文學導論知識點教學教材

文學導論知識點精品資料poetry（一）ElementsofPoetryRhyme(Rime)Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds1.SingleorMasculinerhyme單（陽）韻----rhymingsoundsinvolveonlyonesyllable.E.g.cold,bold;thing,king;day,way1.DoubleorFemininerhyme 雙疊（陰）韻----rhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormoresyllables.E.g.begin,again；flatter,matter;3.Triplerhyme三疊韻----akindoffemininerhymeinwhichidenticalstressedvowelsoundsarefollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllables.E.g.machinery,scenery;tenderly,slenderly;spitefully,delightfully;remember,September4.Internalrhyme（行內(nèi)韻）----atleastoneoftherhymingwordsarewithintheline.E.g.“Eachnarrowcellinwhichwedwell”;“thegrainsbeyondage,thedarkveinsofhermother”5.Endrhyme(orTerminalrhyme)（行尾韻）----thebothrhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines.(Thecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersoundrepetitioninEnglishpoetry.)E.g.Undermywindow,acleanraspingsoundWhenthespadesinksintogravellyground.Letusrollallourstrength,andallOurSweetness,upintooneball.6.BeginningRhyme行首詞韻----rhymethatoccursinthefirstsyllableorsyllablesofsuccessivelines.E.g.WhyshouldIhavereturned?僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝2精品資料Myknowledgewouldnotfitintotheirs.founduntouchedthedesertoftheunknown.InterlacedorCrossedRhyme交錯韻----Wordsinthemiddleofeachlinerhyme.Itoccursinlongcouplets,especiallythehexameter.E.g.Laurelisgreenforaseason,andloveissweetforaday,Butlovegrowsbitterwith treason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.8.PerfectorExactrhyme（全韻）----differingconsonantsoundsarefollowedbyidenticalstressedvowelsounds,andthefollowingsoundsareidentical.E.g.foe,toe;meet,fleet;buffer,rougher;fix,sticks;9.Halfrhymeoroffrhyme,nearrhyme,obliquerhyme,slantrhyme) （斜韻）----thefemininerhymesthatdonotrhymecompletely.E.g.frightful,slightly;yellow,pillow；mirth,forth；trolley,bully10.yerhyme（視覺韻）----formedbywordsthatlookalikearhymedunitbutdonothavethesamesounds.E.g.cough,bough；home,some;hear,bear11.ApproximaterhymesAlliteration 頭韻----repetitionofinitialsounds.E.g.alltheawfulauguries..Bringmemybowofburninggold;moreoftendefinedastherepetitionofconsonants.E.g.afterlife’fitsfulfever（二）Rhymescheme（押韻格式）----thepatternofalternatingendrhymesinastanzaorpoem.Inanalysisofarhymescheme,eachrhymeisrepresentedbyasmallletter.E.g.僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝3精品資料Loveisasicknessfullofwoes,(a)Allremediesrefusing;(b)Aplantthatwithmostcuttinggrows(a)Mostbarrenwithbestusing.(b)Whyso?(c)（三）Stanza----agroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem. （Itisusuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttoorunderdeterminationof,thenumberoflines,andarrangementofmeterofrhyme. ）Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrainCouplet----twosuccessiverhyminglines:Forthysweetloverememb ’redsuchwealthbringsThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature,andisaformofgreatantiquity.ChaucerwasoneofthefirstEnglishpoetstouseitandit ’generallythoughtthatChaucerdevelopedtheform. ）Triplet----astanzaofthreelines;anindividualpoemofthreelines.E.g.WhenasinsilksmyJuliagoesThen,then(methinks)howsweetlyflowsThatliquefactionofherclothes.Next,whenIcastmineeyesandseeThatbravevibrationeachwayfree;Ohowthatglitteringtakethme!Quatrain----astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme.E.g.IenvynotinanymoodsThecaptivevoidofnoblerage,ThelinnetbornwithinthecageThatneverknewthesummerwoods;僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝4精品資料IenvynotthebeastthattakesHislicenseinthefieldoftime,unfetteredbythesenseofcrime,Towhomaconscienceneverwakes.OtherStanzaicforms：Quintain----astanzaoranindividualpoemof5lines.Sexain,orsixain,sextain,hexastich/`heks?stik/----astanzaof6linesHeptastich/`hept?stik/----astanzaoranindividualpoemof7lines.Sonnet----a14-linepoem./（四）MetricalRhythmAccentsandpausesInpoetry,theendofalineofverseisitselfamarkofpunctuation.Ifthelastwordofalineisfollowedbynopunctuationandispartofacontinuinggrammaticalunitlikeaprepositionalphrase,wecallthelinerun-on,orenjambed.（跨行連續(xù)）E.g. somuchdependsuponaredwheelbarrowglazedwithrainwaterbesidethewhitechickens.(WilliamCarlosWilliams)MetricalRhythmMeter(韻律，格律)----derivedfromtheGreekword “metron”meaning“measure”.Referstohetregularpatternofstressed(markedasOor/)andunstressedsyllables(markedasoor~;u;xetc.).E.g.morningOo(or:/~)verbalizeOoo(or:/~~)tomorrowoOo(or:~/~)僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝5精品資料againoO(or:~/)MetricalRhythmNamesforMeters:1.Iamb/`ai?mb/(Iambic/ai`?mbik/adj.):anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.抑揚格（英）；短長格 （西、拉）oO(~/)(da-dum)E.g.againoO(or:~/)ShallIcomparetheetoasummer ’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperateo O o O o OoO o OShallIcomparetheetoasummer ’sday?OoOoOoOoOThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.2.Trochee/`tr?uki:/(trochaic/tr?u`keiik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable.揚抑格（英）；長短格（西、拉）Oo(/~)(dum-da)E.g.morningOo(or:/~)Tiger!Tiger!burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight.Oo Oo Oo OTiger!Tiger!burningbrightOo Oo Oo OIntheforestsofthenight.OR:/~ /~ / ~ /Tiger!Tiger!burningbright/ ~ / ~ /~ /Intheforestsofthenight.3.AnapestorAnapaest/`?n?pi:st/(AnapesticorAnapaestic/?n ?`pi:stik/adj.):twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable抑抑揚格（英）；短短長格（西、拉）. ooO(~~/)(da-da-dum)E.g.beneficial僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝6精品資料theoldinnandthelights,andthefireAndthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeetooOooOooOtheoldinnandthelights,andthefireo o O o o O o o Oo oOAndthefiddler ’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeetDactyl/`d?ktil/(Dactylic/d?k`tilik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllables.揚抑抑格；長短短格Ooo(/~~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~~)O o oO o o Oo o O oJustforahandfulofsilverheleftus,O o oOo oO o o OJustforaribandtostickinhiscoat –5.syllables.揚抑抑格；長短短格Ooo(/~~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~~)O o oO o o Oo o O oJustforahandfulofsilverheleftus,O o oOo oO o o OJustforaribandtostickinhiscoat –Spondee/`sp?ndi:/(Spondaic/sp?n`deiik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbyanotherstressedsyllable.揚揚格OO(//)mostoftenusedasasubstituteforaniambortrocheeE.g.Smartlad,toslipbetimesawayO O o O o O oO（五）Foot詩的音步----Aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllablesiscalledafoot.Namesforfeet:Monometer/m?`n?mit?(r)/:onefoot單音步詩行Dimeter/`dimit?(r)/:twofeet二音步詩行；二步格詩行Trimeter/`trimit ?(r)/:threefeet三音步詩行僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝7精品資料Tetrameter/te`tr?mit ?(r)/:fourfeetPentameter/pen`t?mit?(r)/:fivefeetHexameter/hek`s?mit?(r)/:sixfeetHeptameter/hep`t?mit ?(r)/:sevenfeetOctameter/?k`t?mit?(r)/:eightfeetNonameter/n?`n?mit?(r):ninefeet(linescontainingmorethansevenfeetdonotoftenoccurinEnglishverse)Illustrationsofmetricalrhythms:iambicpentametero O o O o O oO o OShallIcomparetheetoasummer ’sday?o O o O o O o O o OThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.o O o O o O o O oORoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,o O o O o Oo O o OAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:Twotermsmarkingthemetricalpatternandrhymeschemeofapoem:Scansion（音律分析：將詩行分成音步，標出重音位置，算出音節(jié)） ----tomarkthestressedandunstressedsyllablesandrhymeschemeistoscan.Caesura/si:`zju?r?/(詩行中根據(jù)意思而作的）主要停頓 ----apauseinalineofversedictatedbysenseornaturalspeechrhythmratherthanbymetricsiscalledcaesura,whichisoftenmarkedwith ‖” “Illustrationofcaesurae:Meanwhile,‖decliningfromthenoonofdayThesunobliquely‖shootshisburningray;Thehungryjudges‖soonthesentencesignAndwretcheshang‖thatjurymenmaydineKindsofPoetry1.Ballad2.Lyric3.NarrativePoem4.Epic5.Sonnet6.Ode7.Elegy8.Pastoral9.BlankVerse10.FreeVerse僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝8精品資料NarrativePoem（敘事詩）:A.Ifapoemmainlytellsarelativelycompletestory,itiscalledanarrativepoem.B.widespreadinmanyliteraturesandcontinuetobewrittenandread.Epic（史詩）:oneoftheancienttypesofpoetry.playsaveryimportantroleinearlydevelopmentofliteratureandcivilizationlongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleaboutheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigodsdealswithnoblecharactersandheroicdeedsincorporatesmyth,legendandfolktalereflectsnationalhistory,thusmoreculturalthanliterarySonnet（十四行詩）:oneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryinEurope----popularinRenaissanceItaly,andthereafterinSpain,PortugalandotherEuropeancountries.GermanandEnglishRomanticsrevivedtheform,whichremainspopular.alyricinvariablyof14lines,usuallyiniambic/ai`?mbik/pentameter/pen't?mit?/,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.Sonnet:therearethreeprominenttypesofsonnet,allnamedaftertheirfoundersorperfecters1)ShakespeareanSonnet莎士比亞體十四行詩alsocalledElizabethansonnetorEnglishsonnet.structuredofthreequatrainsandaterminalcoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhymepatternababcdcdefefgg.2)PetrarchanSonnet彼特拉克體十四行詩alsocalledItaliansonnet----originatedinItalyinthe13thcentury.consummatedbyFrancescoPetrarch,acrownedlaureatecontainsanoctave/`?ktiv/（意大利十四行詩的前八行） withtherhymepatternabbaabbaandasestet/ses`tet/（十四行詩的最后六行）ofvariousrhymepatternssuchascdecdeorcdcdcd僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝9精品資料3)SpenserianSonnet斯賓塞體十四行詩isconsideredbysomeavariationofShakespeareanprisesthreequatrainsandacoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhymeschemeababbcbccdcdee.somepoetswritesonnetsonasinglesubjectorunderonecontrollingideaandthuscreateasonnetsequenceorsonnetcycle(六)ElementsofPoetry----Tonethepoise,mood,voice,attitudeandoutlookofthepoetthespeakerorthepoet’sattitudetowardhissubject,hisaudienceorevenhimself.personalityreflecteddiscussedusuallyinordinaryvocabulary.i.e.cold,eager,uncertain,boastful,protesting,indifferent,positive,optimisticJudgedbysyntheticanalysisofalltheelementsinvolvedinthepoem(imagery,metaphor,understatement,etc),especiallyitsdictionandsentencepatternsElementsofPoetry----Image1) awordpicturetoevokesenseimpressionsinthereader ind ’smrepresentationofsenseexperiencethroughlanguagethesoulofpoetryaslanguageisthebodyofpoetryOneimageisfrequentlytheresultofthecooperationoftheseveralsensesandsometimescanberatherabstract.i.e.freshair----cooperation;death/coffin----abstractimageryAlltheimagesformedintoameaningfulwholeinapoemFunctionsofimagery:tocreatetheatmospheretoprovideaninternalpatternfocusthethemeofthepoemElementsofPoetry----ThemecontrollingideaoritscentralinsightAnovel:thought-provokingApoem:emotion-arousing.ElementsofPoetry----PoeticDevices僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝10精品資料1）Simile:acomparisonoftwothings,indicatedbysomeconnective,usuallylike,as,thanoraverbsuchasresembles.Yourfingersarelikemine.Yourfingersarelikesausages.e.g.OmyLove’slikeared,redrose,That’snewlysprunginJuneOmyLove’slikethemelodieThat’ssweetlyplayedintune.2）Metaphor:astatementthatonethingissomethingelse,which,inaliteralsense,itisnot.Yourfingersaresausages.e.g.Oh,myloveisared,redrose.Oh,mylovehasredpetalsandsharpthorns.Oh,Iplacedmyloveintoalong-stemvaseAndIbandagedmybleedingthumb.（3）Conceit:originallymeans “concept”or “idea”andlatercametomean “afancifulidea”.Itisametaphororsimilethatismadeelaborate(far-fetched),oftenextravagant.e.g.twolover ’ssoulsarecomparedtothelegsofthecompasses.4）Personification:afigureofspeechinwhichathing,ananimal,oranabstractterm(I.e.truth,nature)ismadehuman.e.g.TheWind byJamesStephensThewindstoodupandgaveashout.HewhistledonhisfingersandKickedthewitheredleavesaboutAndthumpedthebrancheswithhishand.Andsaidhe ’dkillandkillandkill,Andsohewillandsohewill.（5）thepun:oftensubjectedtoabuseasa “l(fā)ow”formofwit,thepunisessentiallyakindofmetaphorthatcanbeusedlightlyandfacetiouslyorformoreseriouspurposes.e.g.Customer:Doyouservecrabhere?Waiter:YesSir,weserveeveryone!僅供學習與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝11精品資料6）apostrophe:awayofaddressingsomeoneorsomethinginvisibleornotordinarilyspokento.Suchasaninanimateobject(spade!),somedeadorabsentperson(Milton!),anabstractthing(Return,delights!),oraspirit(soul).Apoetusesapostrophetoannouncealoftyandserioustone,givinglifetotheinanimateandgivinglifetotheintangible(awayofspeakingtoitpersontoperson).e.g.Death,ain ’tyoutnogoshame?7）metonymy(換喻，轉(zhuǎn)喻):thenameofathingissubstitutedforthatofanothercloselyassociatedwithit.e.g.theWhiteHousedecided.8）synecdoche(提喻):akindofmetonymy,istheuseofa