鋰電池研討2011課件

動(dòng)力鋰離子電池現(xiàn)狀、安全性及壽命評(píng)測(cè)2011汽車動(dòng)力電池國際研討會(huì)INET,

Tsinghua

University

2011年2月23-24日，上海

新型能源與材料化學(xué)研究室Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology內(nèi)容????動(dòng)力電池現(xiàn)狀鋰離子動(dòng)力電池的安全性鋰離子動(dòng)力電池的使用壽命

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

清華大學(xué)核研院鋰離子電池實(shí)驗(yàn)室介紹The

Great

WallMingInstitute

of

Nuclear

and

New

Energy

TechnologyTsinghua

University??Less

than

50

minutes

drive45

kmThe

Institute

Tsinghua

BeijingInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityTombsInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University燃料電池實(shí)驗(yàn)室學(xué)術(shù)帶頭人：姜長印、萬春榮學(xué)術(shù)骨干（博士）：何向明、蒲薇華、應(yīng)皆榮、李建軍、劉靖

、

郭建偉、研究骨干（碩士）：武玉玲、馮麗娟、張麗春、孫文婷、陳敏實(shí)驗(yàn)室技師：陳克勤、常彩霞、李智敏、康建峰、楊兆衛(wèi)、史波?????鋰離子電池實(shí)驗(yàn)室

王

莉、任建國、李建剛、高

劍

博士生、碩士生：10-15名

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University鋰離子電池研究概況材料合成，機(jī)理診斷，電極/電池工程化，數(shù)學(xué)模型電池模型Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University從納米尺度到微米尺度，再到毫米尺度性能

電極結(jié)構(gòu)

電池結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)

材料合成

材料修飾

表面/界

面化學(xué)

新工藝

新材料安全性長壽命電極制造電池制備

電極

模型

高性能

鋰電池

電極模型目前市場(chǎng)上的混合動(dòng)力車Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityToyota

Highlander

Lexus

RX400hHonda

Insight

Lexus

GS450hToyota

Camry

Honda

Civic

Toyota

PriusHonda

AccordSaturn

VueChevy

SilveradoFord

Escapemore

and

more混合動(dòng)力車ELECTRIC

ACCESSORIESPETROLEUM

ONLY

76hp

gasoline

engine,

67hp

electric

motor,

1.5kWh

battery

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

ADVANCED

ENGINEFuel

Flexibility插電式混合動(dòng)力車

ELECTRIC

ACCESSORIESADVANCED

ENGINE

PETROLEUM

AND/OR

ELECTRICITY

BATTERY

RECHARGE76hp

gasoline

engine,

67hp

electric

motor,

9.0kWh

battery

(30mi)

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityE-Transportation

is

the

most

significant

technological

revolution

after

the

cellular

and

the

internet.

電動(dòng)交通是移動(dòng)電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)后的最重要的技術(shù)革命

。

Institute

of

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Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University電動(dòng)車對(duì)動(dòng)力電池的需求在持續(xù)增長

?

MW

reserve

power

plants.

兆瓦級(jí)儲(chǔ)能電站。

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University鈦酸鋰電池移動(dòng)儲(chǔ)能電站Electrovaya,

International

Battery,

Ultralife,

Valance,

Saft.

BYD

磷酸鐵鋰電池固定儲(chǔ)能電站

規(guī)模儲(chǔ)能是動(dòng)力電池的又一重要市場(chǎng)

?

Manage

fluctuations

in

electricity

demand.

平抑電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)。

?

Manufacturers

to

take

a

part:

A123,

Altairnano,

Enerdel,different

cell

model>120

different

cell

models

?

Ultra

High

power

超高功率(>20C)-

19

manufacturers,

Market

grow

of

15%

CAGR(復(fù)合年均增長率)

per

year

driven

by

the

EV

growing

market,

Cell

costs

are

decreasing

by

8%

per

year

(Source:

IIT).Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

動(dòng)力電池的現(xiàn)狀

?

High

power

高功率(>10C)-

84

manufacturers,

>

1500

Pouch

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University動(dòng)力電池的包裝方式Prismatic

cells

?較好的傳熱安全性好使用壽命長

cells

Cylindrical

cells

CellSize[mm]Cap[Ah]CyclelifeTemprangeWeight[gr]Weightenergydensity[Wh/Kg]Volumeenergydensity[Wh/L]-Weightconstantpowerdensity[W/Kg]Volumepowert.density[W/L]A123-AHR18700M1ULTRAD=18L=700.71000to90%-10to10038601291085523169A123-AHR32157M1HDD=32L=157101000to80%-30to603041082611085526148Saft-VL12VD=47L=17312500to80%-30to6064067144843718000功率最高的磷酸鐵鋰電池

See

also

‐

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

Beijing

China

Powerel北京中潤恒動(dòng)電池有限公司850

x560

x

71200500

to

80%?7000102211028213

Lionik深圳市龍鋰實(shí)業(yè)

有限公司255

x145

x

55100500

to

80%

-20to

60360010518610551868

單體電池容量最高的高功率動(dòng)力電池

Cell

Size

Cap

Cycle

Temp

Weight

Weight

Volume

[mm]

[Ah]

life

range

[gr]

energy

energy

density

density

density

density

[Wh/Kg]

[Wh/L]

[W/Kg]

[W/L].CellVCap[Ah]Cyclelifeto80%Highoper.Temp.[c]Weightenergydensity[Wh/Kg]Volumeenergydensity[Wh/L]Weightpowerdensity[W/Kg]Volumeenpoweromdensity[W/L]SaftVL32600-1254.2420012512325961129AdvancedBatteryFactory3.2v/60ah3.660300090801276661060操作溫度最高的動(dòng)力電池

EV

needs

batteries

with

up

to

80C

high

temperature

operating

range…

mInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityCellI.DWh/KgChargeRateCycleLifeGPLbattery,GE-32AH-02,32AH939.38C500GAIAUHE-341440,7.5AH8416C500ToshibaSCiB6511.9C6000StandardChargeQuickChargeFastChargeUltraFastCharge<C/3C/3<,<2C>2C>10C快速充電動(dòng)力電池?短問題的最經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法。road

charging

stations.Current

Market

Ultra

fast

charging

cell

Ultra‐fast

charge

Station

Institute

of

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Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University快速充電

(up

to

5

min,

>80%

capacity)

是解決電動(dòng)車?yán)m(xù)駛里程Toshiba

Super

Charge

Lithium

Ion

Battery

-

SCiB?

Lithium

Manganese

oxide

Spinel

cathode

-

LMO?

Lithium

Titanate

Oxide

anode

–

LTO?

Recharge

to

90%

of

full

capacity

in

less

than

5

minutes.?

Excellent

safety

because

of

high

level

anode

stability.?

6000

cycles

of

full

D.O.D

to

90%

of

initial

capacity.?

Low

temperature

discharge

from

-30C.?

SCIB

is

currently

available

on

the

Schwinn

Tailwind

electric

bike.2.4Voc65

Wh/Kg131

wh/l650

W/Kg1316

W/l

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityVW

&

Toshiba動(dòng)力電池的安全性問題將影響其市場(chǎng)命運(yùn)If

it

is

not

safe

it

will

not

survive…

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University動(dòng)力電池的安全性問題

鋰離子電池的安全性

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversitySafety

casesInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversitySafety

cases?

安全性的概念濫用安全性

abuse

thermal

runaway

–

Mechanical

機(jī)械的

?

crush,

nail

penetration

擠壓、針刺–

Electrical

電的

?

short

circuit,

overcharge

短路、過充–

Thermal

熱的

?

thermal

ramp,

simulated

fire

熱箱、火燒?現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全性

field

failure

thermal

runaway

–

Manufacturing

defects

由制造瑕疵引起

?

Loose

connection,

separator

damage,

foreign

debris

連接問題、隔

膜損壞、粉塵

?

Can

develop

into

an

internal

short

circuit

隨機(jī)發(fā)生，引起內(nèi)短路

?

Can

lead

to

overheating

and

thermal

runaway

引起過熱與熱失控

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University濫用安全性Institute

of

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Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University現(xiàn)場(chǎng)（隨機(jī)）安全性兩種安全性概念的差異現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全性濫用安全性Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

Predictable

可預(yù)測(cè)的

Common

to

all

cells

對(duì)每

一個(gè)電池

Can/should

be

evaluated

at

the

cell

level

可以通過

測(cè)試進(jìn)行評(píng)估

Time

constants

relatively

long

發(fā)生過程較長

Can

be

augmented

by

protection

devices

可以

通過保護(hù)措施進(jìn)行改善

Not

predictable

不可預(yù)測(cè)的

One-in-a-million

(or

less)

隨

機(jī)小概率發(fā)生

Difficult

to

evaluate

at

the

cell

level,

or

through

QC

無

法通過測(cè)試進(jìn)行評(píng)估，也不

能通過質(zhì)量管理來完全消除

can

occur

quickly

發(fā)生很突

然

PTC,

CID,

shutdown

separators,

electronic

controls

not

are

effective

目

前所有的安全性措施，均不

能完全消除鋰離子電池安全

隱患?

發(fā)生安全事故的鋰離子電池，之前均通過UL安全認(rèn)證。

?

發(fā)生原因基本上是不可預(yù)測(cè)的內(nèi)短路所造成。而這種內(nèi)短

路似乎是不能完全消除。

?

引起安全事故的電池在制造時(shí)，均是合格品。?

目前濫用安全性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)試結(jié)果，與發(fā)或者不發(fā)生安全性

事故，之間沒有任何聯(lián)系。

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

鋰離子電池安全性

?

對(duì)于筆記本電腦電池，發(fā)生概率在幾百萬分之一。?

Major

effort

has

been

payed

to

improve

the

ways

weaddress

safety

in

lithium-ion

batteries,

however?

在人們?nèi)绱酥匾曚囯x子電池安全性的今天，嚴(yán)重的安全性問

題還時(shí)有發(fā)生。?

The

battery

community

does

not

have

adequate

tests

to

evaluate

safety

as

it

relates

to

the

safety

incidents

that

have

taken

place

or

could

take

place.?

人們還沒有找到合適的方法來預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)測(cè)這類安全隱患問題?

我們?cè)谧龉ぷ?，希望“十二五”結(jié)束時(shí)，這個(gè)問題得到一定程

度的解決。

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

鋰離子電池的安全性

serious

safety

incidents

can

always

occur.

Energy

Released

(J)熱失控的機(jī)

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University249.9378292.573.71640

0.90300200100700600500400Anode/Binder

Anode/Solvent

SEIDecompnCathodeBreakdownSeparatorOxidn@CathodeSolvent

Oxdn

JouleHeating@Cathode鋰離子電池安全性900800

0.8

Ah

鈷酸鋰手機(jī)電池826.2

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University負(fù)極材料的安全性改進(jìn)Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University正極材料Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityHeat

releaseSafety

of

cathode

Materials

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University隔膜

隔膜關(guān)閉的溫度范圍?

Strength

and

physical

integrity

抗壓機(jī)械強(qiáng)度?

Shrinkage

allowance

熱收縮率

Institute

of

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Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University

影響電池安全性的重要指標(biāo)?

Shutdown

performance??

電解質(zhì)Solvent，non-flamableSalts，high

decomposition

temperature??Additives，F(xiàn)lame-RetardantGel

electrolyte

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityP(VdF-HFP)凝膠電解質(zhì)在

Institute

of

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University

凝膠電解質(zhì)?

凝膠電解質(zhì)的放熱量與放熱速率黃倩，廈門大學(xué)博士論文?

燃燒過程中的放熱總量非常

接近于純液態(tài)電解液體系。

并且隨著P(VdF-HFP)在凝

膠電解質(zhì)中濃度的增加，其

相應(yīng)的熱釋放速率逐漸降低

。采用P(VdF-HFP)凝膠電

解質(zhì)比液態(tài)電解液更為安全?

PMMA凝膠電解質(zhì)體系中，

情況卻是相反:其燃燒反應(yīng)的

放熱總量和熱釋放速率都隨PMMA的加入而顯著增大。鋰離子電池的安全性是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)問題?

動(dòng)力電池安全性是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)問題。?

從單純的電池材料改性（正極、負(fù)極、電解質(zhì)、隔膜

…）是不能完全解決安全性問題，但可以大幅度地提

高。

Institute

of

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Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University正極材料包覆鈷酸鋰包覆磷酸鋁5-10nm

AlPO4過充電前過充電后自制安全性手機(jī)電池

過充電試驗(yàn)未燃燒、未爆炸。市售品牌電過充電池電芯

Institute

of

New劇烈燃Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

UniversityEnergy

燒高性能高安全性動(dòng)力電池采用正極材料表面與界面控制技術(shù)、電解質(zhì)添加劑等技術(shù)，制備出高安全性動(dòng)力電池。20V過充

150℃熱箱

5小時(shí)以上標(biāo)稱容量12Ah，三元氧化物正極材料。電池比能量大于160wh/kg，比功率大于1200W/kg，

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University安全很好的倍率性能目前市售三元?jiǎng)恿﹄姵氐倪^充電?

充電到5.2V時(shí)，發(fā)生劇烈燃燒Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University目前市售三元?jiǎng)恿﹄姵?

充電到4.15V，加熱到120℃，發(fā)生劇烈燃燒Institute

of

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Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University?

動(dòng)力電池的使用壽命與成本?

如何評(píng)測(cè)動(dòng)力電池的使用壽命?

現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢測(cè)電池的壽命狀態(tài)（SOH）

Institute

of

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Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University鋰離子動(dòng)力電池的使用壽命

?

PHEV

battery

likely

to

deep-cycle

each

day

driven:

15

yrs

equates

to

4000-5000

deep

cycles?

Also

need

to

consider

combination

of

high

and

low

frequency

cycling

and

calendarwlife

電池電池循環(huán)壽命70%50%

4000

Data

presented

by

Christian

Rosenkranz

(Johnson

Controls)

at

EVS

20,

2006

Institute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University52%

EVInstitute

of

New

Energy

Technology,

INET,

Tsinghua

University$4,005$2,865$2,919$3,002$1,998$1,992$2,004$2,020$2,079$2,407$2,454$2,433$5,117$8,433$663$-$2,000$4,000$6,000$10,000

$8,000$14,000$12,000$18,000$16,000CVHEVPHEV20PHEV40transmissionengine25%

電池占電動(dòng)車成本比例

Projected

Retail

Powertrain

Costs

-

Midsize

Sedans

1)

including

manufacturer

and

dealer

markups

2)

all

component

costs

assume

projected

statuscharger/plugbattery

40%motor/inverter60%動(dòng)力電池的使用壽命?

電池的成本占整個(gè)電動(dòng)車成本的25~60%。是一個(gè)非常重要的零部件。?

車的使用壽命：10-15年?

動(dòng)力電池目前的使用壽命是3-7年，LG化學(xué)聲稱可

以有10-15年的壽命保證。?

因此大幅度地延長動(dòng)力鋰離子電池的使用壽命，

使之達(dá)到與電動(dòng)車的壽命相當(dāng)，是目前動(dòng)力鋰離

子電池發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵問題。?

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