新視野大學英語第三版讀寫教程第二冊Unit6 To work or not to work - That is the question翻譯

U6AToworkornotwork-Thatisthequestion打還不工——是問Therenumerousandreliablebywhichonecanofemploymentonstudentachievement,andweusedseveralinourresearch.Wecomparedthegradesofstudentswhoworkagreatdealwiththosewhoworkinlimitedornotatall.Wecontrastedworkerswithnon-workers,differentindicatorsofeducation.Additionally,followedstudentsovertimeastheyincreasedordecreasedtheirworkhours,weassessedhowdifferentpatternsofemploymentalteredschoolperformanceengagement.要衡量工作經(jīng)歷對學生成就的影響有許多可靠的方法我們的研究中們用了幾種方法們較了打很多工的學生打工時間有限或者根本不打工的學生的學習成績們也對比了打工學生和不打工學生在學習投入程度方面的不同指征。另外，我們長期跟蹤學生，了解他們在打工時間增加或減少時的表現(xiàn)且我們還評估了不同的打工模式如何改變學習成績和學習參與度。Wehavesimplifiedclassifiedthedataandtheresultsareclear:Thestakesarehigh.Aheavytoapart-timejobduringtheacademicyear,say,working20hoursperweekormore,underminessignificantlyinterfereswithschoolachievementandcommitment.Overall,ourstudyoffersproofthatstudentswhoworkedthan20hoursweeklywerenotcomparabletheirclassmates.Theyearnedlowergrades,spenttimeonhomework,cutclassmoreoften,andcheatedmorefrequently.Andtheyreportedlowerlevelsofcommitmentschoolmoremodesteducationalaspirations.我們把數(shù)據(jù)加以簡化和歸類得的結(jié)論很明確學打工付出的代價很大在學年中花過多精力兼職打工，比如，一周打工個小時或更長時間，會影響和嚴重干擾學習成績和學習投入程度。總的來說，我們的研究證明，每周打工超過個時的學生學習成績不及班上其他同學。他們的分數(shù)更低，花在作業(yè)上的時間更少，逃課更頻繁，作弊更常見。而且據(jù)反映，他們的學習投入程度較低，學習志向也不夠遠大。Ontheotherhand,wealsodetectedadifferentpattern.Workingforapproximately10hoursperweekorlessseeminglydoesnottakeaconsistenttollonschoolperformance.Nevertheless,giventhathalfofallemployedseniors,aboutone-thirdofalljuniors,andaboutone-fifthofallsecond-yearstudentsworkthe20-hourindicationsarethatalargenumberofstudentsareatriskofcompromisingschoolcareerswithpart-timejobs.但是，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)了另外一種不同的模式。每周打工大約10個小時或更少的時間對學習成績似乎沒有持續(xù)的影響不過于一半的大四打工學生三分之一的大三打工學生以及約五分之一的大二打工學生的打工時間都超過20個小時的上限，由此表明，有很多學生面臨因打工而危及學業(yè)的風險。Whereasitistruethatmoredisengagedstudentsaremorelikelyhoursbeginwith,itthatworkingasituationworse.Inotherwords,overtime,studentswork,theschooltheybecome.Whenstudentswithdrawfromthelaborforceorcutbackontheirworkhours,however,theresultsarestriking:Theirinterestschoolisgeneratedanew.Thisthenisgoodnews:Thenegativeeffectsofworkingonschoolingarenotpermanent.雖說一開始確實是學習興趣不大的學生更容易長時間地打工打看起來會讓他們原本勉強的學習狀況變得更糟。換言之著時間的推移，學生打工時間越長們學習的投入就越少但，當學生退出打隊伍或者減少打工時間后果引人注目：他們對學習的興趣被重新激發(fā)起來。所以，這是個好消息，即打工對學習的負面影響并非是永久性的。Weuncoverednumerousexplanationsfortheundesirableeffectsofworkingonstudents'engagementinschool.First,owingtheirdemandingworkschedule,workingstudentslesstimetodevoteschoolassignments.Onecommonresponsethistimepressureisthattheycutcornersbytakingeasierclasses,copyingassignmentsfromotherstudents,cuttingclass,orrefusingdoworkassignedbytheirteachers.Overtime,thesebecomeestablishedpractices,students'commitmentschooliserodedbitbybit.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了打工對學生學習參與度產(chǎn)生負面影響的很多種原因緊的打工日程，打工的學生用來完成學校作業(yè)的時間就減少了臨這樣的時間壓力工學生一個普遍的應付辦法就是偷懶比選擇較易的課程抄襲其他學生的作業(yè)逃課或者不做老師布臵的作業(yè)時間一長當這些變成以為常的做法以后生對學習的投入也就一點一點地減少。Second,order20hoursormoreeachweek,manystudentsmustworkevenings.Eveningworkinterferesnotonlywithdoingbutwithbothsleepdiet.Studiesshowthatworkingstudentsgetlessrestandeatlesshealthymealsthannon-workingstudents.Burningthemidnightoilmakesworkingteenagersmoretiredinschool.Teachersfrequentlycomplainaboutworkingstudentsfallingasleepinclass.Nearlyathirdofthestudentsinourstudysaidtheywerefrequentlytootiredfromworktodotheirhomework.第二，為了每周能打工20個小時或更長時間，許多學生必須要在晚上工作。晚上工作不僅影響做作業(yè)而影響睡眠和食。研究表明不打工的學生相比，打工學生的休息時間更少飲食也不夠健康熬夜讓打工的青少年在學校時感覺更疲倦老師們經(jīng)常抱怨打工學生在課堂上睡覺在們的調(diào)中將近三分之一的學生說他經(jīng)常因打工太累而不做作業(yè)。Third,itthattheexcitementoflargeamountsofspendingmakesschoolseemlessrewardinginteresting.第三，掙到數(shù)量可觀的零花錢所帶來的興奮感似乎讓上學顯得沒意義和乏味。Althoughmind-wanderingduringschoolischaracteristicofadults,workingstudentsreportsignificantlymoreofitthannon-workers.Indeed,therushfromearningmoneymaysostrongstudentswhohaveahistoryofintensiveemployment,thosewho,forexample,havebeenworkinglonghourssincetheirsecondyear,areactuallyatgreaterriskthantheirclassmatesofdroppingoutbeforegraduating.雖說在學校學習時心不在焉是年輕人的通病是據(jù)反映工的學生比不打工的學生在這方面表現(xiàn)得更為糟糕事實上賺錢和花錢帶來的快感也許過于強烈至于有長時間打工史的學生，比如從大二開始就長時間打工的學生，實際上比其他同學面臨更大的輟學風險。Finally,workinglonghourscanbeassociatedwithincreasedalcoholdruguse.Workingstudentsdrugsandalcoholabout33%moreoftenthannon-workingstudents.Ourlong-termthatworkinglongleadstoincreasedalcoholanddruguseforentertainmentandrecreationamongworkingstudents.Teenagerswithbetween$200andofmonthlysurplusincomefrequentlyhavemoremoneytospendthantheirpeers,andoftentheybecomeaccustomedspendingearningsondrugsandalcohol.Accordingtoourstudy,alcoholanddruginmaybelinkedtodisengagementfromschool,therefore,islikelydepressschoolperformance.最后長時間打工與飲酒和吸毒增多有關工學生吸毒和飲酒的概率比不打工的學生要高出大約33%。我們的長期研究顯示，長時間打工導致打工的學生更多地飲酒和毒，他們借此來娛樂和消遣每多入200至美的青少年通常比其他同學有更多的零花錢而且他們也常常習慣于自己賺來的錢花在吸毒和飲酒上們研究表明飲酒和吸毒相應地可能造成學習興趣減弱，因此很可能導致學習成績下降。Tosummarize,conventionhaslongheldthatearlyemploymentbuildscharacter.Ourfindingsindicatethatformanystudents,workingormoreaweekcancontributedecreasedschoolincreaseddrugandalcoholuse.Weknowthatthesefindingsmayseemcontroversialtomany.Toownsurprise,ourfindingsmakeusquestionlongwehaveheldtotheconventionalassumptionsaboutthegreatofworkinourformativeyears.It'stimetoabandonthisappealingmyth!Weconcludethatstudentsshouldresolveworkmorethan10perweekiftheywanttosuccessfulinschool.總而言之長以來的傳統(tǒng)觀念直認為期的工作經(jīng)歷能錘煉性格我們的研究結(jié)果表明，對于許多學生而言，每周打工個小時或更多時間會導致學習成績的下滑以及吸毒和飲酒的增多們道這些究結(jié)果可能在許多人看來是有爭議的我感到驚訝的是們研究結(jié)果促使我們質(zhì)何長久以來我們一直堅守著那種打工有利于我們成長的傳統(tǒng)想法?，F(xiàn)在是摒棄這種誘人的錯誤觀念的時候了們的結(jié)論是：要想學業(yè)成功，學生就應該下決心做到每周打工不超過10個小時。U6BEarnyoulearn?勤助Ascostofattendinguniversityhassoaredoverlasttwodecades,afrankandvigorousdebateisemergingoverwhoshouldpayforthecostofhighereducation.insomecountriesstudentshavealwaysbeenexpectedabsorbpartorevenalloftheirtuitioncoststhroughworkorborrowing,inothercountriesthetremendouscostofattendinguniversityhasbeenprovidedbytherelevanteducationauthorityorbyparents.Iamproudtobeinthesmallminorityofstudentswho"earntheylearn"absorbthecostoftheiruniversityeducationinspiteofthemanyobstacles.隨著近20年上大學費用的急劇攀升，高等教育費用應該由誰支付的問引發(fā)了坦誠而激烈的爭論在些國家人們總是希望學生通過打工或貸款來承擔部分或全部的學費在另一些國家大的大筆費用直由有關教育部門或者父母提供是數(shù)派學生中的一員，通過“勤工助學服種困難去承擔自己的學費，我為此而感到自豪。Asforthemajority,Iaskmyself,"Isme,orarestudentsthesedaysjustlazy?"Collectively,theyclaimthattheyhavenocapacitypayforcollege.Ithinkit'smoreamatterofthemsimplynottopayorcontribute.Duringcollegeconsistentlyenduredfrompeerswithscholarshipsandloans,andpeerswhohadnewcarsexpensiveapartments,whowouldaskme,eyesbulging,meanyourparentsdidn'thelpyouatall?""Howdidyoupayfortuition?"Myresponsewassimple:"Iworked."Theywouldlookatmeblankly,asthoughItoldthemI'dgonetothe至于其他大多數(shù)人，我問自己情況特殊，還是現(xiàn)在的學生就是懶惰呢？”大家都說自己沒有支付大學學費的能力認倒不如說是他們不想自己出錢或不愿分擔學費大學時，我一直忍受著其他同學的評論。他們拿著獎學金和助學貸款，或者開著嶄新的汽車、住著昂貴的公寓他們會瞪大眼睛問我說的父母一點資助都不給你嗎？怎么付學費??？我回答很簡單工他們就會一臉不解地看著我，仿佛我告訴他們我去過月球一樣。Asanundergraduatestudent,fortwoyearsasadaycareproviderearningminimumwage.ThenIpaidtheofmyeducationbyhelpingdeafchildrenworkingasatutorinaprivateschool.讀本科時，我做了整整兩年的日托保育員，拿的是最低工資。后來，我還照顧過失聰兒童，也當過私人學校的助教，以此支付我其余的學費。Lookingback,I'mnotsurehowItocoverallthecostsofmyeducation.Butdid.AndIboughteverysingletextbookpencilmyselftoo.回顧過去，我都不清楚我是怎么設法付清了我所有的學費的。但是，我做到了。而且，每一本課本、每一支鉛筆也都是我自己花錢買的。Sometimes,feelalittlesorrymyself,especiallywhenIcomparedmyselfwealthystudents.Ionceaskedstudentifsheworked."Oh,no!"shesaid,startled,"Igotoschoolfull-time."Shetakingonly13credithours,yet"toobusy"towork.Shewenttoexplainthatherparentspaidforeverythingherwitheverynecessity,manyluxuriestoo!有時候有點兒為自己感到難過是當我把自己跟家境富裕的同學相比時次，我問另一個同學她是否打工我不打工，很吃驚的樣子全職學生只上13學分的課，但竟然“沒有空”去打工。她接著解釋道，她的父負擔她的所有費用，為她提供一切日常所需，還有許多奢侈品！Truthfully,wasalittleofhereasylifeastookcredithoursthatIcouldgraduatefouryears.Besides,Iwasworking25hoursaweeksocouldpaytuitionwithoutfutureloandebt.Andhere'ssomethingamazing:IpulledstraightA'satthetopofmyclass!說真的，我有點兒嫉妒她那輕松的生活。因為為了能在四年內(nèi)畢業(yè)，我得上18個學分的課。另外，我每周打工25個小時，這樣我才能付清學費，將來不會有貸款債務。而令人難以相信的是：我門門功課都得A成績在班里名列前茅！Onedaycaughtaglimpseofsamegirl'sreportcardattheendoftheterm.Shepulled’afewB's,lowgrades,whichdidn'tsurpriseme.Havingtoworkhardandmultitaskforcesyouprioritize,askillshehadn'tlearned.期末的某一天，我瞥見了那位女生的成績單。她得的大多是，以及幾個B，成績不佳。對此我并不感到驚訝要做到努打工并且要同時做好幾件事這迫使你按輕重緩急來安排事情，而這種技能她還沒有學會。Iamawarethatmyworkandstudychoicesarenotpopularthatmanyinfluentialstudiesclaimtoillustratethatworkingwhilegoingtonegativelyimpactseducationalperformance.Theyciteincreasedrates,lowerscoresandreducedlifetimeearnings.Besides,thesestudiesalsogiveevidencethatmanystudentsexhaustmuchoftheirearningsnotschool,butonentertainmentpartyingwhileattendingschool.Thestudiesalsoincreasedabuseofalcoholanddrugs,whichleadsmequestionthesestudents'resolvetoserioussideoflife.我明白這半工半讀的做法不普遍且有很多頗有影響的研究聲稱半工半讀會給學習成績帶來負面影響引的證據(jù)包括上升的退學率的績以及減少的終身收入。而且，這些研究還提供證據(jù)說，在大學期間許多學生并沒有把大部分賺來的錢用在學習上，而是用在娛樂和聚會上這研還表明酗和吸毒現(xiàn)象有所增加這讓我質(zhì)疑這些學生缺乏意志力和責任心，對待生活不夠認真。Forme,oneofthemostauthenticbenefitsofthe"earn-as-you-learn"approachisthat,upongraduation,wasfreefromthesubstantialstressandtensionofdebtpaymentsthatmakesomanypeopleworriedanduneasy.Relievedofthisconsiderableburden,IconvincedthatIwillbeablemakeintelligentcareerchoicesthatwillprovidemewithgreaterpersonalsatisfactionandensurebetterpayovertheyearstocome.對我來說工學”最切實好處之一就是，畢業(yè)時我沒有還債的巨大壓力和焦慮感，而這種壓力和焦慮感讓許多人憂心忡忡忑不安沒有了這個大包袱我確信我能明智地選擇能讓我獲得更大的個人滿足感、并保證今后有更稱心收入的職業(yè)。Thecentralquestionsofthisdebateare:"Whatisthemajorpurposeofattendinguniversity?""Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheme,theanswerhasalwaysbeenthatmypurposeistoget