英國議會(huì)制辯論賽規(guī)則

7CommonTitlesforSpeaker7st777st122177stst77a黨領(lǐng)袖2)副首相反對(duì)黨副a員反對(duì)黨黨鞭Adjudication議會(huì)制四隊(duì)辯論賽通常由一個(gè)裁判小組來評(píng)判，這些裁判都受過專門的訓(xùn)練，懂得如何評(píng)判此種辯論。辯論后，四支隊(duì)伍從第一至第四的排名可見分曉。每隊(duì)每位辯手將根據(jù)各自的表現(xiàn)獲得相應(yīng)分?jǐn)?shù)，把每隊(duì)辯手的分?jǐn)?shù)相加就得到了這隊(duì)的總分。裁判們將首先評(píng)定各隊(duì)的排名，主要依據(jù)每隊(duì)論證的質(zhì)量。裁判可以評(píng)判論證的力度、跟其他隊(duì)的論證相比所發(fā)揮的作用以及對(duì)證明或反駁該辯題的重要性。每隊(duì)的排名可根據(jù)其總體表現(xiàn)和在以下方面做出的貢獻(xiàn)來評(píng)定，如對(duì)辯論中各議題的影響、對(duì)辯論大方向的引導(dǎo)和辯論質(zhì)量的提升。裁判們進(jìn)一步評(píng)定每位辯手的分?jǐn)?shù)。典型的評(píng)分制度是，滿分100分，70分是平均分。得分范圍通常在55到85間，只有辯論水平極高或極差，才會(huì)得到這一范圍之外的分?jǐn)?shù)。任主席）進(jìn)行討論，并盡力就各自之前做出的兩種評(píng)定達(dá)成共識(shí)。如果裁判組無法達(dá)成共識(shí)，則采納多數(shù)意見。評(píng)判結(jié)束后，主席通常會(huì)做出簡單的口頭評(píng)判，以解brieforaladjudicationthatexplainshowthepanelarrivedattheirrankingsandoffersconstructivefeedbackforthe釋裁判團(tuán)如何確定各隊(duì)的排名，并為辯手們提供建設(shè)性的反饋意見。如果比賽不采監(jiān)計(jì)算和統(tǒng)計(jì)。aaaa．．．。2。PrinciplesofRefutation．A.a.b.c.aclaimisthestatementoftheargumentitself|a2.a.b.II.Everydebaterneedstointernalizeandpracticeamethodofrefutation.AsdebatersgainA..B.1.2.3.IdentifytheopposingargumentCriticizetheopposingargumentExplaintheimportanceofthecriticismFour-stepMethodofRefutationClearlystatetheargumentThepropositionteamclaimsthatincreasedfineswillprovideyouintendtorefute.aneconomicincentiveforcompaniestoimproveworkplacesafety.Stateyourrefutation.Theone-millionYuanfineisnotasufficientincentivetocausecompaniestoinvestinexpensiveequipmentneededtoimproveminesafety.increased.Thereforenoneofthebenefitsclaimedbythepropositionteamwillactuallyoccur.StudentExerciseforPracticingRefutationA.B.C.Presentavideoofabriefargumentorhaveastudentorallypresentabriefargument.Dividestudentsintosmallgroupsandhavethempreparerefutationoftheargument.Haveeachgroupselectamembertopresenttherefutationtothelargergroup...組織反方論辯I.反方論辯的一般形式1.Nametheproblemdescribedbythepropositionteam.a.起因分析錯(cuò)誤：問題不是由現(xiàn)行政策引起的，而是另有緣由。b.起因分析片面：盡管現(xiàn)行政策可能是問題的起因之一，但即使實(shí)行了正方提出的方案，別的因素仍會(huì)導(dǎo)致這些問題。B.正方提案將引發(fā)更多問題。1.Describesomeelementofthepropositionpolicy.Whatpartoftheproposition’spolicyareyougoingtoargueagainst?2.Relatethatelementtosomeeffect.Createargumentshowingtheelementofthepropositionpolicycreatessomeeffect.3.Evaluatethateffect.Showhowthateffectwillhavenegativeconsequences.1.陳述正方提案中你要反駁的一些內(nèi)容2.指出被駁內(nèi)容將會(huì)引發(fā)的后果。3.指出該后果的負(fù)面效應(yīng)。SampleArgumentsfortheOppositionA.正方認(rèn)為其提案減少礦難。B.增加罰金將使得礦主掩蓋事故。1.在現(xiàn)行制度下中國礦主經(jīng)常掩蓋事故和災(zāi)難，逃避政府監(jiān)察和罰款。2.增加罰金將導(dǎo)致礦主更傾向于掩蓋他們的罪行---而無益于保障工人安全。II.Theplanwillcreateenergyshocks.Theplanofthepropositionincreasesfinesoncoalminingcompanies.ThesefineswillreducetheproductionofcoalinChinaInordertoavoidfines,mineswillhavetoimplementcostlysafetyproceduresMinesthatcan'taffordimplementationwillhavetoshutdown.MinesthatCANaffordthesafetyprocedureswillhavetoslowproductionintheshorttermwhiletrainingtakesThus,theseshutdownsandslowdownswillreducetheproductionofcoalinChinaC.Reductionintheproductionofcoalwillhavenegativeconsequences.Chinaneedsasmuchcoalasitcangettofuelitsskyrocketingeconomy.ChineseGDPjumped11.7%in2007.Energyproductionisalreadystrugglingtokeepup.Thecoalindustrygrew13.5%between2001and2005.China'seconomyneedsmoreenergyeveryday.Ifenergysupplystartsshrinking,rapideconomicgrowthwillturn1.中國需要盡可能多的燃料支持飛速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)。2007年，中國國民生產(chǎn)總值躍至11.7%。2.能源生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)很難維持。煤礦工業(yè)從2001至2005年發(fā)展了13.5%。3.中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展每天都需要更多的能源。如果能源供應(yīng)縮減，快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長將變成快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。ForeigninvestorswilllabelChinaanunstablemarketandpullouttheirmoney,creatingamassivedepression.4.外國投資者將稱中國為不穩(wěn)定的市場，會(huì)抽回投資，使中國陷入巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。這將損害中國人的生活質(zhì)量。StudentExerciseforConstructingArgumentsAgainstaPropositionI.II.Dividestudentsintosmallgroups.Selectadifferentmotionandaskgroupsofstudentstoconstructargumentsagainstthemotion.Theyshouldconstructatleastoneargumentshowingthattheplanofthepropositionteamwillnotsolvetheproblemandatleastoneargumentshowinghowtheplanwillcreateworseproblemsthanitsolves.Eachgroupwillappointaspokespersontodiscusstheirargumentswiththelargergroup.Ⅱ.挑選一個(gè)不同的辯題，請(qǐng)學(xué)生組織辯題的反方論辯。他們應(yīng)該至少舉出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來證明正方提案不能解決問題，并至少舉出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)證明將引發(fā)更多的問題。III.Ⅲ.每個(gè)小組指定一名代表向全班闡釋他們的觀點(diǎn)。aaaieaaaa觀點(diǎn)D.正反方二隊(duì)如何深入拓展己方一隊(duì)的觀點(diǎn)。Dividestudentsintosmallgroups.I.Ⅰ.把學(xué)生分成若干小組。II.Startingwiththepropositionandoppositionargumentsthattheycreatedearlier,askstudentstocreatetheirownextensions.TheseextensionsshouldfollowoneormoreⅡ.請(qǐng)學(xué)生在他們之前建立的觀點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行“擴(kuò)展論辯”。這些擴(kuò)展應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循以上提到的一種或幾種方法：新增論證單元，從價(jià)值觀角度，實(shí)用ofthemethodsdiscussedabove:additionallineofargumentation,alternativephilosophicalconsideration,性角度，或其他利害相關(guān)