TOEFL托福閱讀真題整合

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡整理，如有侵權，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！TOEFL托福閱讀真題整合托福閱讀真題1__31Rentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.IntheUnitedStates,rentcontrolsdatebacktoatleastWorldWarII.In1943thefederalgovernmentimposedrentcontrolstohelpsolvetheproblemofhousingshortagesduringwartime.Thefederalprogramendedafterthewar,butinsomelocations,includingNewYorkCity,controlscontinued.UnderNewYork'scontrols,alandlordgenerallycannotraiserentsonapartmentsaslongasthetenantscontinuetorenewtheirleases.InplacessuchasSantaMonica,California,rentcontrolsaremorerecent.Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970's,which,combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth,pushedhousingprices,aswellasrents,torecordlevels.In1979SantaMonica'smunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwo-thirdsasmuchasanyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.Inanyhousingmarket,rentalpricesperformthreefunctions:(1)promotingtheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstructionofnewhousing,(2)allocatingexistingscarcehousingamongcompetingclaimants,and(3)rationinguseofexistinghousingbypotentialrenters.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability—rents.Considersomeexamples.InarecentyearinDallas,Texas,witha16percentrentalvacancyratebutnorentcontrollaws,11,000newhousingunitswerebuilt.Inthesameyear,inSanFrancisco,California,only2,000unitswerebuilt.Themajordifference?SanFranciscohasonlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.InNewYorkCity,exceptforgovernment-subsidizedconstruction,theonlyrentalunitsbeingbuiltareluxuryunits,whichareexemptfromcontrols.InSantaMonica,California,newapartmentsarenotbeingconstructed.Newofficerentalspaceandcommercialdevelopmentsare,however.Theyareexemptfromrentcontrols.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)TheconstructionofapartmentsintheUnitedStates.(B)Causesandeffectsofrentcontrol(C)Thefluctuationsofrentalprices(D)TheshortageofaffordablehousingintheUnitedStates.2.ThewordTheyinline9refersto(A)thetenants(B)theirleases(C)places(D)rentcontrols.3.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTareasonfortheintroductionofrentcontrolsinSantaMonica,California?(A)rapidpopulationgrowth(B)inflation(C)economicconditionsduringwartime(D)record-highhousingprices4.Thephraserollbackinline11isclosestinmeaningto(A)credit(B)measure(C)vary(D)reduce5.Thewordstimulatinginline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)experimentingwith(B)identifying(C)estimating(D)encouraging6.Itcanbeinferredthatthepurposeofrentcontrolisto(A)protecttenants(B)promoteconstruction(C)increasevacancyrates(D)decreasesalesofrentalunits7.Theworddepressedinline19isclosestinmeaningto(A)saddened(B)created(C)lowered(D)defeated8.Theinformationinthelastparagraphsupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?(A)SanFranciscohaseliminateditsrentcontrollaws.(B)Rentcontrolleadstoareductionintheconstructionofhousingunits(C)Luxuryapartmentsarerarelybuiltwhenthereisrentcontrol(D)Thereisagrowingneedforgovernment-subsidizedhousing.9.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcitiesdoesNOTcurrentlyhaverentcontrols?(A)SantaMonica(B)Dallas(C)SanFrancisco(D)NewYorkCity10.Thewordstringentinline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)straightforward(B)strict(C)expanded(D)efficient11.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTexemptfromrentcontrol?(A)Luxuryapartments(B)Commercialdevelopment(C)Moderatelypricedapartments(D)Officespace.__31BDCDDACBBBC托福閱讀真題2__32By1776thefineartofpaintingasithaddevelopedinwesternEuropeuptothistimehadbeenintroducedintotheAmericancoloniesthroughbooksandprints,Europeanvisitorsandimmigrants,andtravelingcolonistswhobroughtbackcopies(andafeworiginal)ofoldmasterpaintingsandacquaintancewithEuropeanartinstitutions.BytheoutbreakoftheRevolutionagainstBritishrulein1776,thestatusoftheartistshadalreadyundergonechange.Inthemid-eighteenthcentury,paintershadbeenwillingtoassumesuchartisan-relatedtasksasvarnishing,gildingteaching,keepingshops,andpaintingwheelcarriages,houses,andsigns.Theterminologybywhichartistsweredescribedatthetimesuggeststheirstatus:limnerwasusuallyappliedtotheanonymousportraitpainteruptothe1760's;paintercharacterizedanyonewhocouldpaintaflatsurface.Bythesecondhalfofthecentury,colonialartistswhoweretrainedinEnglandoreducatedintheclassicsrejectedthestatusoflaborerandthoughtofthemselvesasartists.Somecolonialurbanportraitists,suchasJohnSingletonCopley,BenjaminWest,andCharlesWilsonPeale,consortedwithaffluentpatrons.Althoughsubjecttofluctuationsintheireconomicstatus,allthreeenjoyedsufficientpatronagetoallowthemtomaintainanimageofthemselvesasprofessionalartists,animageindicatedbytheircustomofsigningtheirpaintings.AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensandHamiltonsofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists,andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement.Althoughthecoloniststendedtofavorportraits,theyalsoacceptedlandscapes,historicalworks,andpoliticalengravingsasappropriateartisticsubjects.WiththecomingofindependencefromtheBritishCrown,asufficientnumberofartistsandtheirworkswereavailabletoservenationalisticpurposes.Theachievementsofthecolonialartists,particularlythoseofCopley,West,andPeale,lentcredencetotheboastthatthenewnationwascapableofencouraginggeniusandthatpoliticallibertywascongenialtothedevelopmentoftaste—anecessarystepbeforeartcouldassumeanimportantroleinthenewrepublic.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)EuropeaninfluenceoncolonialAmericanpainting(B)Theimportanceofpatronagetoartist(C)ThechangingstatusofartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcentury(D)SubjectspreferredbyartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcentury.2.Thewordoutbreakinline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)cause(B)beginning(C)position(D)explanation3.Thewordundergoneinline6isclosestinmeaningto(A)ledto(B)transformed(C)preferred(D)experienced4.Accordingtothepassage,beforetheAmericanRevolutionthemaintaskoflimnerswasto(A)paintwheelcarriages(B)paintportraits(C)varnishfurniture(D)paintflatsurfaces5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatartistswhoweretrainedinEngland(A)consideredartiststobesuperiortopainters(B)barelypaintedportraitists(C)wereoftenverywealthy(D)imitatedEnglishpainters6.Thewordconsortedinline14isclosestinmeaningto(A)madedecisions(B)studies(C)agreed(D)associated7.Thewordsufficientinline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)adequate(B)temporary(C)friendly(D)expensive8.Accordingtothepassage,artistssuchasCopley,WestandPealsignedtheirpaintings(A)increasedthemonetaryvalueofthepaintings(B)madeitmoredifficultforotherartiststocopythepaintings(C)supportedtheartists'imageofprofessionalism(D)distinguishedcolonialAmericanartistsfromEuropeanartists9.TheauthormentionsJamesBowdoinIIIandWilliamByrdinline17asexamplesofwhichofthefollowing?(A)ArtgalleryownerswhodisplayedonlyEuropeanart(B)ArtcollectorswhohadaprofoundinfluenceonAmericanattitudestowardart(C)Artistswhogavefinancialsupporttootherartists(D)Patronswhosehelpedtoencourageartisanstobecomeartists10.Withwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?(A)Countriesthathavenothadapoliticalrevolutionareunlikelytodevelopgreatart.(B)Themostsuccessfulartcollectorsareusuallyartiststhemselves.(C)ThevalueofcolonialAmericanpaintingsdecreasedaftertheRevolution.(D)Colonialartistsmadeanimportantcontributiontotheevolvingcultureofthenewnation.__32CBDBADACBD托福閱讀真題3__33Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.Psychologistswhostudyoptimizationcomparetheactualdecisionsmadebypeopletotheoreticalidealdecisionstoseehowsimilartheyare.Proponentsoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.Althoughthereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetscantake,theyareallsimilarintheiressentialaspects.Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,thepertinentconsiderationsthatwillbeaffectedbyeachdecisionarelisted,andtherelativeimportanceofeachconsiderationorconsequenceisdetermined.Eachconsiderationisassignedanumericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.Adecisionismathematicallycalculatedbyaddingthesevaluestogether.Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.Sincemostimportantproblemsaremultifaceted,thereareseveralalternativestochoosefrom,eachwithuniqueadvantagesanddisadvantages.Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce.Aworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolvesalargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.ArealisticexampleformanycollegestudentsisthequestionWhatwillIdoaftergraduation?Agraduatemightseekapositionthatoffersspecializedtraining,pursueanadvanceddegree,ortravelabroadforayear.Adecision-makingworksheetbeginswithasuccinctstatementoftheproblemthatwillalsohelptonarrowit.Itisimportanttobeclearaboutthedistinctionbetweenlong-rangeandimmediategoalsbecauselong-rangegoalsofteninvolveadifferentdecisionthanshort-rangeones.Focusingonlong-rangegoals,agraduatingstudentmightrevisethequestionabovetoWhatwillIdoaftergraduationthatwillleadtosuccessfulcareer?1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Atooltoassistinmakingcomplexdecisions.(B)Acomparisonofactualdecisionsandidealdecisions(C)Researchonhowpeoplemakedecisions(D)Differencesbetweenlong-rangeandshort-rangedecisionmaking2.Thewordessentialinline7isclosestinmeaningto(A)introductory(B)changeable(C)beneficial(D)fundamental3.Thewordpertinentinline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)relevant(B)preceding(C)insightful(D)responsive4.Ofthefollowingsteps,whichoccursbeforetheothersinmakingadecisionworksheet?(A)Listingtheconsequencesofeachsolution(B)Calculatinganumer