TOEFL托福閱讀理解真題

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托福閱讀真題1

Itisestimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexistedhavebecomeextinct.Whatcausesextinction?Whenaspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachangedenvironment,itmayperish.Theexactcausesofaspeciesdeathvaryfromsituationtosituation.Rapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.Forexample,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeabletoadapt.Foodresourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblemsforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmaybecomebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimately,inthedeathofaspecies.

ThefossilrecordrevealsthatextinctionhasoccurredthroughoutthehistoryofEarth.Recentanalyseshavealsorevealedthatonsomeoccasionsmanyspeciesbecameextinctatthesametime—amassextinction.Oneofthebest-knownexamplesofmassextinctionoccurred65millionyearsagowiththedemiseofdinosaursandmanyotherformsoflife.Perhapsthelargestmassextinctionwastheonethatoccurred225millionyearsago,whenapproximately95percentofallspeciesdied,massextinctionscanbecausedbyarelativelyrapidchangeintheenvironmentandcanbeworsenedbythecloseinterrelationshipofmanyspecies.If,forexample,somethingweretohappentodestroymuchoftheplanktonintheoceans,thentheoxygencontentofEarthwoulddrop,affectionevenorganismsnotlivingintheoceans.Suchachangewouldprobablyleadtoamassextinction.

Oneinteresting,andcontroversial,findingisthatextinctionsduringthepast250millionyearshavetendedtobemoreintenseevery26millionyears.ThisperiodicextinctionmightbeduetointersectionoftheEarthsorbitwithacloudofcomets,butthistheoryispurelyspeculative.Someresearchershavealsospeculatedthatextinctionmayoftenberandom.Thatis,certainspeciesmaybeeliminatedandothersmaysurvivefornoparticularreason.Aspeciessurvivalmayhavenothingtodowithitsabilityorinabilitytoadapt.Ifso,someofevolutionaryhistorymayreflectasequenceofessentiallyrandomevents.

1.Theworditinline3refersto

(A)environment

(B)species

(C)extinction

(D)99percent

2.Thewordultimatelyinline8isclosestinmeaningto

(A)exceptionally

(B)dramatically

(C)eventually

(D)unfortunately

3.Whatdoestheauthorsayinparagraph1regardingmostspeciesinEarthshistory

(A)Theyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedfromtheiroriginalforms.

(B)Theyhavebeenabletoadapttoecologicalchanges.

(C)Theyhavecausedrapidchangeintheenvironment.

(D)Theyarenolongerinexistence.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asresultingfromrapidecological

change?

(A)Temperaturechanges

(B)Availabilityoffoodresources

(C)Introductionofnewspecies

(D)Competitionamongspecies

5.Theworddemiseinline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)change

(B)recovery

(C)help

(D)death

6.Whyisplanktonmentionedinline17?

(A)Todemonstratetheinterdependenceofdifferentspecies.

(B)Toemphasizetheimportanceoffoodresourcesinpreventingmassextinction.

(C)Toillustrateacomparisonbetweenorganismsthatliveonthelandandthosethatliveinthe

ocean.

(D)Topointoutthatcertainspeciescouldneverbecomeextinct.

7.Accordingtoparagraph2,evidencefromfossilssuggeststhat

(A)ExtinctionofspecieshasoccurredfromtimetotimethroughoutEarthshistory.

(B)ExtinctionsonEarthhavegenerallybeenmassive

(C)TherehasbeenonlyonemassextinctioninEarthshistory.

(D)Dinosaursbecameextinctmuchearlierthanscientistsoriginallybelieved.

8.Thewordfindinginline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)publishedinformation

(B)researchmethod

(C)ongoingexperiment

(D)scientificdiscovery

9.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthetheorymentionedinLine21-23?

(A)Manyscientistscouldbeexpectedtodisagreewithit.

(B)Evidencetosupportthetheoryhasrecentlybeenfound.

(C)Thetheoryisnolongerseriouslyconsidered.

(D)Mostscientistsbelievethetheorytobeaccurate.

10.Inparagraph3,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaspeciessurvival?

(A)Itreflectstheinterrelationshipofmanyspecies.

(B)Itmaydependonchanceevents.

(C)Itdoesnotvarygreatlyfromspeciestospecies

(D)Itisassociatedwithastronomicalconditions.

11.Accordingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatthelargestextinctionofaspeciesoccurred

(A)26millionyearsago

(B)65millionyearsago

(C)225millionyearsago

(D)250millionyearsago

PASSAGE77BCDCDAADABC

托福閱讀真題2

ArchaeologicaldiscoverieshaveledsomescholarstobelievethatthefirstMesopotamianinventorsofwritingmayhavebeenapeoplethelaterBabylonianscalledSubarians.Accordingtotradition,theycamefromthenorthandmovedintoUrukinthesouth.Byabout3100B.C.,theywereapparentlysubjugatedinsouthernMesopotamiabytheSumerians,whosenamebecamesynonymouswiththeregionimmediatelynorthofthePersianGulf,inthefertilelowervalleysoftheTigrisandEuphrates.HeretheSumerianswerealreadywellestablishedbytheyear3000B.C.Theyhadinventedbronze,analloythatcouldbecastinmolds,outofwhichtheymadetoolsandweapons.Theylivedincities,andtheyhadbeguntoacquireandusecapital.Perhapsmostimportant,theSumeriansadaptedwriting(probablyfromtheSubarians)intoaflexibletoolofcommunication.

ArchaeologistshaveknownabouttheSumeriansforover150years.ArchaeologistsworkingatNinevehinnorthernMesopotamiainthemid-nineteenthcenturyfoundmanyinscribedclaytablets.SometheycoulddecipherbecausethelanguagewasaSemiticone(Akkadian),onwhichscholarshadalreadybeenworkingforageneration.ButothertabletswereinscribedinanotherlanguagethatwasnotSemiticandpreviouslyunknown.BecausetheseinscriptionsmadereferencetothekingofSumerandAkkad,ascholarsuggestedthatthenewlanguagebecalledSumerian.

Butitwasnotuntilthe1890sthatarchaeologistsexcavatingincity-stateswelltothesouthofNinevehfoundmanythousandsoftabletsinscribedinSumerianonly.BecausetheAkkadiansthoughtofSumerianasaclassicallanguage(asancientGreekandLatinareconsideredtoday),theytaughtittoeducatedpersonsandtheyinscribedvocabulary,translationexercises,andotherstudyaidsontablets.WorkingfromknownAkkadiantopreviouslyunknownSumerian,scholarssincethe1890shavelearnedhowtoreadtheSumerianlanguagemoderatelywell.VastquantitiesoftabletsinSumerianhavebeenunearthedduringtheinterveningyearsfromnumeroussites.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theinventorsofwrittenlanguageinMesopotamiawereprobably

the

(A)Babylonians

(B)Subarians

(C)Akkadians

(D)Sumerians

2.Thewordsubjugatedinline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)distinguished

(B)segregated

(C)concentrated

(D)conquered

3.Thephrasesynonymouswithinline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)equivalentto

(B)importantfor

(C)respectedin

(D)familiarwith

4.Accordingtothepassage,bytheyear3000B.C.theSumerianshadalreadydoneallofthe

followingEXCEPT:

(A)TheyhadabandonedtheareanorthofthePersianGulf.

(B)Theyhadestablishedthemselvesincities.

(C)Theyhadstartedtocommunicatethrough

(D)Theyhadcreatedbronzetoolsandweapons.

5.Thewordsomeinline14refersto

(A)Archaeologists

(B)Sumerians

(C)years

(D)claytablets

6.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageconcerningtheSumerians?

(A)TheyweredescendantsofthePersians.

(B)TheywerethefirstpeopletocultivatethevalleyoftheTigris.

(C)Theywereaccomplishedmusicians.

(D)Theyhadthebeginningsofaneconomy.

7.Accordingtothepassage,whendidarchaeologistsbegintobeabletounderstandtablets

inscribedinSumerian?

(A)intheearlynineteenthcentury

(B)morethan150yearsago

(C)afterthe1890s

(D)inthemid-eighteenthcentury

8.Accordingtothepassage,inwhatwaydidtheSumerianlanguageresembleancientGreekand

Latin?

(A)ItwasinventedinMesopotamia.

(B)Itbecamewellestablishedaround3000B.C.

(C)Itbecameaclassicallanguage.

(D)Itwasusedexclusivelyforbusinesstransactions.

9.Thewordexcavatinginline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)living

(B)digging

(C)assembling

(D)building

10.Accordingtothepassage,howdidarchaeologistslearntoreadtheSumerianlanguage?

(A)bytranslatingtheworkoftheSubarians

(B)byusingtheirknowledgeofspokenSemiticlanguages

(C)bycomparingSumeriantootherclassicallanguages

(D)byusingtheirknowledgeofAkkadian

PASSAGE78BDAADDCCBD

托福閱讀真題3

Someanimalbehavioristsarguethatcertainanimalscanrememberpastevents,anticipatefutureones,makeplansandchoices,andcoordinateactivitieswithinagroup.Thesescientists,however,arecautiousabouttheextenttowhichanimalscanbecreditedwithconsciousprocessing.

Explanationsofanimalbehaviorthatleaveoutanysortofconsciousnessatallandascribeactionsentirelytoinstinctleavemanyquestionsunanswered.Oneexampleofsuchunexplainedbehavior:honeybeescommunicatethesourcesofnectartooneanotherbydoingadanceinafigure-eightpattern.Theorientationofthedanceconveysthepositionofthefoodrelativetothesunspositioninthesky,andthespeedofthedancetellshowfarthefoodsourceisfromthehive.Mostresearchersassumethattheabilitytoperformandencodethedanceisinnateandshowsnospecialintelligence.Butinonestudy,whenexperimenterskeptchangingthesiteofthefoodsource,eachtimemovingthefood25percentfartherfromtheprevioussite,foraginghoneybeesbegantoanticipatewherethefoodsourcewouldappearnext.Whentheresearchersarrivedatthenewlocation,theywouldfindthebeescirclingthespot,waitingfortheirfood.Noonehasyetexplainedhowbees,whosebrainsweighfourten-thousandthsofanounce,couldhaveinferredthelocationofthenewsite.

Otherbehaviorsthatmayindicatesomecognitionincludetooluse.Manyanimals,liketheotterwhousesastonetocrackmusselshells,arecapableofusingobjectsinthenaturalenvironmentasrudimentarytools.Oneresearcherhasfoundthatmotherchimpanzeesoccasionallyshowtheiryounghowtousetoolstoopenhardnuts.Inonestudy,chimpanzeescomparedtwopairsoffoodwellscontainingchocolatechips.Onepairmightcontain,say,fivechipsandthreechips,theotherfourchipsandthreechips.Allowedtochoosewhichpairtheywanted,thechimpanzeesalmostalwayschosetheonewiththehighertotal,showingsomesortofsummingability.Otherchimpanzeeshavelearnedtousenumeralstolabelquantitiesofitemsanddosimplesums.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theroleofinstinctinanimalbehavior

(B)Observationsthatsuggestconsciousnessinanimalbehavior

(C)Theuseoffoodinstudiesofanimalbehavior

(D)Differencesbetweenthebehaviorofanimalsintheirnaturalenvironmentsandinlaboratory

experiments.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTdiscussedasanabilityanimalsarethoughttohave?

(A)Selectingamongchoices

(B)Anticipatingeventstocome

(C)Rememberingpastexperiences

(D)Communicatingemotions

3.Whatisthepurposeofthehoneybeedance?

(A)Todeterminethequantityoffoodatasite

(B)Tocommunicatethelocationoffood

(C)Toincreasethespeedoftraveltofoodsources

(D)Toidentifythetypeofnectarthatisavailable

4.Thewordyetinline15isclosestinmeaningto

(A)however

(B)since

(C)generally

(D)sofar

5.Whatdidresearchersdiscoverinthestudyofhoneybeesdiscussedinparagraph2?

(A)Beesareabletotravelatgreaterspeedsthanscientiststhought.

(B)Thebeescouldtravel25%fartherthanscientistsexpected.

(C)Thebeeswereabletodetermineinadvancewherescientistswouldplacetheirfood.

(D)Changingthelocationoffoodcausedbeestodecreasetheirdanceactivity.

6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbrainsizeisassumedto

(A)beanindicatorofcognitiveabilit