.Butwhatistheirpurposeoflearningalanguage?Onlytomemorizethegrammarrules?That’snotthecase.Intheprocessoflearningaforeignlanguage,words,phrasesareonlytoolsforbetterunderstanding.Theaimofforeignlanguagelearningistoobtaintheabilitytocommunicate,toexpressandreceiveinformation,toequipthemselveswiththenecessaryskillsforthemorechallengingworld.SoThisarticlemainlytalksaboutthreeissues:whyweneedtoimprovespokenEnglish,communicativecompetence、thefactorsthatinfluenceitandthemethodstoimproveit.KeyWords：language;English;communicativecompetence;spokenEnglishIntroductionLeninsaid:"Languageisthemostimportantcommunicationtooltopeople”,Stalinoncesaid:"Languageisatool,weapon,peopleuseitforcommunicationwitheachother,exchangeidea,toreachmutualunderstanding."Theirwordsaccuratelydescribedthecommunicativelanguagefunctions.Accordingtotheessentialcharacteristicofcommunicationfunction,itisnotdifficulttoinferthatpeoplelearnlanguageinordertocommunicatewithothers,exchangeidea,transmitsinformation.ThisarticleattemptstofocusonhowtoimprovespokenEnglishcommunicativecompetence.AsEnglishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant,itisessentialtoknowhowtoimprovespokenEnglishcommunicativecompetence1.DefinitionofcommunicativecompetenceAccordingtoDictionaryofLanguageTeachingandAppliedLinguistics,Longman,communicationcompetencecanbedescribedastheabilitynotonlytoapplythegrammaticalrulesofalanguageinordertoformgrammaticallycorrectsentencesbutalsotoknowwhenandwheretousethesesentencesandtowhom.Languageasanimportantmeansforsocialcommunication，soweshouldhavetheabilitytoproperlyuselanguageinsocialsettings.So,westudyEnglishthefinalpurposeistoletstudentsbeabletoperformorusethelanguage.AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.(DaiWeidong,HeZhaoxiong,2002:5)WhatdoChomsky’scompetenceandperformancerespectivelymean?Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueorhisEnglishlanguageisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasfrustration,shyness,stress,embarrassment,etc…2.ThenecessityofimprovingcommunicativecompetenceinspokenEnglish.TherecanbenodoubtthatEnglishisoneoftheworld'smostwidelyusedlanguages.Peopleusealanguageinoneofthreeways:asanativelanguage,asasecondlanguage,orasaforeignlanguage.

EnglishisspokenasanativelanguagebyoverthreehundredmillionpeopleintheUnitedStates,Britain,Australia,NewZealand,Canada,SouthAfrica,andsomeCaribbeancountries.Asasecondlanguage,Englishisoftennecessaryforofficialbusiness,education,

informationandotheractivitiesinmanycountries.ItissaidthatEnglishhasbecomethelanguageofinternationaltradeandtransport.

Mostairplanepilotstravelingfromonecountrytoanotheruseittocommunicatewithairports.AllshipssailingontheoceanscallforhelpbyradiousingEnglish.Ithasbeensaidthat60percentoftheworld'sradiobroadcastsand70percentoftheworld'smailusesEnglish.IntheinternationalsportscommunityandintheinternationalsciencecommunityEnglishisthelanguagemostcommonlyusedandthemostwidelyused.NowadaysmostChinesestudentsarestudyingEnglish;however,fewstudentscancommunicatewithforeignersinEnglish.AsChinahasenteredtheWTO,Englishmustbewidelyusedinforeigntrade.Inaddition,theOlympicGameswillbeheldthisyear,thereforealargenumberofpeoplewillcometoChina.Moreover,whatislanguagefor

somepeopleinfactseemstobeaforumforpracticinggrammarrulesandlearninglistsofwords--thelongerthewordsthebetter.That’salittlemisguided;languageisfortheexchangeofideasandforcommunication.Therefore,weneedtoimprovecommunicativecompetenceinEnglish.

3.FactorsthatinfluencecommunicativecompetenceinspokenEnglish3.1CulturaldifferencesDifferentcountrieshavedifferentcultures.Asoneofthemostimportantcommunicationtoolslanguageisusedundercertainculturalbackgroundsandsubjectedtoculture.Thatistosay,youshouldspeaktherightwordsintherightplaceandattherighttime.Thereforeweneedtoknowsomethingaboutculturalknowledgeandcustoms.Inusualcommunicativeoccasions,forexample,whenforeignersarepraisedorgiventhanks,theircommonreactionisveryhappyandtheywillspeakouttheirtruefeelings.Whenforeignershearsuchpraise,forinstance,“Youaregoodatswimming.”theywillusuallysay:“Thankyouverymuch.”.Ontheotherhand,Chinesecultureregardsmodestyasavirtue,sowhenChinesearepraised,theyfeelhappyinthehearttoo,buttheydon’ttelltheirtruefeelings.Forexample,whenaforeignfriendsays：“Youswimverywellindeed.”,accordingtoourcustom,weusuallyanswer“Oh,no.Iswimverybadly.”.SuchreactionisconsideredtobehypocriticalbyBritishandAmericanpeople,sotheydon’twanttocommunicatewithyou,obviouslyitmakescommunicativepurposecan’tcometrue.AnotherexampleisthatChinesepeopleliketosay：“吃飯了沒有?”“您去什么地方??？”whentheysayhellototheirfriends.SuchwordstranslatedtoEnglishbecome“Haveyoueatenyet?”“Whereareyougoing？”.ForthosefromEnglish-speakingcountrieswhoonlysay“Hello”、“Hi”totheirfriendswhentheymeet,theformersentencemaylethimorherfeelthatyouwanttotreathimorherdinner,butyoujustsayitandthengoaway,heorshewillbelievethathimselforherselfistricked,thenheorshemaybreakoffallrelationswithyou.Obviouslythelattersentenceinvadesother’sprivacy,eventhoughtheygiveyouananswerreluctantly,theywillwhisperintheirheartthattheydon’twanttotalktoyouanylonger.Thusinturnmayinfluenceyoursuccesstocommunication.3.2AffectionManystudentswerereluctanttospeakEnglish,andwereAfraidofsomethingwrong,fearofblamedbyteachersandlaughedbyclassmates,so,thisphenomenonoftenleadstudentsveryAnxietyandtensionontheiroralexpressing,thataffecttheirnormalthinkingandsmoothexpression.Butthereasonofthisphenomenonarestudentslackoforalpracticeopportunity,theyhavenoself-confidenceintheirlife,Whiletoomanyconsidertherightsandwrongsofthesentencementioned,Andthereforehinderthesmoothprogressofspokenlanguagetraining.3.3EnvironmentWeallknowthatatryingtoachievecommunicativecompetenceisasocialprocess.Namely,ithasdeepconnectionwithhisorhersocialactivityandenvironment.Forinstance,insomecountrieslikeIndia,SingaporeandsomeAfricancountrieswhichregardEnglishasitsofficiallanguage,Englishisconsideredasanimportantfactorforattendingschoolandapplyingforajob.SomeschoolsevenuseEnglishforteachinglanguage.InordertoadapttotheenvironmentlearnersareforcedtomasterEnglish.Nowadaystheworldisbecomingaglobalvillage,sotheinternationalenvironmentrequiresustomasterEnglish,especiallyimproveourcommunicativecompetenceinspokenEnglish.Whentalkingabouttheimportanceoftheenvironment,ourcountry’sfamoustranslatorandwriter,YeJUNJIANsays:“Becauseoftheenvironment,hisEnglishwillhavesometasteofChineseEnglishinhislistening、speaking、readingandwriting.”4.MethodstoimprovecommunicativecompetenceinspokenEnglish.4.1LeadinculturalawarenessandculitivatetheabilityofthinkinginEnglishFirstofall,I’dliketotellastory.Once,anAmericanwasvisitingthehomeofaChinese.Asthe

visitor

saw

the

host’s

wife,

he

said:“Your

wife

is

very

beautiful.”The

host

smiled

and

said:“Where?Where?”—which

caused

the

American’s

surprise,

but

still

he

answered:

“Eyes,

hair,

nose…”—an

answer

that

the

host

found

a

bitpuzzling.

The

surprise

was

caused

by

differencein

culture.“Where”?“Where?”means“哪里！”“哪里！”In

Chinese

itis

a

kind

of

humble

saying.

But

the

American

understood

it

as

“Which

parts

of

the

body

are

beautiful?”

So,

the

reason

for

both

sides’misunderstanding

was

differences

in

customs

and

habits.

Each

was

expressing

and

understanding

what

the

other

said

according

to

his

orherownculture.Differentcountrieshavedifferentcultureandcultureinfluenceslanguages.Andifyoudon’tknowitsculture,itwillcausemisunderstandingandembarrassment.Thusitinhibitscommunicationbetweeneachother.Fromthisstory,wecanseethatifwewanttocommunicatewithforeignersfreely,weshouldlearnandunderstandforeignculturesandacquirecross-culturecommunicationability.Andthisisreallyveryimportant.ClaireKramschclearlypointedout“l(fā)anguagehelpspeopleexpresstheirviewstowardsculturalrealityanditisthecarrierofculture.”InhisbookLanguageandculture.Americanfamouslitterateur,EdwardSapirsaid“Thereissomethingbehindlanguage,anditcan’texistwithoutculture.”Inviewofthis,Ithinkwemuststudyforeigncultureandcustomifwewanttoimproveourcommunicativecompetenceandhavelessdifficultyincommunicatingwithforeigners.Besidesthis,weneedtocultivatetheabilityofthinkinginEnglish.Becausewhenspeakingtoforeigners,wealwaysthinkoftheChinesemeaninginourmindandthentranslateitinEnglish.ButthisisChinglish.Forexample,whenaskingteacherstogetintheliftorclassroom,moststudentssay:“Yougofirst,orgofirst,please.”accordingtoChineseexpressivehabits.However,standardEnlishexprssionis:“Afteryou.”Andstudentsalwaysmakesuchmistakes,like“Iverymuchlikeyou”.Thecorrectexpressionis“Ilikeyouverymuch”.SoweshouldspeakauthenticEnglishifwewanttoletforeignersunderstandexactlywhatdowemean.Buthow?First,listentoauthenticEnglish.WhilelisteningweshouldstorethingswelistenedandcouldbeunderstoodinourmindinEnglish.Second,expressinEnglishdirectly.Throughaseriesofactiveandiniativethinkingactivitiestounderstandandoutputinformation.Duringthisprocess,yourspokenEnglishwillimprovegreatly.4.2ConquerpsychologicalfactorsandkeeppracticingItisacommonthingthatpeopleareafraidofmakingmistakes.Whentheyfoundtheysaidwrongsentencesorwords,theyfeelitisaveryembarrassingthingandwillnotsayanything.Andintrovertedpeopledon’tliketoexpresstheirviewsinpublic;usuallytheykeeptheirviewinmind.However,asalanguagelearner,weshouldbereadytomakesmistakesandlovetomakemistakesandlearnfromthemistakes.Butforapersontonevermakesmistakesisimpossible.Asthesayinggoes“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”,soweshouldn’tbeafraidoffailure.Andasweknow,ifwewanttocommunicatewithsomeone,wemustspeakitout,eventhoughwesaysomethingwrong,othersmayknowwhatwewanttoexpress.Soweneedtoconquerourpsychologicalfearsinordertoexpressourthoughtsclearly.WemayknowDemosthenes’story.HewasaveryfamousGreekorator,buthewasbornwithaterriblestutterthatmadehimshyandintroverted.Hisfatherlefthimavastestate,butaccordingtoGreeklawhehadtoestablishhisrighttoownershipinpublicdebatebeforehecouldclaimhisinheritance.Hisspeechimpedimentandhisshynessrenderedhimhelplessinthedebateandhelosthisestate.Then,hewenttoworkandbysheer,doggedeffort,scaledoratoricalheightsneverbeforereachedbymortalman,Hereportedlyeliminatedhisspeechimpedimentbyputtingpebblesinhismouthandpracticedspeakingaloudnexttotheroaringocean.Historyneglectedtorecordthenameofthemanwhotookhisinheritance,butschoolchildrenaroundtheworldhavelearnedthestoryofDemosthenesforcenturies.Fromthisstory,wecanlearnthatifwekeepondoingsomething,wewillachievesuccess,letaloneimprovingspokenEnglishcompetencecommunicativecompetence.Thewaytolearnalanguageistopracticespeakingitasoftenaspossible.Asproverbsays,“Practicemakesperfect”.Besides,agreatmanoncesaiditisnecessarytodrillasmuchaspossible,andthemoreyouapplyitinrealsituations,themorenaturalitwillbecome.KeepEnglishconstantlyinyourmindbylistening,speakingofreadingeveryday!Constantexposurewillmakeitmucheasiertomasterthislanguage.Ifyoureviewonlyonceaweek,youwillhaveahardtimerememberingwhatyou’velearned.IreallyappreciateLiyangCrazyEnglish.HesaysweshouldspeakEnglishloudly,clearlyandrapidly.AndIsupposethissentence“Behappytoloseface,youarenottheshypersonyouthinkyouare.”isveryreasonable.ForEnglishlearnersIthinkweshouldhavethisspirit.Andwecoulddoanythingifwehavethisspirit.WeshouldhavethecouragetospeakEnglish.Ifyoucannotspeakitoutoryoucan’tsayitverywell,underthiscondition,youspeakitboldly.Afteraperiodoftime,youwillbeeasilyandclearlyexpressyourideas.Withthespiritoftheventuretosaythat,youcanfinditswayoutofthespokenlanguagedifficulties.4.3CreatanEnglish—speakingenvironmentItisimpossibleforustolearnEnglishwellifwedon’tputitintopratice.IntheprocessoflearningEnglish,weshouldalwayslookforopportunitiestospeakEnglish.WealwayswonderwhyitismoredifficultforChinesetolearnEnglishthanforforeignerstolearnChinese.TheansweristhattheyliketotalktoChinesetolearnChinese,thereforetheyhaveagoodlanguageenvironment.However,weonlyspeakEnglishduringEnglishclassesandwealwayscommunicatewitheachotherinChineseindailylife.ItistruethatwelackofagoodenvironmentforpracticingspokenEnglish.ItisagoodmethodtolearnEnglishbywatchingEnglishmovies,becauseitshowsusthelife、cultureandcustomsinEnglishcountries.InthefilmwecanlearnthevocabularyofspokenEnglish,phrases,sentencestructure,aswellastoexpressavarietyofcontent.Allwehavetodoisimaginethatwehaveplayedaroleinthefilm,experienceourlifeandexperienceotherpeople'slives.Inaword,toseeamovieisbetterthanadayoflifeintheUnitedStates.WecanalsolearnauthenticspokenEnglishfromthemovies.Besides,wecanalsotakepartinEnglishcornerinourleisuretime.Theywillgiveyoutopicsorwecanchoosesometopicsweareintrestedinandshareourideaswithothers.Inmyopinion,itisagoodchanceforustoimproveourspokenEnglishbyattendingEnglishcornerbecauseeveryonepresentinEnglishcornerwillspeakEnglish,sothereisagoodlanguageenv