有機(jī)化合物中英文命名-2

專業(yè)英語有機(jī)化合物的命名朱金麗NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds非官能團(tuán)化合物NonfunctionalCompounds1烴類------（烷烴《Alkane》烯烴《Alkene》炔烴《Alkyne》）2單環(huán)化合物（Monocycliccompounds）

3、官能團(tuán)化合物

Functionalcompounds有機(jī)化合物的命名官能團(tuán)化合物

鹵代烴-Alkylhalides醇-Alcohols硫醇-Thiols醇鹽-Thesaltsofalcohols(ROM)硫醇鹽-Thesaltsofthiols(RSM)醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)官能團(tuán)化合物

環(huán)氧化合物-Epoxides硫化物-SulfidesR1-S-R2)胺-Amines醛-Aldehydes酮-Ketones羧酸-Carboxylicacids官能團(tuán)化合物酰胺-Amides酯-Ester羧酸鹽-Thesaltsofacids酸酐-Carboxylicanhydrides酰氯-Acylhalides腈-Nitriles1、鹵代烴-Alkylhalides命名規(guī)則halo+thenameofalkane----halo+烷烴的名稱Thenameofalkylgroup+halide---烷基+halide鹵素—halogen---halo鹵化物----halide1、鹵代烴-AlkylhalidesSymbolEnglishNamesFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodine鹵族元素（鹵素取代基）halo:fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo（鹵化物）Halide:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide取代基substituents

SomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixesStructureName-ORAlkoxy-*-NH2Amino--N=N-Azo--BrBromo--ClChloro--FFluoro--HHydro--IIodo--NO2Nitro--NONitroso-*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,dependingupontheRgroup1、鹵代烴-Alkylhalides異丙基氯化物叔丁基氯化物2-iodopropaneisopropyliodide2-bromoisohexane1、鹵代烴-AlkylhalidesSomespecialnamesforalkylhalides:CHX3chloroformbromoformiodoform

CH2Cl2methylenechloride

CCl4carbontetrachloride

Cl3C-CCl3perchloroethane1、一些鹵代烴的專用名稱2、醇-Alcohols

Systematicname:SelectthelongestcontinuouschaintowhichtheOHgroupisdirectlyattached,andgivetheOHgroupthepossiblelowerpositionnumber.2、醇-Alcohols

Trivialname(C1-C4):thenameofalkylgroup+alcohol2、醇-Alcohols

◆AlcoholscontainingmorethanoneOHgroupSystematicname:suffix:-diol,-triol…

Trivialname:glycol(乙二醇),glycerol（丙三醇）…5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanol2、醇-Alcohols

3,4-dichloro-2-butanol2-cyclopentenol2、醇-Alcohols

2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol3、硫醇-Thiols-SH

Systematicname:thenameofalkane+thiol系統(tǒng)命名法：烷烴名稱alkane加上后綴“thiol”

1-propanethiol0-mercaptotoluene

mercapto含巰基的，含硫氫基的3、硫醇-Thiols-SH

Trivialname：thenameofalkylgroup+mercaptan4、醇鹽-Thesaltsofalcohols(ROM)Systematicname:Thenameofcation+thenameofRgroup+oxide規(guī)則：陽(yáng)離子名稱+取代基R名稱+oxide5、硫醇鹽Thesaltsofthiols(RSM)lithiumtert-butylsulfidelithiumtert-butanethiolatelithium2-methylpropane-2-thiolate6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)

Systematicname:namethesimpleORgroupasasubstituent,thelongchainasaparent

body規(guī)則：簡(jiǎn)單的烷氧基作為取代基，長(zhǎng)碳鏈作為主鏈

CH3O-C-C-O-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-O-methoxyethoxypropoxybutoxyC5H11O-C6H13O-suffix:-yloxypentyloxyhexyloxy6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)

Systematicname6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)

Trivialname:listthenamesofbothgroupsthatattachedtotheoxygeninanalphabeticorder+ether俗名法：按照字母順序列出和氧原子相連的兩個(gè)烷基+ethersec-butylmethylether仲丁基2-methoxybutaneethylisopropylether6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)

(di)ethyletherTrivialname:冠醚-crownethers

規(guī)則：碳原子個(gè)數(shù)+crown+氧原子個(gè)數(shù)8-crown-412-crown-66、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)

1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane

7.環(huán)氧化合物EpoxidesSystematicname:epoxy+thenameofalkane規(guī)則：epoxy+烷烴名稱2-(methylthio)butane8.硫醚SulfidesR1-S-R2thioethers–sulfides(RSR,硫醚)-SR,alkylthio,烷基硫基Systematicname:namethesimpleSRgroupasasubstituent,thelongchainasaparentbody.Thenameofsmallalkylthio+thenameofalkane規(guī)則：簡(jiǎn)單的烷基硫基作為取代基，長(zhǎng)碳鏈作為主鏈8.硫醚SulfidesR1-S-R2Trivivalname：thenameofR1+thenameofR2+sulfide規(guī)則：按照字母順序列出和硫原子相連的兩個(gè)烷基+sulfidesec-butylmethylsulfide仲丁基p-(ethylthio)benzoicacidp-ethyl(thio)benzoicacid8.硫醚SulfidesR1-S-R2Inordertoavoidtheconfusionof–SRand-SHgroupsinsamecases,parenthesismustbecorrectlyused.8.硫醚SulfidesR1-S-R28.硫醚SulfidesR1-S-R2RNH2primary

伯胺

RR’NHsecondary仲胺RR’R’’Ntertiary叔胺

9.胺AminesRNH2Quarternaryammonium季銨鹽AmmoniaAmine9.胺AminesRNH2Systematicname:listthenamesofsmallalkylgroups+thenameofparentchain+amine.Replacethefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane+amine系統(tǒng)命名法：列出取代基+主鏈+amineTrivialname:listthenamesofalkylgroupsthatareattachedtothenitrogeninanalphabeticorder+amine.俗名法：按照字母順序列出所有和N原子相連的取代基+amine1)Simpleamines9.胺AminesRNH2Systematicname

：Replacethefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane+amineN-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine3-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine9.胺AminesRNH22-butylaminebis(2-chloroethyl)amineN,N-dimethylpentanamine1-dimethylaminopentane9.胺AminesRNH29.胺AminesRNH2

2)Amineswithlargealkylgroupsorwithotherfunctionalgroupsinthemolecules

Trivialname:氨基作為取代基9.胺AminesRNH23-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine9.胺AminesRNH29.胺AminesRNH2

3)Heterocyclicamines吡啶吡咯喹啉tertramethylammoniumhydroxidecyclohexylammoniumchloride9.胺AminesRNH210.醛AldehydesSystematicname:Replacethefinalletter“e”ofalkanewith“al”,or“carb(ox)aldehyde”系統(tǒng)命名法：去掉烷烴名字的最后一個(gè)字母，加上后綴“al”或者“carb(ox)aldehyde

Asasubstitute(-CHO)—“formyl”10.醛Aldehydes10、醛AldehydesTrivialnamesarewidelyusedforaldehydeswith1-5carbonatoms:Formaldehyde（甲醛） Formyl(甲?；〢cetaldehyde AcetylPropionaldehyde PropionylButyraldehyde ButyrylValeraldehyde Valeryl10、醛Aldehydes4-ethyl-4-pentenalpropanedial2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehydebenzaldehyde1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde3-formylheptanedial10、醛Aldehydes

11.酮ketonesSystematicname:replacethefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkanewith“-one”.系統(tǒng)命名法：去掉烷烴名字的最后一個(gè)字母”e”，加上后綴“one”.

Asasubstitute(C=O)—“oxo”11.酮ketonesTrivialname:writethenamesofthegroupsRandR’,followedbytheword“ketone”.俗名法：寫出取代基（R、R’）的名字+ketone

3-pentanone4-methyl-4-hexen-2-one

11.酮ketones11.酮ketones1,3-cyclopentanedioneacetophenonemethylphenylketone3-phenylcyclopentanone5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one2-propionylfuran2-propanoylfuranethyl2-furylketone1,2,4-triacetylbenzene11.酮ketones11.酮ketones4-(4-oxohexyl)-1-benzoicacid4-methyl-3-penten-2-one5-isobutyl-3-cycloheptenone12.羧酸CarboxylicacidsSystematicname:Replacethefinalletter“e”inthenameofthehydrocarbonwith“-(o)icacid”or“carboxylicacid”.系統(tǒng)命名法：去掉烷烴名字的最后一個(gè)字母”e”，加上后綴“-(o)icacid”或者“carboxylicacid”.

12.羧酸Carboxylicacids3-butynoicacid2-isohexenoicacidbutanoicacidbutyricacid12.羧酸Carboxylicacids2-chlorocyclopentane-1-carboxylicacid(Z)-4,4-dichloro-2-pentenoicacid2-ethyl-4-(carboxymethyl)hexanedioicacid12.羧酸CarboxylicacidsSometrivialnamesforacidswithlowmolecularweight:formicacid aceticacid propionicacidbutyricacid valericacidmaleicacid(馬來酸,順丁烯二酸)fumaricacid(富馬酸,反丁烯二酸)

13.酰胺AmidesSystematicname：Omitthefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane,andthenaddthesuffix“amide”orcarboxyamidetotheendofthename.系統(tǒng)命名法：去掉烷烴名字的最后一個(gè)字母”e”，加上后綴“amide”或者“carboxyamide”.

13.酰胺AmidesTrivialnamesforamidescontainingC1~C5carbonatoms:

formamideacetamide

propionamidebutyramide

valeramide

13.酰胺AmidesN,N-dimethylformamidebutanamideN-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexadienamidecyclopropanecarboxyamide

13.酰胺Amides

13.酰胺AmidesN,N-dimethylbenamidep-acetamidobenzoicacid

14.酯EsterSystematicname：Omitthefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane,andthenaddthesuffix“(o)ate”or“carboxylate”totheendofthename.系統(tǒng)命名法：去掉烷烴名字的最后一個(gè)字母”e”，加上后綴“(o)ate”或者“carboxyate”.

14.酯Esterethylbutanoateisopropylbenzoateethylcyclopentanecarboxylatecyclopentyl4-methylpentanoate(2-methylbutyl)-3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate

14.酯Ester15.羧酸鹽Thesaltsofacids/CarboxylatesaltsSystematicname：Thenameofcation+alkane+“-(o)ate”or“carboxylate”.potassiumisohexanoatelithiumcyclopentanecarboxylatesodiumacetate15.羧酸鹽Thesaltsofacids/Carboxylatesalts

16.酸酐CarboxylicanhydridesSystematicname：Thename(s)oftheAlkane+“(o)ic”anhydridebutyricpropionicanhydridebutanoicpropanoicanhydridebutyricanhydridebutanoicanhydriderule：carboxylicacids→carboxylicanhydride。benzoicanhydridecyclohexanecarboxylicanhydridebutanedioicanhydride

16.酸酐Carboxylicanhydrides

17.酰氯AcylhalidesSystematicname：Omitthefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane,andthenaddthesuffix“oylhalide”totheendofthename.butanoylchloridebenzoylfluoride3-pentenoylbromide

17.酰氯Acylhalides

18.腈NitrilesSystematicname：Addthesuffix“(o)nitrile”or“carbonitriletotheendofthenameofthehydrocarbon.TrivialnamesofnitrilescontainingC1~C5carbonatoms:hydrocyanicacidacetonitrilepropiononitrilebutyronitrilevaleronitrile

18.腈Nitriles3-pentynenitrilecyclopentanecarbonitrile1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexane

19.內(nèi)酯和內(nèi)酰胺LactonesandlactamsSystematicname：Addthesuffix“(o)lactone”or“(o)lactam”totheendofthenameofthehydrocarbon.4-butanelactone4-butyrolactone5-petanelactone5-valerolactone5-heptanelactone4-butanelactam4-butyrolactamN-methyl5-pentane