2016年職稱英語考試綜合類閱讀理解考試試題及答案

2016年職稱英語考試綜合類閱讀理解考試試題及答案

EattoLive

Ameagerdietmaygiveyouhealthandlonglife,

butit'snotmuchfun—anditmightnotevenbe

necessary.Wemaybeabletohangontomostofthat

youthfulvigorevenifwedon'tstarttodietuntilold

age.

StephenSpindlerandhiscolleaguesfromthe

UniversityofCaliforniaatRiversidehavefoundthat

someofanelderlymouse'slivergenescanbemadeto

behaveastheydidwhenthemousewasyoung

simplybylimitingitsfoodforfourweeks.Thegeneticr

ejuvenationwon'treverseotherdamagecausedbyt

imeforthemouse,butcouldhelpitslivermetabo

lizedrugsorgetridoftoxins.

Spindler'steamfedthreemiceanormaldietfor

theirwholelives,andfedanotherthreeonhalf-

rations.Threemoremicewereswitchedfromthe

normaldiettohalf-feedforamonthwhentheywere

34monthsold—equivalenttoabout70humanyears.

Theresearcherscheckedtheactivityof11,000

genesfromthemouselivers,andfoundthat46cha

ngedwithageinthenormallyfedmice.Thechanges

wereassociatedwiththingslikeinflammationand

freeradicalproduction—probablybadnewsformo

usehealth.Inthemicethathaddietedalltheirlives,

27ofthose46genescontinuedtobehavelikeyoung

genes.Butthemostsurprisingfindingwasthatthe

micethatonlystarteddietinginoldagealsobe

nefitedfrom70percentofthesegenechanges.

"Thisisthefirstindicationthattheeefleetskick

inprettyquickly,nsaysHuberWarnerfromtheN

ationalInstituteonAgingnearWashington,D.C.

Nooneyetknowsifcalorieworksinpeopleasit

doesinmice,busSpindlerishopeful."There'sa

ttractingandtemptingevidenceouttherethatitwill

work,"hesays.

Ifitdoesworkinpeople,theremightbegoodr

easonsforrejuvenatingtheliver.Aswegetolder,out

bodiesarelesefficientatmetabolizingdrugs,forex

ample.Abriefperiodoftimeofdieting,saysSpindler,

couIdbeenoughtomakesureadrugiseffective.

ButSpindlerisn'tsurethetrade-offisworthit."

Themicegetlessdisease,theyliveIongerbutth

ey'rehungry,"hesays."Evenseeingwhatadietdoes,

it'sstillhardtogotoarestaurantandsay:'Icanonly

eathaIfofthat

Spindlerhopeswesoonwon'tneedtodietatall.

Hiscompany,LifeSpanGeneticsinCalifornia,is

lookingfordrugsthathavetheeffectsofcalorie

restriction.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthe

followingisNOTtrue?

A.EatinglessthanusuaImightmakeuslive

longer.

B.Ifwegoonadietwhenold,wemaykeep

healthy.

C.Dietingmightnotbeneeded.

D.Wehavetobegindietingfromchildhood.

2.Whydoestheauthormentionanelderly

mouseinparagraph2?

A.TodescribetheinfluenceofoIdageonmice.

B.Toillustratetheeffeetofmeagerfoodonmice.

C.Totellushowmice'slivergenesbehave.

D.Toinformusoftheprocessofmetabolizing

drugs.

3.Whatcanbeinferredaboutcompletely

normallyfedmicementionedinthepassage?

A.Theywillnotexperiencefreeradicalproduction.

B.Theywillexperiencemoregeneticre

juvenationintheirlifetime.

C.TheyhavemoreoIdlivergenestobehavelike

younggenes.

D.Theyaremorelikelytosufferfrominflamm

ation.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefoMowing

mostinterestedtheresearchers?

A.Themicethatstarteddietinginoldage.

B.27ofthose46oldgenesthatcontinuedto

behavelikeyounggenes.

C.Calorierestrict!onthatworksinpeopie.

D.Dietingthatmakessureadrugiseffect!ve.

5.Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphs,Spindler

believesthat

A.calorierestrictionisveryimportanttoyoungp

eople

B.seeingtheeffectofadiet,peoplewilleatless

thannormaI.

C.dietingisnotagoOdmethodtogiveusheaIth

andalonglife.

D.drugsdonothavetheeffectsofcalorierest

riction.

Single-parentKidsDoBest

Singlemumsarebetteratraisingtheirkidsthan

twoparents—atleastinthebirdworld.Motherzebra

fincheshavetoworkharderandraisefewerchicks

ontheirown,buttheyalsoproducemoreattractive

sonswhoaremorelikelytogetamate.

Thefindingshowsthatfamilyconflictisas

importantanevolutionarydrivingforceasecological

factorssuchashuntingandfoodsupply.Withtwo

parentsaround,there'salwaysaconflictofiinterests,

whichcanhaveadetrimentaleffectonthequalityof

theoffspring.

Inevolutionaryterms,thebeststrategyforanyp

arentintheanimalworldistofindsomeoneelseto

carefortheiroffspring,sotheycanconcentrateon

breedingagain.soit'snormalforparentstotrytop

assthebucktoeachother.ButIanHartleyfromthe

UniversityofLancasterandhisteamwonderedhow

familiessolvethisconflict,andhowtheconflictitself

affectstheoffspring.

Tofindout,theymeasuredhowmucheffortze

brafinchparentsputintoraisingtheirbabies.They

comparedinglefemaleswithpairs,bymonitor!ngthe

amountoffoodeachparentcollected,andremoving

oraddingchickssothateachpairofbirdswasrais

ingfourchicks,andeachsingIemumhadtwo—suppo

sedlythesameamountofwork.

ButsingIemums,theyfound,putinabout25per

centmoreeffortthanfemalesrearingwiththeirmate.

Toavoidbeingexploited,motherswithapartnerhold

backfromworkingtoohardifthefatherisbeinglazy,

andit'sthechicksthatpaytheprice.<lTheoffspring

suffersomeofthecostofthisconflict,"saysHartley.

Thecostdoesnotshowinanyobviousdecrease

insizeorweight,butinhowattractivetheyaretot

heoppositesex.Whenthechicksweremature,the

researcherstestedthe"fitness”ofthemaleoffspring

byofferingfemalestheirchoiceofpartner.Thosemale

srearedbysinglemumswerechosenmoreoftentha

nthosefromtwo-parentfamilies.

SexuaIconflicthaslongbeentoughtoaffectthe

qualityofcaregiventooffspring,sayszoologistRebe

ccaKilneratCambridgeUniversity,whoworksonc

onflictofparentsinbirds.s,Buttheexperimental

evidenceisnotgreat.Thebreakthroughhereiss

howingitempirically.”

Moresurprising,saysKilner,isHartley'sst

atementthatconflictmaybeastronginfluenceonthe

evolutionofbehaviour,clutchsizeandeven

appearance."Peoplehavenotreallymadethatlink

saysHartley.Afemale'sreproductivestrategyis

usuallythoughttobeaffectedbyhuntingandfood

supply.Kilnersaysconflictofparentsshouldnowbe

takenintoaccountaswell.

1.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswould

theauthorprobablyagree?

A.SingIemumsproducestrongersons.

B.Singlemumsdonotproducedaughters.

C.Two-parentfamiliesproducelessattractive

children.

D.Two-parentfamiliesproducemorebeautiful

offspring.

2.Accordingtothepassage,inwhatwaydoes

familyconflictaffectthequalityoftheoffspring?

A.Theyoungmalesgetlesscare.

B.Theyoungfemaleswilldecreaseinweight.

C.TheoffspringwiIIbecomelazyfathersormoth

ersinthefuture.

D.theoffspringwilInotgetmatureeasily.

3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenparagraph4

andparagraph5?

A.Causeandeffect.

B.Experimentandresult.

C.Problemandsolution.

D.topicandcomment.

4.AccordingtoHartley,whichofthefollowingis

NOTinflueneedbysexualconflict?

A.Theevolutionoftheoffspring'sbehaviour.

B.Thelookoftheoffspring'sfaces.

C.thenumberofeggsproducedbyoneoffspringat

atime.

D.Theoffspring'sbodysize.

5.Accordingtothepassage,peoplebelievethat

afemale'sreproductivestrategyisinfluencedby

A.anevolutionarydrivingforce.

B.aconflictofinterests.

C.ecologicalfactors.

D.thequalityoftheoffspring.

FoodFright

Experimentsunderwayinseverallabsaimto

createbeneficialtypesofgeneticallymodified(GM)

foods,includingstarchierpotatoesandcaffeine-free

coffeebeans.Geneticengineersareeventryingto

transfergenesfromacold-waterfishtomakeafrost-

resistanttomato.

Alow-sugarGMstrawberrynowintheworksmig

htonedayallowpeopiewithhealthproblemssuchas

diabetestoenjoythelittledeliciousredfruitsagain.

GMbeansandgrainssuperchargedwithproteinmigh

thelppeopieatriskofdevelopingkwashiorkor,K

washiorkor,adiseasecausedbysevereIackofpro

tein,iscommoninpartsoftheworldwherethereare

severefoodshortages.

CommentingonGMfoods,JonathonJones,a

Britishresearcher,said:"ThefuturebenefitswilIbe

enormous,andthebestisyettocome.”

Tosomepeople,GMfoodsarenodifferentfrom

unmodifiedfoods."Atomatoisatomato,“saidBrian

Sansoni,anAmericanfoodmanufacturer.

CriticsofGMfoodschaHengeSansoni'sopinion.

TheyworryabouttheharmthatGMcropsmightdoto

people,otheranimals,andplants.

InarecentlabstudyconductedatCornellUni

versity,scientiststestedpollenmadebyBtcorn,which

makesupone-fourthoftheU.S.corncrop.Thescien

tistsprinkledthepollenontomilkweed,aplantthat

makesamilkyjuiceandistheonlyknownfoodsource

ofthemonarchbutterflycaterpiliar.Withinfourdays

ofmunchingonthemilkweedleaves,aImosthalfofa

testgroupofcaterpillarshaddied."Monarchsarecon

sideredtobeaflagshipspeciesforconservation/,said

CornellresearcherLindaRaynor."Thisisawarningb

ell."

SomeinsectsthatarenotkilledbyGMfoods

mightfindthemselvesmadestronger.Howso?The

insecticidesusedtoprotectmostoftoday'scropsare

sprayedonthecropswhenneededanddecayquickly

intheenvironment.ButGMplantsproduceacontinuou

slevelofinsecticide.Insectspeciesfeedingonthose

cropsmaydevelopresistancetotheplantsandcould

dosoinahurry,saythecritics.Insectsmayalso

developaresistancetotheinsecticideBt.

AttheforumonGMfoodheldlastyearinCanada.

GMcropsthathavebeenmaderesistanttothe

herbicidemightcrossbreedwithwildplants,ereating

"superweeds"thatcouldtakeoverwholefields.

Sowheredoyoustand?ShouldGMfoodsbeban

nedintheUnitedStates,astheyareinpartsofEurope?

Ordotheirbenefitsoutweighanyoftherisksthey

mightcarry?

1.Paragraphs1,estogivetheideathat

A.GMfoodsmaybringaboutgreatbenefitsto

humans.

B.wecannotrecognizethebenefitsofGMfoods

tooearly.

C.GMfoodsmayhavebothbenefitsandharm.

D.GMfoodsareparticularlygoodtothekw

ashiorkorpatients.

2.Whyisthecaseofthepollen-spr