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英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法入門崔榮容之青柳念文創(chuàng)作第一講語(yǔ)序和五種基本句式HelearnsEnglisheveryday.他每日學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ).(中英語(yǔ)序分歧)英語(yǔ)五種基本句式一、主+謂二、主+系+表系動(dòng)詞:起到接洽作用的動(dòng)詞,毗鄰主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ).表語(yǔ):描述主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)、狀態(tài)三、主+謂+賓主語(yǔ):動(dòng)作發(fā)出者謂語(yǔ):作出的動(dòng)作賓語(yǔ):動(dòng)作的對(duì)象四、主+謂+間賓+直賓間賓:往常是人直賓:往常是物五、主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ):對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的賠償說(shuō)明一、主+謂Theuniverseremains.宇宙長(zhǎng)存中英文語(yǔ)序一致二、主+系+表Thefoodisdelicious.這個(gè)食品很好吃中英文語(yǔ)序一致三、主
+謂+賓Hetookhisbagandleft.
(left
是第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ))他拿著他的包分開(kāi)了中英文語(yǔ)序一致四、主+謂+間賓+直賓Herfatherboughtheradictionary.buysbsth她爸爸給她買了一本字典(her與adictionary
(雙賓語(yǔ)),兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)是人、一個(gè)是物)中英文語(yǔ)序一致五、主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)Wemadehimourmonitor.我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)him與ourmonitor,都是指同一個(gè)人,ourmonitor是對(duì)him的賠償說(shuō)明)中英文語(yǔ)序一致Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart!有志者事竟成!第二講be動(dòng)詞的形式和用法一、be動(dòng)詞的形式:be、am、is、are、was、were、being、been1、Themanisback.2、Theyareback.3、Hewasback.4、Theywereback.5、
Theyhavebeenback.6、
I’llbeback.上述“back”是副詞,組成主系表布局
.二、
be
動(dòng)詞的用法:起到接洽前后的作用
(
一般翻譯為“是”,或無(wú)實(shí)意而不作翻譯),多用于主系表布局.后邊接名詞、形容詞、地址副詞或短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分.1、Themanisateacher.ateacher是名詞2、Mary’snewdressesarecolorful.colorful3、Mhekitchen4、Iam20.數(shù)詞也可做表語(yǔ)
是形容詞是地址副詞
.5、
It
’sme.
代詞也可做表語(yǔ)三、be動(dòng)詞的演練1、他們是教師Theyareteachers.2、他曾是一名教師Hewasateacherbefore.3、他已經(jīng)當(dāng)了3年的教師Hehasbeenateacherfor3years.第三講be動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)/發(fā)問(wèn)/回答一、be動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)在am、is、are、was、were后邊加not縮略式amnot,isn’t,aren’t,wasn’t,weren’t1、Themanisn’tback.2、Iamnotback.3、Theyaren’tback.4、Hewasn’tback.5、Theyweren’tback.二、使用be動(dòng)詞發(fā)問(wèn)和回答Isheateacher?Yes,heis./No,heisn’t.Areyouateacher?Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.Weretheyteachers?Yes,theywere./No,theyweren’t.三、be動(dòng)詞的演練:1、他是醫(yī)生嗎?Isheadoctor?不,他不是No,heisn’t.2、他們昨天在教室嗎?Weretheyintheclassroomyesterday?Yes,theywere./No,theyweren’t.3、他們昨天不在教室Theyweren’tintheclassroomyesterday.第四講代詞的主格和賓格主格代詞:Ihesheityouwethey1、Iamateacher.2、Heisateacher.3、Youareteachers.賓格代詞:mehimherityouusthem1、Helikesme.2、Welikeher.3、Ilikethem.演練1、我喜愛(ài)它Ilikeit.2、他們認(rèn)識(shí)他Theyknowhim.第五講名詞性/形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞:(后接名詞)單數(shù)形式:myyourhis/her/itsone’s復(fù)數(shù)形式:ouryourtheir1、Thisismybook.2、Weloveourmotherland.3、Thoseareyoursocks.名詞性物主代詞:?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式:mineyourshis/hers/itsone’s復(fù)數(shù)形式:oursyourstheirs1、Thebookisours.2、Theappleishers.演練1、我的教師是中國(guó)人MyteacherisChinese.2、這個(gè)電腦是他們的Thiscomputeristheirs.3、我們的書在書架上第六講反身代詞單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代詞的用法:(指或人自己,往常是主語(yǔ)的“自己”)yourself在動(dòng)詞help后作賓語(yǔ);2、Weenjoyedourselveslast;ourselves在動(dòng)詞enjoyed后作賓語(yǔ);3、Thethingitselfisnotimp;反身代詞itself在名詞Thething后作同;演練;1、Takegoodcareof(yoursel;2、Shegainedcontrolof(her;第七講實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的yourself在動(dòng)詞help后作賓語(yǔ).ourselves在動(dòng)詞enjoyed后作賓語(yǔ).反身代詞itself在名詞Thething后作同位語(yǔ),起到解說(shuō)、說(shuō)明名詞的作用.演練1、Takegoodcareof(yourself2、Shegainedcontrolof(herself)
)照料好??克制住了
??第七講實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)實(shí)意動(dòng)詞comegoreadwatchplayfly1、HecomesfromShenyang.實(shí)意動(dòng)詞comes作謂語(yǔ),后接介詞短語(yǔ)fromShenyang作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞come有一般此刻時(shí)“單三”的更改2、Sheisreadingstorybooks.實(shí)意動(dòng)詞reading作謂語(yǔ),后接動(dòng)詞storybooks作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞read有現(xiàn)在停止時(shí)的更改3、TheywenttoAmericayesterday.動(dòng)詞go有一般過(guò)去時(shí)“went”的更改4、Wehavewatchedthegameforthreetimes.動(dòng)詞watch有此刻達(dá)成時(shí)“watched”的更改此刻達(dá)成時(shí):動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或?qū)Υ丝淘斐捎绊?、MymotherwillflybacktoChinanextmonth.一般未來(lái)時(shí):will+動(dòng)詞原形總結(jié):實(shí)意動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)與數(shù)目(三單)上的更改演練:1、他昨天來(lái)上海了HecametoShangHaiyesterday.2、我們正在寫作業(yè)Wearewritinghomework.3、他們讀這本書已經(jīng)讀3遍了Theyhavereadthisbookthreetimes.第八講實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)/發(fā)問(wèn)/回答(一般此刻時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí))使用助動(dòng)詞停止否認(rèn)在助動(dòng)詞dodoesdid后邊加notdonot/don’tdoesnot/doesn’tdidnot/didn’t例句:1.Idon’tgotoschoolbybus.2.Shedoesn’twatchTVeveryday.3.Theydidn’tswimlastnight.使用助動(dòng)詞停止發(fā)問(wèn)Heoftenplaysgolf.Doesheoftenplaygolf?Theygotoschoolbybus.Dotheygotoschoolbybus?Samhadbreakfastyesterday.DidSamhavebreakfastyesterday?Yes,hedid./No,hedidn’t.演練:他每日都學(xué)英語(yǔ)嗎?DoeshelearnEnglisheveryday?是的,他每日都學(xué)英語(yǔ)Yes,hedoes.Tom昨天沒(méi)吃早餐Tomdidn’thavebreakfastyesterday.第九講使用疑問(wèn)詞停止發(fā)問(wèn)和回答(1)(一般此刻時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí))使用疑問(wèn)詞停止發(fā)問(wèn)when,where,who,what,how時(shí)間、地址、人物、干什么、如何例句Heboughtthreebooksyesterday.1231.Whoboughtthreebooksyesterday?對(duì)主語(yǔ)發(fā)問(wèn),原語(yǔ)序不變2.Whatdidhebuyyesterday?對(duì)賓語(yǔ)發(fā)問(wèn)時(shí),將助動(dòng)詞提早,并復(fù)原動(dòng)詞.3.Whendidhebuythreebooks?對(duì)狀語(yǔ)發(fā)問(wèn)時(shí),將助動(dòng)詞提早,并復(fù)原動(dòng)詞.TheywantedtogotoShangHaibyair.123WhowantedtogotoShangHaibyair?Wheredidtheywanttogobyair?HowdidtheywanttogotoShangHai?第十講使用疑問(wèn)詞停止發(fā)問(wèn)和回答(2)使用疑問(wèn)詞停止發(fā)問(wèn)howlong,howfar,howoften,why多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,多遠(yuǎn),多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間一次,為何1.TheyhavebeeninChinaforthreeyears.HowlonghavetheybeeninChina?對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)發(fā)問(wèn)2.ItiskilometersfromBeijingtoXi’an.HowfarisitfromBeijing3.Theycometovisitmeonceaweek.Howoftendotheycometovisitme?4.Shecamelate,becauseshemissedthebus.Whydidshecomelate?演練:他們學(xué)漢語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?HowlonghavetheylearnedChinese?你多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間看一次電影?
about4000toXi’an?Howoftendoyouwatchmovies?你的家離學(xué)校多遠(yuǎn)?Howfarisitfromyourhousetoyourschool?第十一講名詞代表事物的詞,包括詳盡和抽象的事物名詞分兩類:1.可數(shù)名詞:是指數(shù)得過(guò)來(lái)的看法.如apple\pencil\student可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分apple-applespencil-pencilstomato-tomatoes2.不可數(shù)名詞:沒(méi)法計(jì)算的數(shù)目或抽象看法.如salt\coffee\water\(history\love抽象)不可數(shù)名詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù),只用單數(shù)示意salt-saltcoffee-coffeewater-water3.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則:1)一般末端加后綴-s,friend-friends(2)以
s\z\x\ch\sh
開(kāi)首的詞,在該詞末端加后綴
-es
,bus-buses(3)輔音字母
+y
開(kāi)首的名詞,將
y改變?yōu)?/p>
i,
再加
es,candy-candies(
除
aeiou
之外的字母為輔音字母
)(4)以-o
開(kāi)首的名詞,假如不是外來(lái)詞或縮寫,就加
-es.tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos
縮寫(從非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家引進(jìn)的詞匯為外來(lái)詞,如madam是從法國(guó)引進(jìn)的外來(lái)詞)3、可數(shù)名詞前可加a(an)或量詞,有復(fù)數(shù)更改以元音開(kāi)首的名詞前加an,以輔音開(kāi)首的名詞前加a,示意一個(gè).apple——anapple——apples——aboxofapples量詞Tomato——atomato——tomatoes——
abagoftomatoes
量詞4、
不可數(shù)名詞前不可加
a(an)
,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù),但前面能夠加量詞
.Coffee
——acupofcoffee演練:Heboughtme(aboxofchocolate)一盒巧克力(abike)一輛自行車;第十二講代詞:指示代詞和不定代詞;指示代詞(特指):表記人或事物的代詞,用來(lái)取代前;經(jīng)常使用的:
this\these\that\thos
;不定代詞(泛指):指代不確立的人或事物;經(jīng)常使用的:one\theother\some\an;演練;1.(These)teachersarefrom;這些教員都是中國(guó)來(lái)的;2.Iknow(nothing)(abike)一輛自行車第十二講代詞:指示代詞和不定代詞指示代詞(特指):表記人或事物的代詞,用來(lái)取代前面已提到的名詞.經(jīng)常使用的:this\these\that\thoseThisishisbook.Thoseappleswerehis.不定代詞(泛指):指代不確立的人或事物.經(jīng)常使用的:one\theother\some\any\something\nothing例:Nooneknowswhereheis.沒(méi)人知道他在哪兒SomeoftheboyswanttogotoShanghai,buttheotherswanttogotoXi’an.人想去西安Eachofthestudentshasgotabook.
一些男孩想去上海,其余每個(gè)學(xué)生都有一本書
.演練1.(These)teachersarefromChina.這些教員都是中國(guó)來(lái)的.2.Iknow(nothing)aboutthisperson.我對(duì)這個(gè)人全無(wú)所聞3.Ihave(something)totellyou.我有事要告訴你第十三講
形容詞1、形容詞往常形容人或事物的狀態(tài)、
性質(zhì)、大小等,往經(jīng)常使用在名詞前,be
動(dòng)詞后beautiful-beautifulgirlThegirlisbeautiful.2、The+形容詞=復(fù)數(shù)名詞(示意一類),作主語(yǔ)時(shí),后邊的動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)的相應(yīng)格式.old-theold老的—老年人(一類人、復(fù)數(shù)名詞)young-theyoung年邁的—年邁人(一類人、復(fù)數(shù)名詞)Theoldneedmorecarethantheyoung.Theold是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,后邊的動(dòng)詞need不克不及用三單的格式.3、演練:1)Sheisa(good)student.她是一個(gè)勤學(xué)生.(2)Thisbikeis(expensive)這輛自行車很貴(3)(Therich)sometimescomplaintheiremptylife.富人有時(shí)抱怨他們充分的生活第十四講副詞1、副詞能夠修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其余副詞以及其余布局.一般表程度.Herunsfast.Sheisverybeautiful.very修飾形容詞beautifulTheyworkveryhard.副詞的地點(diǎn)1)依據(jù)狀況,放在助動(dòng)詞以后,實(shí)意動(dòng)詞從前或以后2)形容詞從前,其余副詞從前或以后left.
(3)多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后Hespeaksveryfast.fast在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞speak以后,在其余副詞very以后.Theyhavealreadyalready在助動(dòng)詞have后Theyhavealreadybeenrepaired.already在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞
have
后2、經(jīng)常使用的頻度副詞(always\usually\often\sometimes\never??)的地點(diǎn)往常放在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞前面,be動(dòng)詞后邊,助動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之間.Theyalwayscomeearly.Samoftenwriteshomeworkat7:00.演練:1、Pleasewritetheword(slowly)(
逐漸地
)2、They(sometimes)comehere.(
有時(shí)
)3、Thetreeis(very)tall.(
特別)第十五講
不定量表達(dá)法(
1)不確立數(shù)目的表達(dá)法,用不確立的數(shù)目詞來(lái)限命名詞Someanymosteveryall1.some,any都示意“一些”,后邊接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù).some主要用于必然句,希望獲得必然回答時(shí),也可用在疑問(wèn)句中.any主要用在否認(rèn)和疑問(wèn)句中.I’dbeenexpectingsomelettersthewholemorning,butthereweren’tanyforme.most作形容詞時(shí)示意“大多半的”,后邊接復(fù)數(shù)名詞MostpeopleherearefromChina.3.every示意“每個(gè)、全部”,后邊接單數(shù)名詞.Everyonelikesthefilm.all示意“全部”,后邊接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù).Allthecarsareparkedintheparkinglot.Allthecoffeeisservedontime.演練:1.Someboyswentcampingyesterday.(一些)2.Allthechildrenliketoplayfootball.(全部的)3.Mostteacherswanttoworkhere.(大多半)第十六講不定量表達(dá)法(2)1.both示意“兩者都”,可作形容詞、代詞和副詞,either是“兩者之一”,neither是“兩者都不”.Bothhiseyeswereseverelyburned.Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.Neitheransweriscorrect.many修飾可數(shù)名詞,示意“很多”;much修飾不可數(shù)名詞,示意“許多”.alotof(lotsof)、plentyof都可修飾可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞.manybooksmuchwateralotof/lotsofbooks/water演練:1.Boththehandsarewashed.(兩個(gè)都)2.Xiaowangdrankmuch(alotof)coffeelastnight.(好多)第十七講不定量表達(dá)法(3)1.afew,為必然含義“幾個(gè)”;few,為否認(rèn)含義“沒(méi)幾個(gè)”,以上兩個(gè)詞均和可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用.Afewbooksareputintothebox.Fewbooksareputontothebox.2.alittle為必然含義“一點(diǎn)兒”,little為否認(rèn)含義“沒(méi)多點(diǎn)”,以上兩個(gè)詞都可和不可數(shù)名詞連用.Thereisalittlewaterinthebottle.Thereislittlewaterinthebottle.none和noone的意思同樣,主要作代詞,翻譯為“一個(gè)也不,一點(diǎn)也不”,用法稍有差別.none能夠接of短語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù).noone不克不及接of短語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞只好用單數(shù).Nooneknowstheanswer.Noneofushave(has)arrived.演練:Afewbooksareputintothebox.(幾本)Thereisalittlewaterinthebottle.(一點(diǎn)兒)Noneofushave(has)arrived.(沒(méi)有一個(gè))第十八講There/Herebe句型1.There/Here+be,依據(jù)上下文,有多種翻譯方法,能夠翻譯成“有”、“是”,be動(dòng)詞依據(jù)后邊的名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)更改.Thereisabookonthebookshelf.有??Therearesomebooksonthebookshelf.有??Hereisthebusstop.這兒是??Hereareyourbooks.這兒是??如Hereareyourbooks的正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閅ourbooksarehere,主語(yǔ)是Yourbooks,are是be動(dòng)詞,here就表語(yǔ),因此,There/Here+be為倒裝句,實(shí)質(zhì)為主系表布局.演練:1.Thereisalotofwaterinthebottle.(有)2.Hereisyourcar.(這是)3.Therearemanystudentsintheroom.(有)第十九講一般此刻時(shí)和此刻停止時(shí)一般此刻時(shí):示意往常性、規(guī)律性、習(xí)慣性的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作.主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱,動(dòng)詞有單三的更改,主語(yǔ)是非第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞為原形.Theyoftengetupat7:00.Heoftengetsupat7:00.一般此刻時(shí),動(dòng)詞的單三更改:;(1)在動(dòng)詞尾直接加-s,如:play—play;以字母s、x、ch或o開(kāi)首的動(dòng)詞加-es,;(3)以輔音字母+y開(kāi)首的動(dòng)詞,先變y為i,再加;一般此刻時(shí)否認(rèn)和疑問(wèn)句用do、does幫忙組成;Hedoesn'tlikethecar.;Doeshelikethecar?;Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn&一般此刻時(shí),動(dòng)詞的單三更改:在動(dòng)詞尾直接加-s,如:play—plays以字母s、x、ch或o開(kāi)首的動(dòng)詞加-es,如:guess—guesses以輔音字母+y開(kāi)首的動(dòng)詞,先變y為i,再加-es,如:Study—studies一般此刻時(shí)否認(rèn)和疑問(wèn)句用do、does幫忙組成Hedoesn'tlikethecar.Doeshelikethecar?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn't.Theydon'tlikethecar.Dotheylikethecar?Yes,theydo./No,theydon't.此刻停止時(shí)示意此刻正在停止或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.句中往常有now等時(shí)間副詞響應(yīng),基本組成形式為be+doing.TheyarewatchingTV.HeiswatchingTV.IamwatchingTV.動(dòng)詞此刻分詞的更改規(guī)則:1)一般狀況下,直接在動(dòng)詞后加-ing,如work-working(2)動(dòng)詞以不發(fā)音的-e開(kāi)首,要去e加ing,如take-taking(3)重讀閉音節(jié)的動(dòng)詞,要雙寫詞尾字母,再加-ing,如:cut-cutting(4)以-ie開(kāi)首的動(dòng)詞,變y再加-ing,如:lie-lying此刻停止時(shí)變否認(rèn)句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí),將be動(dòng)詞否認(rèn)或提早.1)Theyaren'twatchingTV.AretheywatchingTV?(2)Heisn'twatchingTV.IshewatchingTV?(3)AmIwatchingTV?Yes,youare./No,youaren't.演練:Heworks(work)verylateeveryday.DoyoustudyEnglishyourself?Yes,Ido.Theyareplaying(play)soccernow.第二十講一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去停止時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)示意過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的行為.基本布局:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+其余,一般動(dòng)詞在動(dòng)詞后邊加ed,還有一些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有不規(guī)則更改.Play—playedcome—came1.Heworkedveryhardlastnight.2.Theycameherebycar.動(dòng)詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)更改規(guī)則:1)一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ed.如:play—played(2)在以字母e開(kāi)首的動(dòng)詞后,只加-d.如:like—liked(3)在以“輔音字母+y”開(kāi)首的動(dòng)詞后,改y為i,再加-ed.如:supply—supplied(4)在以重讀閉音節(jié)開(kāi)首且末端只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后,雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母,再加
-ed.
如:plan
—planned2.過(guò)去停止時(shí)示意在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在停止或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
.其形式為was/were+doingTheywere
waitingfor
you.Hewas
talking
withhisfriendsjustnow.演練:Theywent(go)swimmingyesterday.Samwaswatching(watch)TVat7:00lastnight.第二十一講未來(lái)時(shí)一般未來(lái)時(shí)示意未來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或未來(lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).經(jīng)常和示意未來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.如:tomorrow(今日)nextweek(下周)inthefuture(
未來(lái))1.“助動(dòng)詞
will
或
shall+
動(dòng)詞原形”,示意將要發(fā)生的事情
.1)TheywillgotoShanghaibyshiptomorrow.“begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形”用來(lái)示意近期或預(yù)先考慮過(guò)的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作以及已有跡象注明必然發(fā)生某事,意為“打算、就要”.Theyaregoingtoplayfootballthisafternoon.SheisgoingtolearnFrenchnextyear.3.“bedoing”示意地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞.如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,可用此刻停止時(shí)示意未來(lái)時(shí).(1)TheyareleavingforJapan.分開(kāi)去日本(2)Sheisarrivingtomorrow.演練:1.Theyarecoming(come)heresoon.2.Samisgoingtolearn(learn)Chinesenextmonth.willlearn也能夠3.PeterandMikewillfinish(finish)thejobtomorrowmoring.第二十二講達(dá)成時(shí)此刻達(dá)成時(shí)(have+p.p.),動(dòng)作過(guò)去發(fā)生,已經(jīng)達(dá)成,對(duì)此刻造成影響或結(jié)果,動(dòng)作能夠還會(huì)連續(xù),能夠使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為:already(已經(jīng))和yet(還).1)TheyhavealreadyarrivedinShanghai.2)Shehasplayedsoccerfor3hours.(3)Shehasn’tfinishedthehomeworkyet.過(guò)去達(dá)成時(shí)(had+p.p.),示意句中的動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在過(guò)去從前,即過(guò)去的過(guò)去,已經(jīng)達(dá)成,對(duì)過(guò)去造成了必定的影響或結(jié)果.1)TheyhadarrivedinShanghai.2)Shehadplayedsoccerfor3hours.3)Shehadn’tfinishedtheworkyet.演練:Hehasstopped(stop)thecaroutside.Shehasn’tbeen(notbe)toSichuanyet.Havetheyplanned(plan)tostayhere?第二十三講動(dòng)詞的用法動(dòng)詞依據(jù)功能分為四類:實(shí)意動(dòng)詞(NotionalVerb):有實(shí)質(zhì)意義的動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞(LinkVerb):起接洽作用的動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞(AuxiliaryVerb):幫忙組成句子成分的動(dòng)詞神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(ModelVerb):有神態(tài)含義的動(dòng)詞,后接實(shí)意動(dòng)詞原形.(1)動(dòng)詞有數(shù)目和時(shí)態(tài)的更改,時(shí)態(tài)往常有三大時(shí)態(tài):此刻、過(guò)去和未來(lái)時(shí).2)依據(jù)動(dòng)作停止的狀態(tài)可分為:一般時(shí)、停止時(shí)和達(dá)成時(shí)3)使用動(dòng)詞時(shí)往常將(1)和(2)連系,如:一般此刻時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般未來(lái)時(shí);此刻停止時(shí)、過(guò)去停止時(shí);此刻達(dá)成時(shí)、過(guò)去達(dá)成時(shí)???Hegoestoschooleveryday.Hewenttohospitallastnight.動(dòng)詞形態(tài)更改總結(jié):動(dòng)詞原形單三此刻分詞過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞playplaysplayingplayedplayedhavehashavinghadhadgogoesgoingwentgone第二十四講神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(1)can/could/may/might1.can/could
:①“能如何”,示意“此刻
/過(guò)去”的才能,可用
beableto
取代;②“能夠如何”,示意客觀能夠性(
can
的能夠性大);③“能夠怎樣”,往經(jīng)常使用“
can/could
I”示意懇乞降同意的語(yǔ)氣,
could
更委宛.Hecan/could/isabletoswim.
能
Hecan/couldcometomorrow.
能夠來(lái)Can/couldIstayhere?
能夠留下嗎?CanhesinganEnglishsong?Yes,hecan./No,hecan’t.may/might:①示意能夠性(may的能夠性大);②往經(jīng)常使用“may/mightI”示意懇求、同意的語(yǔ)氣,might更委宛.白話中經(jīng)常使用的回答:(1)MayIsmokehere?Yes,please.No,youcan’t/mustn’t.(遏止、禁止)(2)Hemay/mightcomeherebybus.(3)May/mightIjoinyou?Yes,please./No,youcan’t./No,youmustn’t.對(duì)may/mightI開(kāi)首的發(fā)問(wèn),必然回答時(shí),往經(jīng)常使用“Yes,please.”.否認(rèn)回答時(shí),往經(jīng)常使用“can’t(不克不及)”,慎用遏止性的“mustn’t(禁止)”,一般不用“mayn;3.演練:;(1)ShecouldspeakFrenchbe;2)Might/May/Could/Can(按;Yes,please.;第二十五講神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(2)must/haveto/;1.must/haveto:“一定如何”,示意必;haveto有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)目的更改,而must無(wú)此變;Must和haveto二的“mustn’t(禁止)”,一般不用“maynot(能夠不)表猜想,語(yǔ)氣很弱”.演練:(1)ShecouldspeakFrenchbefore,butnowshecan’t.(2)Might/May/Could/Can(按語(yǔ)氣程度排序)Icomein?Yes,please.第二十五講
神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(
2)must/haveto/should/oughtto1.must/haveto
:“一定如何”,示意一定、需要(
must
主觀多一些、haveto
客觀多一些,表“不克不及不”)haveto
有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)目的更改,而
must
無(wú)此更改
.Must和haveto兩者的否認(rèn)意義不大同樣.如:Youmustn’tgo.你禁止去.Youdon’thavetogo.你不用去.Youneedn’tgo.你不用去.(1)Youmustgetupearly.主觀一定(2)It’sgoingtorain,Ihavetogo
homenow.不克不及不對(duì)must和haveto發(fā)問(wèn)的否認(rèn)回答,須用“needn’t和don’thaveto”,示意“不用”:MustIcomehereearlytomorrow?No,youneedn’t./No,youdon’thaveto.Should/oughtto:“應(yīng)當(dāng)如何”,示意勸說(shuō)、建議、飭令,其同義詞是oughtto;should重申主觀看法,而oughtto重申客觀要求.在疑問(wèn)句中,往經(jīng)常使用should取代oughtto.Youshould/oughttodothejobrightnow.Shouldtheystayherenow?演練:1.Imust(一定)(應(yīng)當(dāng))workharderthanthat.第二十六講神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(3)needneed:“需要”a.作神態(tài)動(dòng)詞Heneedcomehereearly.Heneedn’tcomehereearly.Needhecomehereearly?Yes,heneed./No,heneedn’t.b.作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,有第三人稱單數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的更改,可用作不定式
needto
dosth.Heneedstocomehereearly.Hedoesn’tneedtocomehereearly.Doesheneedtocomehereearly?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn
’t.演練:1、
Youneedn’t/don
’tn
eedtodoitagain.你不需要重復(fù)做了2、3、
Heneedn’t/doesn’tneedtoworryaboutit.Doesheneedtodohomeworkfirst?
這件事他無(wú)需擔(dān)憂他需要先造作業(yè)嗎?第二十七講
神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(
4)hadbetter/wouldrather1.hadbetter
示意“最好做某事”,
had
固然是過(guò)去式,但不表征過(guò)去,better后接動(dòng)詞原形.Hehadbettereatmore.You’dbetterfinishitrightnow.2.wouldrather示意“寧愿、寧愿、最好、仍是??為好”,語(yǔ)感比“hadbetter”要輕.Youwouldratherdealwithitnow.
辦理3.否認(rèn)形式分別為:hadbetternot+動(dòng)詞原形wouldrathernot+動(dòng)詞原形Hehadbetternoteatmore.Youwouldrathernotdealwithitnow.第二十八講神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(5)usedto+v/would+v1.usedto,would示意過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,可譯為“過(guò)去經(jīng)常??”a.usedto可指過(guò)去的狀態(tài)或狀況,would指過(guò)去頻頻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.Thenovelusedtobepopular.這小說(shuō)過(guò)去很流行.b.would示意過(guò)去頻頻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.假如某一動(dòng)作無(wú)頻頻性,就不克不及用would,只好用usedto.HewouldpracticeEnglisheveryweek.IusedtoliveinBeijing.c.usedto示意過(guò)去經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)此刻已經(jīng)竣事,would則示意有能夠再發(fā)生.Peopleusedtobelievethattheearthwasflat.平的Hewouldgototheparkassoonashewasfree.演練:1.Thewindowsusedtobeopen.過(guò)去向來(lái)開(kāi)著2.Theywouldgathertogethereveryweek.聚在一同3.Samusedtoplaygolf,buthedoesn’tnow.第二十九講神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(6)否認(rèn)和疑問(wèn)1.神態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn):神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+v原形Hecan’tsinganEnglishsong.Hemaynotknowher.能夠不??Hemustn’tgothere.禁止Hedoesn’thavetogothere.2.使用神態(tài)動(dòng)詞停止發(fā)問(wèn):神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+v原形CanhesinganEnglishsong?Yes,hecan./No,hecan’t.Musthegothere?Yes,hemust./No,heneedn’t.(不用)Doeshehavetogothere?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.MayIsmokehere?Yes,please.No,youcan’t(不克不及)/mustn’t.(禁止)演練:1.MayIstayhere?Yes,please.2.Mustshegobacknow?No,sheneedn’t.3.Doeshehavetogetupat9:00?Yes,hedoes.第三十講神態(tài)動(dòng)詞(7)神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+p.p.(+此刻達(dá)成時(shí))“神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+p.p.”:表達(dá)過(guò)去的事實(shí);或推斷的含義,表“能夠已經(jīng)??”.
(但助動(dòng)詞
should
例外)
Hemay/mighthavearrived.
他能夠已經(jīng)到了(能夠性最小)
Hecan/couldhavearrived.
他能夠已經(jīng)到了
(能夠性?。?/p>
Hemusthavearrived.
他準(zhǔn)是已經(jīng)到了
(能夠性大)能夠性大小排序:must、can、could、may、might2.“should+have+p.p.”本應(yīng)當(dāng)??“needn’t+have+p.p.”本不需要??Heshouldhavearrived.他本應(yīng)該到了(但沒(méi)到)Theyshouldhavefinishedthework.他本應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)完成工作(但沒(méi)達(dá)成)Youneedn’thavedoneso.你本不需要那末做3.must+have+p.p.準(zhǔn)是已經(jīng)??Can’t+have+p.p.不可能已經(jīng)??Hemusthavearrived.
他準(zhǔn)是已經(jīng)到了.Hecan’thavearrived.他不可能已經(jīng)到了.演練:1.Hecan/could/may/might(能夠)havearrived.2.Hemust(準(zhǔn)是)havearrived.3.Youneedn’t(本不需要)havedoneso.Theyshould(本應(yīng)當(dāng))havefinishedthework.Hecan’t(不可能)havearrived.第三十一講主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(1)主動(dòng)向的組成和含義1.假如主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,則用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作謂語(yǔ).主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的組成:be+過(guò)去分詞(p.p.)?bysb.他被媽媽帶到了美國(guó).HeistakentoAmericabyhismother.3.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有各樣時(shí)態(tài):Theinformati;一般時(shí)bedoneThebookwasbeing;停止時(shí)bebeingdoneThecompute;達(dá)成時(shí)have/has/hadbeendoneT;未來(lái)時(shí)willbedoneThecomputer;能夠已經(jīng)被用了;神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+達(dá)成時(shí)神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have/hasbee;演練:(一個(gè)空一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài))Theinforma3.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有各樣時(shí)態(tài):Theinformationisneededbyus.一般時(shí)bedoneThebookwasbeingreadbyhim.停止時(shí)bebeingdoneThecomputerhasbeenusedbyher.達(dá)成時(shí)have/has/hadbeendoneTheroomwillbecleaned.未來(lái)時(shí)willbedoneThecomputercouldhavebeenusedbythem.能夠已經(jīng)被用了神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+達(dá)成時(shí)神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have/hasbeendone演練:(一個(gè)空一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài))Theinformationisneeded.(need)Thebookwasread.(read)Thedoorhasbeenopened.(open)Thebookwasbeingread.(read)Thecomputerhadbeenused.(use)Thecomputercouldhavebeenused.(use)Theroomwillbecleaned.(clean)第三十二講主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(2)主動(dòng)向和神態(tài)動(dòng)詞連系主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也能夠和神態(tài)動(dòng)詞連系:神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+bedone應(yīng)當(dāng)被??、一定被??等can/could+bedonemay/might+bedonemust/haveto+bedoneshould/oughtto+bedonehadbetter/wouldrather+bedoneusedto/would+bedoneneeddoing
需要被needtobedone
需要被
??2.和神態(tài)動(dòng)詞連系的形式:Thefoodcouldbetakenaway.食品能夠被帶走Thefoodmightbetakenaway.食品能夠被帶走Thefoodmustbetakenaway.食品一定被帶走Thefoodshouldbetakenaway.食品應(yīng)當(dāng)被帶走Thefoodneedstakingaway.食品需要被帶走Thefoodhadbetterbetakenaway.食品最好被帶走Booksusedtobereturnedintwodays.書過(guò)去經(jīng)常在
2天以內(nèi)被送還
.演練:Theroommay/might/can/could(一定)belocked.Thehouseshould
(能夠)becleaned.(應(yīng)當(dāng))befurnished.
ThedoorThetree
musthadbetter
(最好)bewaterednow.第三十三講主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(3)(by+行為者)可省略動(dòng)作的行為者不明或不重要,或上下文中提到了行為者時(shí),“bysb”能夠省略.Theinformationisneeded.Thebooksisbeingread.Thedoorwasopened.演練:Thedoorisopened.(open)被翻開(kāi)了Thebookisbeingread.(read)正讀著Thecomputerhasbeenused.(use)已經(jīng)被用了pencilhadbeensharpened.(sharpen)已經(jīng)被削尖了
The第三十四講主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(4)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)疑問(wèn)句1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句:助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+(其余助動(dòng)詞)+過(guò)去分詞Istheinformationneededbyhim?Yes,itis./No,itisn't.Hasthecomputerbeenusedbyher?Yes,ithas./No,ithasn't.Willtheroombecleaned?Yes,itwill./No,itwon't.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特別疑問(wèn)句:疑問(wèn)詞+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+(其余助動(dòng)詞)+過(guò)去分詞Theinformationisneededbythem.Whatisneededbythem?ThegirlistakentoShanghai.Whereisthegirltaken?Thebookhasbeenreadthreetimes.Howmanytimeshasthebookbeenread?演練:1.Isthebookbeingread(read)byher?她正在讀那本書嗎?2.Hasthecomputerbeenused(use)bythem?他們用過(guò)那臺(tái)電腦嗎?3.HowoftenistheEnglishclasstaken(take)?英語(yǔ)課多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間前一次?第三十五講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(1)“不作謂語(yǔ)成分的動(dòng)詞”to+動(dòng)詞原形VS動(dòng)詞原形+ing動(dòng)詞不定式:由todo組成,能夠做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)6種.Togettherebybikewilltakeusanhour.作主語(yǔ),騎自行車到那,將花掉我們一小時(shí)Thedriverfailedtoseethecarintime.作賓語(yǔ),司機(jī)沒(méi)實(shí)時(shí)看見(jiàn)那輛小轎車Webelievehimtobeguilty.作賓補(bǔ)(對(duì)him的賠償說(shuō)明),我們相信他是有罪的Mysuggestiongistoputoffthemeeting.作表語(yǔ)(be動(dòng)詞后),我的建議是推延會(huì)議.Thenexttraintoarriveisfrom搜尋引擎優(yōu)化ul.作定語(yǔ),將抵達(dá)的下一列火車是來(lái)自首爾的.Icomehereonlytosaygoodbyetoyou.作狀語(yǔ),我來(lái)這目標(biāo)是和你說(shuō)再會(huì)2.動(dòng)名詞:doing,擁有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)和更改形式,但在句子中作名詞用.可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ),也能夠被副詞修飾或許支配賓語(yǔ)(與動(dòng)詞同).Readingisanart.作主語(yǔ),閱讀是一門藝術(shù)Theywentonwalkingandneverstoppedtalking.作賓語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞后),他們向來(lái)往前走,未停止談話Yourtaskisquicklycleaningthewindows.作表語(yǔ)(be動(dòng)詞后),你的任務(wù)是趕忙把窗戶擦潔凈Thisisareadingroom.作定語(yǔ),這是個(gè)閱讀室演練:1.Tofinishtheworkwilltakeusanhour.達(dá)成這項(xiàng)工作2.Icomeheretosaygoodbyetoyou.和你辭別3.Talkingisanart.說(shuō)話第三十六講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(2)假主語(yǔ)it/真主語(yǔ)假賓語(yǔ)it/真賓語(yǔ)不定式/動(dòng)名詞的否認(rèn)式1.to不定式或動(dòng)名詞能夠在主語(yǔ)的地點(diǎn)上,但一般用it取代它作形式主語(yǔ).It'sagreathonortobeinvited.被邀請(qǐng)很有幸
.It
為假主語(yǔ),取代真主語(yǔ)“
tobeinvited
”重排語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋?/p>
Tobeinvitedis
agreat
honor.It's
nousecryingoverspiltmilk.反水不收(對(duì)著溢出的牛奶哭是沒(méi)用的)It為假主語(yǔ),取代真主語(yǔ)“cryingoverspiltmilk”在真主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)的狀況下,英語(yǔ)常先用it放在句首取代真主語(yǔ),
以后再引出真主語(yǔ)
.2.在賓語(yǔ)的地點(diǎn)上,用
it
取代它作形式賓語(yǔ)
WethinkitimportanttolearnEnglish.
我們以為學(xué)英語(yǔ)很重要
.it為假賓語(yǔ),取代真賓語(yǔ)“tolearnEnglish”Ifounditpleasantwalkinginthepark.我發(fā)此刻公園里漫步是件樂(lè)事.it
為假賓語(yǔ),取代真賓語(yǔ)“
walkinginthepark
”3.對(duì)動(dòng)名詞或不定式停止否認(rèn)時(shí),在不定式或動(dòng)名詞前加
not
便能夠了.nottodo、notdoingHepretendednottoseeher.他假裝沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)她.Heregretsnotjoiningthem.他懊悔沒(méi)有加入他們.演練:Itisnousecrying(cry)overspiltmilk.Wethinkitimportanttolearn(learn)English.Hepretendednottosee(notsee)her.第三十七講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(3)to不定式示意目標(biāo)的用法inorderto+動(dòng)詞原形:示意目標(biāo)soasto+動(dòng)詞原形:示意目標(biāo)3.由inorderto指引的目標(biāo)狀語(yǔ),置于句首、句尾都可.4.由soasto指引的目標(biāo)狀語(yǔ),只好置于句尾.I’vewrittenitdowninordertorememberit.我寫下來(lái)了,目標(biāo)是為了記著它
.也能夠?qū)懗桑篒nordertorememberit
,I
’vewrittenitdown
.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.他又叫又招手,目標(biāo)是為了被注意到.5.它們的否認(rèn)形式分別在to前加notI’vewrittenitdowninordernottoforgetit.Hesaidnothingsoasnottobenoticed.演練:Hegetsupearlyinorderto/soasto(目標(biāo)是)arriveatschoolontime.Hewroteitdowninordernotto/soasnotto(目標(biāo)是不)forgetit.第三十八講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(4)稀有的不定式和動(dòng)名詞包括不定式和動(dòng)名詞的一些固定布局1.too?to?:太?而不克不及?Theroomistoosmalltolive.“too?to”中間加形容詞或副詞.2.enough+n+todo/adj+enoughtodo足夠??能夠??Thereisenoughfoodtoeat.有足夠的食品能夠吃Theboxisbigenoughtocontainsixapples.足夠大能夠裝6個(gè)蘋果ondoing:一??就??Onseeingthesnake,thegirlwasveryfrightened.一看到那條蛇,女孩就特別懼怕(作狀語(yǔ))Thereisnohopeofdoing:沒(méi)希望??Thereisnohopeofseeinghim.沒(méi)希望看見(jiàn)他5.feellikedoing:想要??Ifeellikeeatingicecreamnow.6.haveahardtimedoing:做??很困難Theyhaveahardtimesolvingtheproblemthemselves.
他們自己處理阿誰(shuí)問(wèn)題很堅(jiān)苦演練:Thereareenoughbookstoread(read).Ifeellikedrinking(drink)coffeenow.Theroomistoosmalltolive(live).第三十九講
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(
5)此刻分詞
/過(guò)去分詞,分詞句1.doing
可稱之為動(dòng)名詞;用在停止時(shí)中,稱之為此刻分詞
Writing
booksishisjob.
動(dòng)名詞
Heiswritingabook.
停止時(shí)“此刻分詞”2.donehomework.
用在達(dá)成時(shí)和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,稱之為過(guò)去分詞.Hehaswrittenthe達(dá)成時(shí)已經(jīng)達(dá)成作業(yè)Thehomeworkiswritten.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
作業(yè)被寫好3.分詞句:是包括此刻分詞和過(guò)去分詞的分句.Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalking.作陪伴狀語(yǔ),邊說(shuō)邊笑Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.作陪伴狀語(yǔ),他被朋友陪伴著去了火車站演練:Helikesdrinking(drink)coffee.Thedoorwaslocked
.(lock).Given(give)betterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.第四十講原形不定式(1)使役動(dòng)詞使役動(dòng)詞,示意“使
/讓??”1.make,let
,have
做使役動(dòng)詞,組成形式為:“have/make/let+
賓語(yǔ)
+動(dòng)詞原形”(動(dòng)詞前不加
to
)
Hemademelaugh.Ilethimgo.Pleasehavehimcomehere.2.get和help做使役動(dòng)詞,get的使役動(dòng)詞句為“get+賓語(yǔ)+to+動(dòng)詞原形”,help的使役動(dòng)詞句為“help+賓語(yǔ)+(to)+動(dòng)詞原形”Ican’tgetanyonetodotheworkproperly.正確地達(dá)成工作Ihelpedhim(to)repairthecar.3.make/let/have/get/help+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞,示意“讓某物/人被他人??”(表主動(dòng))Imustgetmyhaircut.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.Canyougettheworkfinishedintime?演練:Hemademelaugh(laugh).Ilethimgo(go).Imustgetmyhaircut(cut).第四十一講原形不定式(2)感官動(dòng)詞1.“感官動(dòng)詞see/watch觀看/observe/notice/hear/smell/taste/feel+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形或此刻分詞”(動(dòng)詞前不加to)示意:感知到某物或人如何了+動(dòng)詞原形,示意動(dòng)作的真切性+此刻分詞,示意動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性,停止性.Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.看到他昨天在花園里工作Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.看到他昨天向來(lái)在花園里工作“感官動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”,示意:感知到某物或人被如何了Johnsawthemanknockeddownbythecar.看到一人被轎車撞倒了演練:Iwatchedadogrunning(run)inthegardenyesterday.IheardSamsent(send)tothehospital.第四十二講假定(1)純真示意假定條件狀語(yǔ)從句:用“if”指引條件狀語(yǔ)從句,從句為此刻時(shí),則主句為未來(lái)時(shí),往常譯作“假如
??”,
If
youget
upearly,
youwill
catch
upwiththetrain.2.if指引的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,能夠放在句首,也能夠放在句尾him,hewillhelpyou.Shewillbeupsetifyoufailtheexam.假如你沒(méi)考好,她會(huì)絕望.演練:Ifheruns,hewillget(get)thereintime.
.Ifyouask假如他跑得快,他就會(huì)實(shí)時(shí)趕到那邊.Thecatwillscratch(scratch)youifyoupullitstail.貓的尾巴,它就會(huì)抓你.第四十三講假定(2)與此刻事實(shí)相反的虛構(gòu)語(yǔ)氣
假如你拉1、if從句是一種虛構(gòu)的條件或假定,與此刻事實(shí)相;從句:動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(be用were);主句:would/could/should/mi;IfIwereyou,Iwouldjointhe;與此刻事實(shí)相反:“我不可能是你”;Shewouldcomewithyouifyou;與此刻事實(shí)相反:說(shuō)明“沒(méi)有邀請(qǐng)”已經(jīng)發(fā)生;虛構(gòu)語(yǔ)氣:是在事實(shí)發(fā)生后,做出的與事實(shí)相反的假1、if從句是一種虛構(gòu)的條件或假定,與此刻事實(shí)相反.主從句時(shí)態(tài)詳盡如下:從句:動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(
be用
were)主句:
would/could/should/might+
動(dòng)詞原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldjointhem.與此刻事實(shí)相反:“我不可能是你”Shewouldcomewithyouifyouinvitedher.與此刻事實(shí)相反:說(shuō)明“沒(méi)有邀請(qǐng)”已經(jīng)發(fā)生.虛構(gòu)語(yǔ)氣:是在事實(shí)發(fā)生后,做出的與事實(shí)相反的假定.Shewillcomewithyouifyouinviteher.純真假定:說(shuō)明“邀請(qǐng)”還未發(fā)生2、演練:IfIknew(know)histelephonenumber,Iwouldtell(tell)you.IfIhad(have)anymoneywithme,Iwouldlend(lend)yousome.IfIwere(be)you,Iwouldtake(take)anumbrella.第四十四講假定(3)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛構(gòu)語(yǔ)氣1、if從句是一種虛構(gòu)的條件或假定,和過(guò)去事實(shí)相反.主從句的時(shí)態(tài)詳細(xì)以下:從句:haddone主句:would/could/should/might+havedoneIfIhadgotthereearlier,Ishouldhavemether.Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.2、演練:Ifhehadstudied(study)harder,hemightexam.Iftherehadbeen(be)aheavysnow,weshouldnotgo)skating.IfIhadgot(get)thereearlier,Iwouldhavemet(meet)her.
havepassedthehavegone(not第四十五講
假定(
4)wish(夢(mèng)想、希望)/asif(看上去)+過(guò)去時(shí)/過(guò)去達(dá)成時(shí)/would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形1、wish后邊的從句,譯為:“希望??就行了”,是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的假定.IwishIwereastallasyou.Iwish+一般過(guò)去時(shí)此刻許的愿,且與此刻的事實(shí)相反(事實(shí)已發(fā)生)Hewishedhehadn’tsaidthat.Iwished+過(guò)去達(dá)成時(shí)過(guò)去許的愿,且與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反(事實(shí)已發(fā)生)Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.Iwish+would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形此刻許的愿,且未來(lái)不大能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)(事實(shí)還沒(méi)有發(fā)生)小結(jié):wish后邊的從句:與此刻事實(shí)相反則用一般過(guò)去時(shí),與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反則用過(guò)去達(dá)成時(shí),未來(lái)不大能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的夢(mèng)想則用“would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形”.wish主句則依據(jù)許愿的時(shí)間分別用一般此刻時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí).2、asif,翻譯為“看起來(lái)仿佛??”從句示意與此刻事實(shí)相反,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)Youlookasifyoudidn’tcare.你看起來(lái)一點(diǎn)也不在意.(實(shí)質(zhì)在意的)b.從句示意與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,用過(guò)去達(dá)成時(shí)HetalksaboutRomeasifhehadbeentherebefore.他討論羅馬仿佛他從前往過(guò).(實(shí)質(zhì)沒(méi)去過(guò))c.從句示意未來(lái)不大能夠發(fā)生,用“would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形”Heopenedhismouthasifhewouldsaysomething.他張開(kāi)嘴仿佛要說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么(說(shuō)的能夠性很小)3、演練:IwishIwere(be)astallasyou.Hetalksasifheknew(know)whereshewas.Iwishitwouldrain(rain)tomorrow.第四十六講定語(yǔ)從句(關(guān)系代詞)which,that,who,whom,whose定語(yǔ)從句:修飾或限制一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句,被修飾的名詞叫先行詞.定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出.1、關(guān)系代詞:在從句中做必定的成分,取代先行詞,起到毗鄰先行詞和從句的作用.經(jīng)常使用關(guān)系代詞:which,that,who,whom,whose,只起毗鄰作用,無(wú)實(shí)義,不用翻譯.如:Thegirlwhom/thatIspoketoismycousin.a.先行詞是人的話用that,who,whom,whose來(lái)指引定語(yǔ)從句.“whom”在從句中作賓語(yǔ)“who”和“that”在從句中可作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)Theyarethepeoplethat/whowereseenyesterday.昨天那些人
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