測(cè)算創(chuàng)新：定義和指標(biāo) 中國(guó)國(guó)際統(tǒng)計(jì)培訓(xùn)中心 中國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局創(chuàng)新統(tǒng)計(jì)國(guó)際培訓(xùn)班

中國(guó)國(guó)際統(tǒng)計(jì)培訓(xùn)中心中國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局創(chuàng)新統(tǒng)計(jì)國(guó)際培訓(xùn)班中國(guó)，北京2021年3月19日-21日測(cè)算創(chuàng)新：定義和指標(biāo)聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織統(tǒng)計(jì)研究所〔UIS〕盧恰娜?馬林斯IntroductiontotheOsloManual:

Activitiesandfactorsinfluencingthedevelopmentofinnovations對(duì)?奧斯陸手冊(cè)?的介紹：

影響創(chuàng)新開展的活動(dòng)和因素(recap)Fourtypesofinnovation:Product;Process;Marketing;Organisational.〔扼要概述〕四類創(chuàng)新:產(chǎn)品；工藝；市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷；組織方面。Innovationactivities(1)Innovation

activities:allscientific,technological,organisational,financialandcommercialstepswhich(intendedto)leadtotheimplementationofinnovations;Someinnovationactivitiesarethemselvesinnovative,othersarenotnovelbutnecessary;R&Dnotdirectlyrelatedtothedevelopmentofaspecificinnovation.創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)〔1〕創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)：所有導(dǎo)致了〔或試圖導(dǎo)致〕創(chuàng)新實(shí)現(xiàn)的科學(xué)、技術(shù)、組織、金融和商業(yè)步驟。一些創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)本身就具有創(chuàng)新性，其它的雖不新穎卻是必要的；研發(fā)〔R&D〕與某項(xiàng)特定創(chuàng)新的開展并不直接相關(guān)。Innovationactivities(2)Forproductandprocessinnovations:Intramural(in-house)R&D;Acquisitionof(extramural)R&D;Acquisitionofotherexternalknowledge;Acquisitionofmachinery,equipmentandothercapitalgoods;Otherpreparationsforproductandprocessinnovations;Marketpreparationsforproductinnovations;Training.創(chuàng)新統(tǒng)計(jì)〔2〕產(chǎn)品和工藝創(chuàng)新：內(nèi)部的R&D；獲取〔外部的〕R&D；獲取其它外部知識(shí)；獲取機(jī)器、設(shè)備和其它資本貨物；產(chǎn)品和工藝創(chuàng)新的其它準(zhǔn)備；產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)備；培訓(xùn)。Innovationactivities(3)Preparationsformarketinginnovations:Activitiesrelatedtothedevelopmentandimplementationofnewmarketingmethods;Itincludesacquisitionofotherexternalknowledgeandofmachinery,equipment,andothercapitalgoodsandtraining;ExpendituresforusingthesemethodsindailybusinessareNOTincluded.創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)〔3〕市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的準(zhǔn)備：與新型市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷方式開展和實(shí)施相關(guān)的活動(dòng)；這包括獲取其它外部知識(shí)和機(jī)器、設(shè)備和其它資本貨物和培訓(xùn)。在日常事務(wù)中使用這些方法的開支不包括在其中。Innovationactivities(4)Preparationsfororganisationalinnovations:Activitiesundertakenfortheplanningandimplementationofneworganisationmethods;Itincludesacquisitionofotherexternalknowledgeandofmachinery,equipment,andothercapitalgoodsandtraining.創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)〔4〕組織創(chuàng)新的準(zhǔn)備：為方案和實(shí)施新的組織方法開展的活動(dòng)；包括獲取其它外部知識(shí)、機(jī)器、設(shè)備和其它資本貨物和培訓(xùn)。KindsofinnovationactivitiesSuccessful:resultedintheimplementationofanewinnovation(notnecessarilycommerciallysuccessful);Ongoing:workinprogress,whichhasnotyetresultedintheimplementationofaninnovation;Abandoned:beforetheimplementationofaninnovation.創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的種類成功：結(jié)果是實(shí)現(xiàn)了一項(xiàng)新的創(chuàng)新〔不一定是商業(yè)上的成功〕進(jìn)行中的：在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中的工作，尚未導(dǎo)致一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新的最終實(shí)現(xiàn)；中止的：在一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新實(shí)現(xiàn)之前。Example-abandonedorongoing

innovationactivities例子–中止的或正在進(jìn)行中的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)ClassifyingfirmsbydegreeofinnovativenessInnovativefirm:Implementedaninnovation;Notnecessarilyacommercialsuccess;Innovators;Innovation-activefirm:Hadinnovationactivities,includingongoingorabandoned;Regardlessofimplementation;Potentiallyinnovativefirm:Innovationeffortsbutnoachievedresults;Keyelementforinnovationpolicy;(Annex).依據(jù)創(chuàng)新程度對(duì)公司進(jìn)行分類具有創(chuàng)新性的公司：實(shí)施了一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新；不一定引致商業(yè)上的成功；創(chuàng)新者；創(chuàng)新活潑的公司：曾經(jīng)有過(guò)創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)，包括正在進(jìn)行中的或者放棄了的；無(wú)論是否得到了實(shí)施;潛在的創(chuàng)新性公司：在創(chuàng)新上作出努力但沒(méi)有成果；創(chuàng)新政策的關(guān)鍵元素;〔附件〕。Example-Innovative&Innovation-activefirms-Productinnovators:

Firms1,3&4;-Processinnovators:Firms2,3&4;-Bothproductandprocessinnovators:Firms3&4;-Firmswithabandonedorongoingactivities:Firms4&5;-Firmswithabandonedorongoingactivitiesonly:Firm5;-Productandprocessinnovation-activefirms:Firms1,2,3,4&5;-Productorprocessnon-innovativefirms:Firm6.InnovationFirm1Firm2Firm3Firm4Firm5Firm6ProductinnovationXXXProcessinnovationXXXAbandonedorongoingactivitiesXX例子–具有創(chuàng)新性和創(chuàng)新活潑的公司-產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新者：

公司1、3和4；-工藝創(chuàng)新者：

公司2、3和4;-同為產(chǎn)品和工藝創(chuàng)新者：公司3和4；-有被放棄了的和正在進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的公司：公司4和5；-僅有被放棄了的和正在進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的公司：公司5；-對(duì)產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新和工藝創(chuàng)新積極的公司：公司1、2、3、4和5；-在產(chǎn)品和工藝上缺乏創(chuàng)新的公司：公司6。創(chuàng)新Firm1Firm2Firm3Firm4Firm5Firm6產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新

XXX工藝創(chuàng)新XXX被放棄了的和有正在進(jìn)行的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)

XXExample-innovationactivitiesandexpenditures(pdt/pcsinnovations)(1)例子–創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)和支出〔產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新〕〔1〕Example-innovationactivitiesandexpenditures(pdt/pcsinnovations)(2)例子–創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)和支出〔產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新〕〔2〕FactorsinfluencinginnovationObjectives:motivesforinnovating;Effects:observedoutcomesofinnovations;Impactsonfirmperformance;Timelag;Hamperingfactors:

Reasonsfornotstartinginnovationactivitiesatall;Factorsthatslowinnovationactivityorhaveanegativeeffectonexpectedresults.創(chuàng)新的影響因素目的：創(chuàng)新的動(dòng)機(jī)。

影響：可以觀測(cè)到的創(chuàng)新結(jié)果；對(duì)公司業(yè)績(jī)的影響；時(shí)滯；阻礙因素：根本不啟動(dòng)創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的原因；拖慢創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)或?qū)︻A(yù)期結(jié)果有負(fù)面影響的因素。LinkagesLinkages:connectionswithotheragents;Source,cost,levelofinteraction;Typesofexternallinkages:

Openinformationsources;Acquisitionofknowledgeandtechnology;Innovationco-operation.關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)聯(lián)：與其它機(jī)構(gòu)的聯(lián)系；信息源、支出、互動(dòng)的程度；外部關(guān)聯(lián)的類型：

開放的信息源；獲取

知識(shí)和技術(shù)；協(xié)作創(chuàng)新。SourcesfortransfersofknowledgeandtechnologyOpeninformationsourcesSourcesforpurchasesofknowledge&technologyCo-operationpartnersInternalsourceswithintheenterprise:

R&D/Production/Marketing/Distribution*Otherenterpriseswithintheenterprisegroup

***Externalmarketandcommercialsources:CompetitorsOtherenterprisesintheindustryClientsorcustomersConsultants/consultancyfirmsSuppliersCommerciallaboratories****************Publicsectorsources:UniversitiesandotherhighereducationinstitutionsGovernment/publicresearchinstitutesPrivatenonprofitresearchinstitutesSpecialised(semi)publicinnovationsupportservices************Generalinformationsources:Patentdisclosures/Professionalconferences,meetings,literatureandjournals/Fairsandexhibitions/Professionalassociations,tradeunions/Otherlocalassociations/Informalcontactsornetworks/Standardsorstandardisationagencies/Publicregulations*知識(shí)和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的來(lái)源開放的信息資源可以購(gòu)買的知識(shí)和技術(shù)資源合作伙伴企業(yè)內(nèi)部資源：

R&D/生產(chǎn)

/市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷/分配*企業(yè)集團(tuán)內(nèi)的其它企業(yè)***外部市場(chǎng)和商業(yè)資源：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手統(tǒng)一產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)的其他企業(yè)

客戶或消費(fèi)者顧問(wèn)/顧問(wèn)公司供應(yīng)商商業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室****************公共部門資源：大學(xué)和其它高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)政府/公共研究機(jī)構(gòu)私人的非營(yíng)利研究機(jī)構(gòu)專業(yè)的（半專業(yè)）公共創(chuàng)新支持服務(wù)************一般信息資源：公開的專利/專業(yè)會(huì)議、文獻(xiàn)和期刊

/展會(huì)

/專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)、工會(huì)

/其它地方協(xié)會(huì)/非正式的接觸或網(wǎng)絡(luò)

/標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu)/公共法規(guī)*Example-co-operation(1)例子–合作〔1〕Example-co-operation(2)PartnerImportanceLocationPartnerObjective例子–合作〔2〕合作伙伴重要性地點(diǎn)合作伙伴目標(biāo)Example-hamperingfactors(1)例子–阻礙因素〔1〕AppropriabilityAbilityofenterprisestoappropriategainsfrominnovationactivities.Formalmethods:Patents,registrationofdesign,trademarks,copyrights,confidentialityagreements,tradesecrecy;Informalmethods:

secrecythatisnotcoveredbylegalagreements,complexityofproductdesign,leadtimeadvantageovercompetitors.專屬權(quán)企業(yè)從創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)中獲取收益的能力。正式方法：

專利權(quán)、外觀設(shè)計(jì)注冊(cè)、商標(biāo)、版權(quán)、保密協(xié)議、商業(yè)秘密；

非正式方法：

在法定協(xié)議中不包括的秘密、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的復(fù)雜性、較之競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的時(shí)間優(yōu)勢(shì)。DevelopingcountriesDevelopingcountries

3rded.OMstandards,adaptations;LA:theBogotaManual(RICYT,2001);UIS:Annex(A)to3rded.OM;InnovationSurveysinDevelopingCountries.開展中國(guó)家開展中國(guó)家?奧斯陸手冊(cè)?第三版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、改編；拉丁美洲：?波哥大手冊(cè)?〔南美洲科技指標(biāo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，2001年〕；UIS：?奧斯陸手冊(cè)?第三版，附錄〔A〕；開展中國(guó)家創(chuàng)新調(diào)查。AdaptationsLinkages:Agents

+

Types

+

Location;InnovationActivities:HardwarepurchaseandSoftwarepurchase(split);IndustrialdesignandEngineeringactivities(split);Leaseorrentalofmachinery,equipmentandothercapitalgoods;In-housesoftwaresystemdevelopment;Reverseengineering.適應(yīng)性的變化關(guān)聯(lián)：機(jī)構(gòu)+類型+地點(diǎn)；創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)：硬件購(gòu)置和軟件購(gòu)置〔別離的〕；工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和工程活動(dòng)〔別離的〕；租賃機(jī)器、設(shè)備和其它資本貨物；內(nèi)部軟件系統(tǒng)開發(fā)；逆向工程。Basicinnovationindicators:

examples根本的創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)：

例子IndicatorsIndicators:Statisticsanddata,oftengatheredthroughspecialisedsurveys,arethebuildingblocksfromwhichindicatorsareconstructed;Anindicatorcanbedefinedassomethingthathelpsusunderstandwhereweare,wherewearegoingandhowfarwearefromaspecificgoal.Thereforeitcanbeasign,anumber,agraphic;Anindicatorquantifiesandsimplifiesphenomenaandhelpsusunderstandcomplexrealities.Source:InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment/AdaptedfromBlankley,W.(2021).Providingandcalculatinginnovationindicators.CapeTown,SouthAfrica.ASTII/HSRC/UISWorkshop.(PowerPointPresentation)指標(biāo)指標(biāo)：統(tǒng)計(jì)資料和數(shù)據(jù)通常由專門的調(diào)查收集而來(lái)，是指標(biāo)構(gòu)建的根本成分；在定義一個(gè)指標(biāo)時(shí)，可以認(rèn)為它的作用是幫助我們認(rèn)識(shí)我們?cè)谀膬?、我們正在去哪兒和我們距離一個(gè)特定目標(biāo)還有多遠(yuǎn)。因此它可以是一個(gè)標(biāo)志、一個(gè)數(shù)字、一個(gè)圖形；一個(gè)指標(biāo)可以量化和簡(jiǎn)化某種現(xiàn)象并幫助我們理解復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)狀。Source:InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment/AdaptedfromBlankley,W.(2021).Providingandcalculatinginnovationindicators.CapeTown,SouthAfrica.ASTII/HSRC/UISWorkshop.(PowerPointPresentation)InnovationindicatorsTypes:Basicindicators;Compositeindicators:combineanswerstoseveralquestionsinordertoexamineanumberofpolicy-relevantfactorsandbettercapturethediversityofinnovativefirms.創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)類型：根本指標(biāo)；綜合指標(biāo)：結(jié)合答復(fù)幾個(gè)問(wèn)題，為的是檢驗(yàn)一些列與政策相關(guān)的指標(biāo)和更好地捕捉創(chuàng)新性公司的多樣性。Datacollectionandprocessing(1)Aspectstokeepinmind,inparticularforcomparisons:Responserate,treatmentofnon-response,typeofdata,etc.;Observationperiod;Statisticalunit;Sizecut-offpoint&classes;Industrialcoverage.數(shù)據(jù)收集和處理〔1〕需要記住的幾個(gè)方面，特別是做比照的時(shí)候：反響率、對(duì)于無(wú)反響的處理、數(shù)據(jù)的類型，等等；觀察期；統(tǒng)計(jì)單位；大小分界點(diǎn)和級(jí)別；產(chǎn)業(yè)覆蓋的范圍。Datacollectionandprocessing(2)Statisticalunit:EnterpriseSizecut-offpoint:EMP10Source:2021UISInnovationMetadataCollection數(shù)據(jù)收集和處理〔2〕統(tǒng)計(jì)單位：企業(yè)規(guī)模分界點(diǎn)：10名員工Source:2021UISInnovationMetadataCollectionDatacollectionandprocessing(3)Industrialcoverage:(Nationalindustrialclassificationsystem);ISIC;NACE.數(shù)據(jù)收集和處理〔3〕產(chǎn)業(yè)覆蓋范圍：〔全國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)分類體系〕；?國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行業(yè)分類法?；?歐洲共同體內(nèi)部經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)統(tǒng)計(jì)分類?。Datacollectionandprocessing(4)More:Numerators;Denominators.數(shù)據(jù)收集和處理〔4〕更多：分子；分母。Calculatinginnovationindicators(1)Productorprocessinnovation:%offirmsthatimplementedproductinnovation(only)%offirmsthatimplementedprocessinnovation(only)%offirmsthatimplementedproductandprocessinnovation%offirmsthatimplementedproductorprocessinnovation(innovativefirms)%offirmsthatimplementedproductorprocessinnovationorhadabandonedorongoinginnovationactivities(innovation-activefirms)%offirmsthatdevelopedin-houseproductorprocessinnovation%offirmsthatimplementednew-to-marketproductinnovation計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔1〕產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新或工藝創(chuàng)新：〔僅〕實(shí)行了產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的公司百分比〔僅〕實(shí)行了工藝創(chuàng)新的公司百分比同時(shí)實(shí)行了產(chǎn)品和工藝創(chuàng)新的公司百分比實(shí)行了產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新或工藝創(chuàng)新的公司〔創(chuàng)新性公司〕百分比實(shí)行了產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，或工藝創(chuàng)新，或有已經(jīng)被放棄的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)，或有正進(jìn)行的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的公司〔創(chuàng)新活潑的公司〕百分比開展了內(nèi)部產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新或工藝創(chuàng)新的公司百分比實(shí)施了新進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的公司百分比Calculatinginnovationindicators(2)Productorprocessinnovation:%offirmsthatimplementedproductinnovation(N)=Numberoffirmsthatimplementedproductinnovation(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)*100(D)=Totalnumberoffirms(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)(N)=NumberofManufacturingfirmsthatimplementedproductinnovation*100(D)=TotalnumberofManufacturingfirms計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔2〕產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新或工藝創(chuàng)新：實(shí)施了產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的公司百分比(N)=實(shí)施了產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的公司數(shù)（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）*100(D)=公司總數(shù)（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）(N)=實(shí)施了產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的制造業(yè)公司數(shù)*100(D)=制造業(yè)公司總數(shù)Calculatinginnovationindicators(3)Productorprocessinnovation:Source:2021UISPilotDataCollectionofInnovationStatistics計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔3〕產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新：Source:2021UISPilotDataCollectionofInnovationStatisticsCalculatinginnovationindicators(4)Productorprocessinnovation:%offirmsthatimplementedproductorprocessinnovation(pdt/pcsinnovativefirms)(N)=Numberoffirmsthatimplementedproductorprocessinnovation(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)*100(D)=Totalnumberoffirms(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)(N)=NumberofManufacturingfirmsthatimplementedproductorprocessinnovation*100(D)=TotalnumberofManufacturingfirms計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔4〕產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新：實(shí)施了產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新的企業(yè)百分比〔產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新的公司〕(N)=實(shí)施了產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新的公司數(shù)量（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）*100(D)=公司總數(shù)（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）(N)=實(shí)施了產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新的制造業(yè)公司數(shù)量*100(D)=制造業(yè)公司總數(shù)Calculatinginnovationindicators(5)Productorprocessinnovation:(pdt/pcsinnovativefirms=A+B-C)ManufacturingfirmsB.ProcessinnovatorsA.ProductinnovatorsC.(A∩B)計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔5〕產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新：〔產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新公司=A+B–C〕制造業(yè)公司B.工藝創(chuàng)新者A.產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新者C.(A∩B)Calculatinginnovationindicators(6)Productorprocessinnovation:%offirmsthatimplementedproductorprocessinnovationorhadabandonedorongoinginnovationactivities(pdt/pcsinnovation-activefirms)(N)=Numberofinnovation-activefirms(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)*100(D)=Totalnumberoffirms(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)(N)=Numberofinnovation-activefirmsinManufacturing*100(D)=TotalnumberoffirmsinManufacturing

計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔6〕產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新：實(shí)施了產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新的，或者有放棄了的或正在進(jìn)行的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的公司百分比〔產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新活潑的公司〕(N)=創(chuàng)新活躍的公司數(shù)量（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）*100(D)=公司總數(shù)（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）(N)=制造業(yè)公司中創(chuàng)新活躍的公司數(shù)量*100(D)=制造業(yè)公司總數(shù)

Calculatinginnovationindicators(7)Productorprocessinnovation:(pdt/pcsinnovation-activefirms=E+F-G)ManufacturingfirmsF.FirmswithabandonedorongoingactivitiesforproductandprocessinnovationE.ProductorprocessinnovatorsG.(E∩F)計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔7〕產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新〔對(duì)產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新積極的公司=E+F–G〕制造業(yè)公司F.有放棄了的或正在進(jìn)行的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的公司E.產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新者G.(E∩F)Calculatinginnovationindicators(8)Productorprocessinnovation:(pdt/pcsinnovation-activefirms)H.Innovation-activefirmsforproductandprocessinnovationI.OrganisationalormarketinginnovatorsJ.(H∩I)Manufacturingfirms

計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔8〕產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新：〔對(duì)產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新積極的公司〕H.對(duì)產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新積極的公司I.組織或市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的創(chuàng)新者J.(H∩I)制造業(yè)公司

Calculatinginnovationindicators(9)Marketingororganisationalinnovation:%offirmsthatimplementedmarketinginnovation%offirmsthatimplementedorganisationalinnovation%offirmsthatimplementedmarketingororganisationalinnovation計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔9〕市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷或組織創(chuàng)新：實(shí)施了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷創(chuàng)新的公司百分比實(shí)施了組織創(chuàng)新的公司百分比實(shí)施了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷或組織創(chuàng)新的公司百分比Calculatinginnovationindicators(10)Marketingororganisationalinnovation:%offirmsthatimplementedmarketingororganisationalinnovation(N)=Numberoffirmsthatimplementedmarketingororganisationalinnovation(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)*100(D)=Totalnumberoffirms(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)(N)=NumberofLargeManufacturingfirmsthatimplementedmarketingororganisationalinnovation*100(D)=TotalnumberofLargeManufacturingfirms計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔10〕市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷或組織創(chuàng)新：實(shí)施了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷或組織創(chuàng)新的公司百分比(N)=實(shí)施了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷或組織創(chuàng)新的公司數(shù)量（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）*100(D)=公司總數(shù)（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）(N)=實(shí)施了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷或組織創(chuàng)新的大型制造業(yè)公司數(shù)量*100(D)=大型制造業(yè)公司總數(shù)Calculatinginnovationindicators(11)Inputs:Totalexpendituresoninnovation(asa%oftotalturnover)Expenditureoninnovationbytypeofexpenditure(asa%oftotalexpenditureoninnovation)%offirmsthatperformedR&D%offirmsthatperformedR&Donacontinuousbasis計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔11〕投入：創(chuàng)新總支出〔總營(yíng)業(yè)額的百分比〕按照支出類型區(qū)分的創(chuàng)新支出〔創(chuàng)新總支出的百分比〕開展R&D的公司百分比持續(xù)性開展R&D的公司百分比Calculatinginnovationindicators(12)Inputs:%offirmsthatperformedR&D(N)=Numberofproductorprocessinnovation-activefirmsthatperformedR&D(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)*100(D)=Totalnumberofproductorprocessinnovation-activefirms(ineacheconomicactivityorsizeclass)(N)=Numberofproductorprocessinnovation-activefirmsin

ServicesfirmsthatperformedR&D*100(D)=Totalnumberofproductorprocessinnovation-activefirmsin

Services

計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔12〕投入：開展R&D的公司百分比(N)=產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新活躍的公司當(dāng)中開展R&D的公司百分比（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）*100(D)=產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新活躍的公司總數(shù)（在每一類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)或大小類別當(dāng)中）(N)=在產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新上活躍的服務(wù)業(yè)公司中，開展R&D的公司數(shù)量*100(D)=服務(wù)業(yè)中產(chǎn)品或工藝創(chuàng)新的公司總數(shù)Calculatinginnovationindicators(13)Keypolicy-relevantcharacteristics:%offirmsthatwereactiveoninternationalmarkets%offirmsthatco-operatedwithforeignpartnersoninnovations%offirmsthatrateduniversitiesorotherhighereducationinstitutionsasahighlyimportantsourceofinformation%offirmsthatco-operatedwithuniversitiesorotherhighereducationinstitutions%ofR&D-performingfirmsthatco-operatedwithotherinstitutions%offirmsthatreceivedpublicfinancialsupportforinnovation%offirmsthatappliedforoneormorepatents計(jì)算創(chuàng)新指標(biāo)〔13〕與政策相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵特性：在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上活潑的公司百分比在創(chuàng)新上與國(guó)外伙伴開展合作的公司百分比將大學(xué)或其它高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)視為重要信息來(lái)源的公司百分比與大學(xué)或其它高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)合作的公司百分比在開展R&D的公司中，與其它機(jī)構(gòu)合作的公司百分比在創(chuàng)新上的到公共財(cái)政支持的公司百分比申請(qǐng)了至少一項(xiàng)專利的公司百分比Calculatinginnovationindicators(14)Inputs:%offirmsthatrateduniversitiesorotherhighereducationinstitutionsasahighlyimportantsourceofinformation(N)=Numberof