普通心理學(xué)第七講演示文稿

普通心理學(xué)第七講演示文稿1當(dāng)前1頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。（優(yōu)選）普通心理學(xué)第七講2當(dāng)前2頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。ThoughtThinking,meansrepresentingthingsmentallyandoperatingontheserepresentations.3當(dāng)前3頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。OutlineUnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsReasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingLanguage4當(dāng)前4頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。1.UnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsMentalImages&MentalModelsConceptsandCategoriesPropositions5當(dāng)前5頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。1.1MentalImagesandMentalModelsMentalImageAvisualrepresentationofastimulus.MentalModelsRepresentationsofsystemsthatenablepeopletodescribe,explain,andpredictthewaythingswork.6當(dāng)前6頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。1.2ConceptsandCategoriesConceptsMentalrepresentationofaclassofobjects,ideas,oreventsthatsharecommonproperties.CategorizationTheprocessofgroupingobjectsconsideredequivalentandexcludingthosethatarenot.Visualized&morethanvisualimage(car)Well-defined&FuzzyConcepts(good)7當(dāng)前7頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。8當(dāng)前8頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。ConceptsanditsOrganizationSetTheorySetofDefining(core)FeaturesFeatureIntegrationModelPrototypes原型Bird----robin&penguin9當(dāng)前9頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。概念與歸類狗樣例定義特征德國(guó)牧羊犬獵狗長(zhǎng)毛卷耳狗玩具獅子狗四足、有尾動(dòng)物吠聲、氣喘、淌口水通常受馴養(yǎng)、友好能捉跳蚤10當(dāng)前10頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。水果樣例的典型性11當(dāng)前11頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。概念的形成Hypothesis-testingTheory整體策略部分策略同時(shí)性掃描連續(xù)性掃描保守性聚焦博弈性聚焦12當(dāng)前12頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。1.3PropositionsThesmallestunitsof

meaning

thatcanstandaloneasanassertionandbejudgedtrueorfalse.13當(dāng)前13頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.Reasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingReasoningProblemSolvingDecisionMakingFactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingParallelDistributedProcessingUsingComputerstoSimulateThoughtADifferentPerspective:psychodynamic/behavioralview14當(dāng)前14頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.1ReasoningReasoningtheprocessbywhichpeoplegenerateandevaluatelogicalargumentsInductiveReasoning----observationreasoningfromspecificobservationstogeneratepropositionsthatareprobablytrue.DeductiveReasoning----ideaDrawingconclusionsfromassumptionsorpremises. 15當(dāng)前15頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。三段論(Syllogism)AllA(s)areBCisanACisaB16當(dāng)前16頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。三段論推理未婚者都不戴結(jié)婚戒指。小李未戴結(jié)婚戒指。所以，小李未婚。卡片一面是數(shù)字，一面是字母。如果卡片一面是字母A，另一面就是數(shù)字3。要驗(yàn)證第二個(gè)命題，必須翻什么卡片？AB3217當(dāng)前17頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.2ProblemSolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoal.18當(dāng)前18頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.2.1TheProblem-solvingProcess Theproblemspace NoproblemInitialStateOperatorsGoalState19當(dāng)前19頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.2.2ThreeComponentsInitialstateExistingofproblemOperatorsmentalandbehavioralprocessesaimedattransformingtheinitialstateuntiliteventuallyapproximatesthegoalstate.GoalstateProblemissolved20當(dāng)前20頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.2.3StepsinProblemSolvingHollandetal.(1986):four-stepprocessDifferencesbetweenthetwostatesIdentifyandselectpossibleoperatorsApplytheoperators(Subgoals)ContinueusingoperatorsuntildifferencesareeliminatedWellorIll-definedproblemScience/Sociallife(信息和標(biāo)準(zhǔn))21當(dāng)前21頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。Problem-SolvingStrategiesAlgorithmsSystematicproblem-solvingproceduresthatinevitablyproduceasolution.HeuristicsCognitiveshortcutsorRulesofThumbHypothesistestingExperience/Expectation/Motivation/Personality如何解決：半夜時(shí)分隔壁宿舍太鬧/過(guò)得不開(kāi)心22當(dāng)前22頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.3DecisionMakingDecisionmakingTheprocessbywhichanindividualweighstheprosandconsofdifferentalternativesinordertomakeachoice.Information-processingmodelsUtility/ProbabilityUtilityValueWeightedUtilityValueExpectedUtility23當(dāng)前23頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。24當(dāng)前24頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。RiskStrategies

(nonstatisticalriskestimate)Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetowin$100Suregainof$80Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetolose$100Surelossof$80Risk-averse/Risk-seekingstrategyOptimisticbias(whenestimateownrisks)25當(dāng)前25頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.4FactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingRepresentativeness&AvailabilityHeuristicDecidingwhetheranobjectorincidentbelongsinaparticularclass.Judgingthelikelihoodofsomethinghappeningonthebasisofitsavailabilityinmemory.ConfirmationBias2,4,6,MentalSetFunctionalFixedness26當(dāng)前26頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.5ParallelDistributedProcessingRuelhartetal.,1986:PDPmodelofcognitionTwopropositionsofPDPmodelParallelLetter-recognition/word-recognitionDistributed27當(dāng)前27頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.6UsingComputerstoStimulateThoughtArtificialIntelligenceGPS,GeneralProblemSolverELIZAExpertSystems28當(dāng)前28頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。2.7ADifferentPerspective:PsychodynamicandBehavioralViewofDecisionMakingRationaldecisionmakerofinformation-processingtheory.Decisionsinvolvemotivationandemotion,whichcanbetoomanyandirrationalandnotberepresentedinconsciousawareness.SyllogismaboutChairmanMaoWilson&Schooler(1991):草莓醬Wilsonetal.(1993)：藝術(shù)畫29當(dāng)前29頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。AssignmentNo.4人類思維過(guò)程容易出現(xiàn)失誤。為什么？ 請(qǐng)展開(kāi)思路，從多個(gè)角度加以說(shuō)明。30當(dāng)前30頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。3.LanguageThesystemofsymbols,sounds,meanings,andrulesfortheircombinationthatconstitutestheprimarymodeofcommunicationamonghumans.31當(dāng)前31頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。MaintopicsonlanguageLanguageandThoughtTransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningFromBabblingtoBanteringNonverbalCommunicationIsLanguageDistincttoHumans?32當(dāng)前32頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。3.1LanguageandThoughtHununoo(Philippines):92namesforriceGender/timephraseinEnglishB.Whorf(1956):WhorfianHypothesis

LanguageshapesthoughtThoughtshapeslanguageRosch(1973):Danipeopleforcolor(onlytwo)TheUnitedStates/TheseUnitedStates33當(dāng)前33頁(yè)，總共37頁(yè)。3.2TransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningElementsofLanguagephoneme,morpheme,sentence(phrase),grammarSlipsoftheTongue:Misp