2015年5月9日雅思閱讀考情回顧

一、考試時(shí)間：201559日（周六）SolutionstoIndoorAirPollution,項(xiàng)目的情況和成果。環(huán)境類(lèi)文章在雅思閱讀中比較常見(jiàn)，如劍五第一套第三篇TheTruthabouttheEnvironment以及劍六第一套第三篇ClimateChangeandtheInuit。第二篇Egypt’sSunkenTreasures,描述了埃及一個(gè)古建筑在海底被發(fā)現(xiàn)，考古學(xué)家拯救海底建筑TheFutureofLanguage,描述了語(yǔ)言未來(lái)可能出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)以及人們的應(yīng)對(duì)TheBirthofScientificEnglish以及劍四第二套第一篇LostofWords。Passage1:SolutionstoIndoorAirPollutionPassage2:Egypt’sSunkenTreasures。埃及古建筑在海底被發(fā)現(xiàn)，考古學(xué)家對(duì)其拯救過(guò)程。SolutionstoSolutionstoIndoorAirPollution。環(huán)境健康類(lèi)文章，介紹了關(guān)于室內(nèi)空氣題型分布與54個(gè)，判斷題4個(gè) 10 IndoorPollutionWhatCausesIndoorAirProblems?Indoorpollutionsourcesthatreleasegasesorparticlesintotheairaretheprimarycauseofindoorairqualityproblemsinhomes.Inadequateventilationcanincreaseindoorpollutantlevelsbynotbringinginenoughoutdoorairtodiluteemissionsfromindoorsourcesandbynotcarryingindoorairpollutantsoutofthehome.Hightemperatureandhumiditylevelscanalsoincreaseconcentrationsofsomepollutants.PollutantTherearemanysourcesofindoorairpollutioninanyhome.Theseincludecombustionsourcessuchasoil,gas,kerosene,coal,wood,andtobaccoproducts;buildingmaterialsandfurnishingsasdiverseasdeteriorated,asbestos-containinginsulation,wetordampcarpet,andcabinetryorfurnituremadeofcertainpressedwoodproducts;productsforhouseholdcleaningandmaintenance, alcare,orhobbies;centralheatingandcoolingsystemsandhumidificationdevices;andoutdoorsourcessuchasradon,pesticides,andoutdoorairpollution.Therelativeimportanceofanysinglesourcedependsonhowmuchofagivenpollutantitemitsandhowhazardousthoseemissionsare.Insomecases,factorssuchashowoldthesourceisandwhetheritisproperlymaintainedaresignificant.Forexample,animproperlyadjustedgasstovecanemitsignificantlymorecarbonmonoxidethanonethatisproperlySomesources,suchasbuildingmaterials,furnishings,andhouseholdproductslikeairfresheners,releasepollutantsmoreorlesscontinuously.Othersources,relatedtoactivitiescarriedoutinthehome,releasepollutantsintermittently.Theseincludesmoking,theuseofunventedormalfunctioningstoves,furnaces,orspaceheaters,theuseofsolventsincleaningandhobbyactivities,theuseofpaintstrippersinredecoratingactivities,andtheuseofcleaningproductsandpesticidesinhouse-kee.HighpollutantconcentrationscanremainintheairforperiodsaftersomeoftheseAmountofIftoolittleoutdoorairentersahome,pollutantscanaccumulatetolevelsthatcanposehealthandcomfortproblems.Unlesstheyarebuiltwithspecialmechanicalmeansofventilation,homesthataredesignedandconstructedtominimizetheamountofoutdoorairthatcan"leak"intoandoutofthehomemayhavehigherpollutantlevelsthanotherhomes.However,becausesomeweatherconditionscandrasticallyreducetheamountofoutdoorairthatentersahome,pollutantscanbuildupeveninhomesthatarenormallyconsidered"leaky".HowDoesOutdoorAirEnteraOutdoorairentersandleavesahouseby:infiltration,naturalventilation,andmechanicalventilation.Inaprocessknownasinfiltration,outdoorairflowsintothehousethroughopenings,joints,andcracksinwalls,floors,andceilings,andaroundwindowsanddoors.Innaturalventilation,airmovesthroughopenedwindowsanddoors.Airmovementassociatedwithinfiltrationandnaturalventilationiscausedbyairtemperaturedifferencesbetweenindoorsandoutdoorsandbywind.Finally,thereareanumberofmechanicalventilationdevices,fromoutdoor-ventedfansthatintermittentlyremoveairfromasingleroom,suchasbathroomsandkitchen,toairhandlingsystemsthatusefansandductworktocontinuouslyremoveindoorairanddistributefilteredandconditionedoutdoorairtostrategicpointsthroughoutthehouse.Therateatwhichoutdoorairrecesindoorairisdescribedastheairexchangerate.Whenthereislittleinfiltration,naturalventilation,ormechanicalventilation,theairexchangerateislowandpollutantlevelscanincrease.Readmoreaboutventilationinbuildings.IndoorAirPollutionandHealtheffectsfromindoorairpollutantsmaybeexperiencedsoonafterexposureor,possibly,yearslater.ImmediateImmediateeffectsmayshowupafterasingleexposureorexposures.Theseincludeirritationoftheeyes,nose,andthroat,headaches,dizziness,andfatigue.Suchimmediateeffectsareusuallyshort-termandtreatable.Sometimesthetreatmentissimplyeliminatingthe exposuretothesourceofthepollution,ifitcanbeidentified.Symptomsofsomediseases,includingasthma,hypersensitivityponitis,andhumidifierfever(PDF),mayalsoshowupsoonafterexposuretosomeindoorairpollutants.Thelikelihoodofimmediatereactionstoindoorairpollutantsdependsonseveralfactors.Ageandpreexistingmedicalconditionsaretwoimportantinfluences.Inothercases,whethera reactstoapollutantdependsonindividualsensitivity,whichvariestremendously .Somepeoplecan esensitizedtobiologicalpollutantsafterrepeatedexposures,anditappearsthatsomepeoplecan tochemicalpollutantsaswell.Certainimmediateeffectsaresimilartothosefromcoldsorotherviraldiseases,soitisoftendifficulttodetermineifthesymptomsarearesultofexposuretoindoorairpollution.Forthisreason,itisimportanttopayattentiontothetimeandcesymptomsoccur.Ifthesymptomsfadeorgoawaywhena isawayfromhome,forexample,aneffortshouldbemadetoidentifyindoorairsourcesthatmaybepossiblecauses.Someeffectsmaybemadeworsebyaninadequatesupplyofoutdoorairorfromtheheating,cooling,orhumidityconditionsprevalentinthehome.Long-termOtherhealtheffectsmayshowupeitheryearsafterexposurehasoccurredoronlyafterlongorrepeatedperiodsofexposure.Theseeffects,whichincludesomerespiratorydiseases,heartdisease,andcancer,canbeseverelydebilitatingorfatal.Itisprudenttotrytoimprovetheindoorairqualityinyourhomeevenifsymptomsarenotnoticeable.Whilepollutantscommonlyfoundinindoorairareresponsibleformanyharmfuleffects,thereisconsiderableuncertaintyaboutconcentrationsorperiodsofexposurearenecessarytoproducespecifichealthproblems.Peoplealsoreactverydifferentlytoexposuretoindoorairpollutants.Furtherresearchisneededtobetterunderstandwhichhealtheffectsoccurafterexposuretotheaveragepollutantconcentrationsfoundinhomesandwhichoccursfromthehigherconcentrationsoccurforshortperiodsof題型分布與4CoastalArchaeologyofTherecognitionofthewealthanddiversityofEngland’scoastalarchaeologyhasbeenoneofthemostimportantdevelopmentsofrecentyears.Someelementsofthisenormousresourcehavelongbeenknown.Theso-called‘submerged s’offthecoastsofEngland,sometimeswithclearevidenceofthehumanactivity,hadattractedtheinterestofantiquarianssinceatleasttheeighteenthcentury,butseriousandsystematicattentionhasbeengiventothearchaeologicalpotentialofthecoastonlysincetheearly1980s.Itispossibletotraceavarietyofcausesforthisconcentrationofeffortandinterest.Inthe1980sand1990sscientificresearchintoclimatechangeanditsenvironmentalimpactspilledoverintoamuchbroaderpublicdebateasawarenessoftheseissuesgrew;theprospectofrisingsealevelsoverthenextcentury,andtheirimpactoncurrentcoastalenvironments,hasbeenaparticularfocusforconcern.Atthesametimearchaeologistswerebeginningtorecognizethatthedestructioncausedbynaturalprocessesofcoastalerosionandbyhumanactivitywashavinganincreasingimpactonthearchaeologicalresourceofthecoast.ThedominantprocessaffectingthephysicalformofEnglandintheglacialperiodhasbeenrisinginthealtitudeofsealevelrelativetotheland,astheglaciersmeltedandthelandmassreadjusted.Theencroaentofthesea,thelossofhugeareasoflandnowundertheNorthSeaandtheEnglishChannel,andespeciallythelossofthelandbridgebetweenEnglandandFrance,whichfinallymadeBritainanisland,musthavebeenimmenselysignificantfactorsinthelivesofourprehistoricancestors.Yetthewayinwhichprehistoriccommunitiesadjustedtotheseenvironmentalchangeshasseldombeenamajorthemeindiscussionsoftheperiod.Onefactorcontributingtothishasbeenthat,althoughtheriseinrelativesealeveliscomparativelywell ed,weknowlittleabouttheconstantreconfigurationofthecoastline.Thiswasaffectedbymanyprocesses,mostlyquite,whichhavenotyetbeenadequayresearched.Thedetailedreconstructionofcoastlinehistoriesandthechangingenvironmentsavailableforhumanusewillbeanimportantthemeforfutureresearch.Sogreathasbeentheriseinsealevelandtheconsequentregressionofthecoastthatmuchofthearchaeologicalevidencenowexposedinthecoastalzone.Whetherbeingerodedorexposedasaburiedlandsurface,isderivedfromwhatwasoriginallyterrestrialoccupation.Itscurrentlocationinthecoastalzoneistheproductoflaterunrelatedprocesses,anditcanluslittleaboutpastadaptationstothesea.Estimatesofitssignificancewillneedtobemadeinthecontextofotherrelatedevidencefromdrylandsites.Nevertheless,itsphysicalenvironmentmeansthatpreservationisoftenexcellent,forexampleinthecaseoftheNeolithicstructureexcavatedattheStumbleinEs.Insomecasestheseburiedlandsurfacesdocontainevidenceforhumanexploitationofwhatwasacoastalenvironment,andelsewherealongthemodemcoastthereissimilarevidence.Wheretheevidencedoesrelatetopasthumanexploitationoftheresourcesandtheopportunitiesofferedbytheseaandthecoast,itisbothdiverseandasyetlittleunderstood.Wearenotyetinapositiontomakeevenpreliminaryestimatesofanswerstosuchfundamentalquestionsastheextenttowhichtheseaandthecoasthumanlifeinthepast,whatpercentageofthepopulationatanytimewithinreachofthesea,orwhetherhumansettlementsincoastalenvironmentsshowedadistinctcharacterfromthoseinland.Themoststrikingevidenceforuseoftheseaisintheformofboats,yetwestillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirproductionanduse.Mostoftheknownwrecksaroundourcoastarenotunexpectedlyofpost-medievaldate,andofferanunparalleledopportunityforresearch,whichhasyetbeenlittleused.Theprehistoricsewn-nkboatssuchasthosefromtheHumberestuaryandDoverallseemtobelongtothesecondmillenniumBC;afterthisthereisagapintherecordofamillennium,whichcannotyetbeexinedbeforeboatsreappear,butitbuiltusingaverydifferenttechnology.Boatbuildingmusthavebeenanextremelyimportantactivityaroundmuchofourcoast,yetweknowalmostnothingaboutit.Boatsweresomeofthemostcomplexartifactsproducedbypre-modemsocieties,andfurtherresearchontheirproductionandusemakeanimportantcontributiontoourunderstandingofpastattitudestotechnologyandtechnologicalchange.Boatsneedlandingces,yethereagainourknowledgeisverypatchy.Inmanycasesthenaturalshoresandbeacheswouldhavesufficed,leavinglittleornoarchaeologicaltrace,butespeciallyinlaterperiods,manyportsandharbors,aswellassmallerfacilitiessuchasquays,wharves,andjetties,werebuilt.DespiteagrowthofinterestinthewaterfrontarchaeologyofsomeofourmoreimportantRomanandmedievaltowns,verylittleattentionhasbeenpaidtothemultitudeofsmallerlandingces.Redevelopmentofharborsitesandotherdevelopmentandnaturalpressuresalongthecoastaresubjecttheseimportantlocationstounprecedentedthreats,yetfewsurveysofsuchsiteshavebeenundertaken.Oneofthemostimportantrevelationsofrecentresearchhasbeentheextentofindustrialactivityalongthecoast.Fishingandsaltproductionareamongthebetter edactivities,butevenhereourknowledgeispatchy.Manyformsoffishingwillleavelittlearchaeologicaltrace,andoneofthesurprisesofrecentsurveyhasbeentheextentofpastinvestmentinforprocuringfishandsfish.Elaboratewoodenfishweirs,oftenofconsiderableextentandresponsivetoaerialphotographyinshallowwater,havebeenidentifiedinareassuchasEsandtheSevernestuary.Theproductionofsalt,especiallyinthelateIronAgeandearlyRomanperiods,hasbeenrecognizedforsometime,especiallyintheThamesestuaryandaroundtheSolentandPooleHarbor,butthereasonsforthedeclineofthatindustryandthenatureoflatercoastalsaltworkingaremuchlesswellunderstood.Otherindustrieswerealsolocatedalongthecoast,eitherbecausetherawmaterialsoutcroppedthereorforeaseofworkingandtransport:mineralresourcessuchassand,gravel,stone,coal,ironstone,andalumwereallexploited.Theseindustriesarepoorly ed,buttheirremainsaresometimesextensiveandstriking.Someappreciationofthevarietyandimportanceofthearchaeologicalremainsp inthecoastalzone,albeitonlyinpreliminaryform,canthusbegainedfromrecentwork,butthecomplexityoftheproblemofmanagingthatresourceisalsobeingrealized.Theproblemarisesnotonlyfromthescaleandvarietyofthearchaeologicalremains,butalsofromtwoothersources:theveryvariednaturalandhumanthreatstotheresource,andthecomplexweboforganizationswithauthorityover,orinterestsin,thecoastalzone.Humanthreatsincludetheredevelopmentofhistorictownsandolddocklandareas,andtheincreasedimportanceofthecoastfortheleisureandtourismindustries,resultinginpressurefortheincreasedprovisionoffacilitiessuchasmarinas.Thelargersizeofferrieshasalsocausedanincreaseinthedamagecausedbytheirwashtofragiledepositsintheintertidalzone.ThemostsignificantnaturalthreatisthepredictedriseinsealeveloverthenextcenturyespeciallyinthesouthandeastofEngland.Itsimpactonarchaeologyisnoteasytopredict,andthoughitislikelytobehighlylocalized,itwillbeatascalemuchlargerthanthatofmostarchaeologicalsites.Thusprotectingonesitemaysimplyresultintransposingthethreattoapointfurtheralongthecoast.Themanagementofthearchaeologicalremainswillhavetobeconsideredinamuchlongertimescaleandamuchwidergeographicalscalethaniscommoninthecaseofdrylandsites,andthiswillposeaseriouschallengeforarchaeologists.TheFutureofLanguage。描述了語(yǔ)言未來(lái)可能出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)以及人們的應(yīng)對(duì)題型分布與Summary4SaveEndangered“Obviouslywemustdosomeseriousrethinkingofourpriorities,lestlinguisticsgodowninhistoryastheonlysciencethatpresidedobviouslyoverthedisappearanceof90percentoftheveryfieldtowhichitisdedicated.“-MichaelKrauss,“TheWorld’sLanguagesinCrisis”.TenyearsagoMichaelKrausssentashudderthroughthedisciplineoflinguisticswithhispredictionthathalfthe6,000orsolanguagesspokenintheworldwouldceasetobeutteredwithinacentury.Unlessscientistsandcommunityleadersdirectedaworldwideefforttostabilizethedeclineoflocallanguages,hewarned,ninetenthsofthelinguisticdiversityofhumankindwouldprobablybedoomedtoextinction.Krauss’spredictionwaslittlemorethananeducatedguess,butotherrespectedlinguistshadbeenclangingoutsimilaralarms.KenethL.HaleoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologynotedinthesamejournalissuethateightlanguagesonwhichhehaddonefieldworkhadsincepassedintoextinction.A1990surveyinAustraliafoundthat70ofthe90survivingAboriginallanguageswerenolongerusedregularlybyallagegroups.Thesamewastrueforallbut20ofthe175NativeAmericanlanguagesspokenorrememberedintheUS.,Krausstoldacongressionalpanelin1992.Manyexpertsinthefieldmournthelossofrarelanguages,forseveralreasons.Tostart,thereisscientificself-interest:someofthemostbasicquestionsinlinguisticshavetodowiththelimitsofhumanspeech,whicharefarfromfullyexplored.Manyresearcherswouldliketoknowwhichstructuralelementsof randvocabulary—Passageany—aretrulyuniversalandprobablythereforehardwiredintothehumanbrain.Otherscientiststrytoreconstructancientmigrationpatternsbycomparingborrowedwordsthatappearinotherwiseunrelatedlanguages.Ineachofthesecases,thewidertheportfoliooflanguagesyoustudy,themorelikelyyouaretogettherightDespitethenearconstantbuzzinlinguisticsaboutendangeredlanguagesoverthepast10years,thefieldhas depressinglylittle.“Youwouldthinkthattherewouldbesomeorganizedresponsetothisdiresituation,”someattempttodeterminewhichlanguagecanbesavedandwhichshouldbe beforetheydisappear,saysSarahG.Thomason,alinguistattheUniversityofMichiganatAnnArbor.“Butthereisn’tanysucheffortorganizedintheprofession.Itisonlyrecentlythatithas fashionableenoughtoworkonendangeredlanguages.”Sixyearsago,recallsDouglasH.WhalenofYaleUniversity,“whenIaskedlinguistswhowasraisingmoneytodealwiththeseproblems,Imostlygotblankstares.”SoWhalenandafewotherlinguistsfoundedtheEndangeredLanguagesFund.Inthefiveyearsto2001theywereabletocollectonly$80,000forresearchgrants.AsimilarfoundationinEngland,directedbyNicholasOstler,hasraisedjust$8,000since1995.Butthereareencouragingsignsthatthefieldhasturnedacorner.TheVolkswagenFoundation,aGermancharity,justissueditssecondroundofgrantstotalingmorethan$2million.IthascreatedamultimediaarchiveattheMaxnckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsintheNetherlandsthatcanhouserecordings,gr rs,dictionariesandotherdataonendangeredlanguages.Tofillthearchive,thefoundationhasdispatchedfieldlinguiststo Aweti(100orsospeakersinBrazil),Ega(about300speakersinIvoryCoast),Waima’a(afewhundredspeakersinEastTimor),andadozenorsootherlanguagesunlikelytosurvivethecentury.TheFordFoundationhasalsoedgedintothearena.Itscontributionshelpedtoamaster-apprenticeprogramcreatedin1992byLeanneHintonBerkeleyandNativeAmericansworriedabouttheimminentdemiseofabout50indigenouslanguagesinCalifornia.Fluentspeakersreceive$3,000toteachayoungerrelative(whoisalsopaid)theirnativetonguethrough360hoursofsharedactivities,spreadoversixmonths.Sofarabout5teamshavecompletedtheprogram,Hintonsays,transmittingatleastsomeknowledgeof25languages.“It’stooearlytocallthislanguagerevitalization,”Hintonadmits.“InCaliforniathedeathrateofelderlyspeakerswillalwaysbegreaterthantherecruitmentrateofyoungspeakers.Butatleastweprolongthesurvivalofthelanguage.”Thatwillgivelinguistsmoretimetorecordthesetonguesbeforetheyvanish.Butthemaster-apprenticeapproachhasn’tcaughtonoutsidetheU.S.,andHinton’seffortisadropinthesea.Atleast440languageshavebeenreducedtoamerehandfulofelders,accordingtotheEthnologue,acatalogueoflanguagesproducedbytheDallas-basedgroupSILInternationalthatcomesclosesttoglobalcoverage.Forthevastmajorityoftheselanguages,thereislittleornorecordoftheir r,vocabulary,pronunciationoruseindailylife.Evenifalanguagehasbeenfully ed,allthatremainsonceitvanishesfromactiveuseisafossilskeleton,ascatteringoffeaturesthatthescientistwasluckyandastuteenoughtocapture.Linguistsmaybeabletosketchanoutlineoftheforgottenlanguageandfixitsceontheevolutionarytree,butlittlemore.“Howdidpeoplestartconversationsandtalktobabies?Howdidhusbandsandwivesconverse?”Hintonasks.“Thosearethefirstthingsyouwanttolearn